Isixokelelwano sokuphefumla yeentlanzi. Iimpawu ngesakhiwo yeentlanzi

Ngenxa yokuba zonke ukuba sinikwe amalungu yokuphefumla, sonke sifumana into ngaphandle ngazo kuphila - oksijini. Zonke izilwanyana umhlaba kunye nabantu, aba imizimba ibizwa emiphungeni, ezitshintsha zesixa oksijini evela emoyeni. isixokelelwano sokuphefumla liquka iigilizi intlanzi, ezo kubuyiswe kwi umzimba oksijini kumanzi, apho ngaphantsi kakhulu emoyeni. Kungenxa yale isakhiwo kulo mzimba woku Uhlobo eyahlukileyo kangaka zonke ezisentlabathini lomqolo abantu. Kulungile, khangela zonke iimpawu noshowo wentlanzi, inkqubo yabo nokuphefumla kunye namanye amalungu abalulekileyo.

Ngokufutshane malunga fish

Okokuqala, zama ukuqonda ukuba luhlobo luni na isidalwa, ngathi ubomi ngayo, yintoni na ulwalamano kunye nomntu. Ngenxa yokuba ngoku siqale isifundo sethu biology, isihloko "intlanzi Marine". Nguwo lowo superclass ekuyo ezihlala kuphela kokusingqongileyo emanzini. Eyona Uphawu kukuba zonke chelyustorotnye intlanzi kwaye iigilizi. Kukwabalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba la manani uphawu uhlobo ngalunye kweentlanzi, nokuba ubukhulu kunye nobunzima. Kule subclass ubomi bomntu kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ngokwezoqoqosho, njengoko uninzi lwamalungu ayo ezityiwa.

Kwakhona ayekholelwa ukuba iintlanzi ngelo ekuqaleni zazivelela. Zizo ezi zidalwa ukuba akwazi ukuphila phantsi kwamanzi; kodwa akabanga emihlathini, enibe nifudula abemi kuphela behlabathi. Ekubeni uhlobo sazivelela, abanye baye babhenela izilwanyana, abanye ngaphantsi kwamanzi. Yiloo biology isifundo lonke. Komxholo othi "intlanzi Marine. Imbali emfutshane 'ingqalelo. Science ukuba ufunda kwaneentlanzi zolwandle, ubizwa ngokuba "yenyani". Ngoku makhe ekufundweni ezi zidalwa kunye kwindawo yobungcali ngakumbi ngayo.

Le nkqubo jikelele ngesakhiwo yeentlanzi

Ngokuhlangeneyo sinokuthi umzimba iintlanzi nganye uwahlule ube zahlulo zithathu - entloko, esifubeni nomsila. Intloko iphela kummandla kumculo (ekuqaleni okanye ekupheleni - ngokuxhomekeke superclass). Umgca umboko uphela ingquza kuzo zonke bale udidi eziphila elwandle. Umsila efanayo - inxalenye eziziziqalelo umzimba, eyenziwa intonga kunye ephikweni.

Imilo Umzimba uxhomekeke kakhulu kwiimeko zokusingqongileyo. A iintlanzi uhlala phakathi kwikholam lwamanzi (salmon, ukrebe) ngokumila inomzimba, ubuncinane - utolo. Ezo izidalwa ulwandle, leyo ukudada ngasentla emazantsi, abe imilo atshabalalisa. Ezi ziquka flounder, ulwandle iimpungutye kunye nezinye iintlanzi, leyo banyanzeleka ukuba ukudada phakathi kwezityalo okanye amatye. Aba imilo inokusityeda, ngakumbi, nto leyo ukuba zininzi izinto esifana ngazo iinyoka. Umzekelo, induna umnini umzimba enamandla evuthelweyo.

Ikhadi fish - amaphiko ayo

Ngaphandle amaphiko akunakwenzeka ukuba ukucinga isakhiwo iintlanzi. Imifanekiso zithiwe thaca kwi iincwadi zabantwana, qiniseka ukuba ukubonisa ukuba yinxalenye yomzimba zabemi zaselwandle. Yintoni abamele?

Ngoko ke, lo amaphiko zidityaniswe kunye unpaired. Kungakufaka i thoracic isibini kunye esiswini leyo macala kwaye ushukume synchronously. Unpaired thaca njengoko ngumsila, fin amanakani (enye ukuya kwezintathu), kwakunye ezimpundu kunye namanqatha, nto leyo iqhele ngoko nangoko emva ephikweni amaphiko. Ngokwazo, ezi amaphiko iqanjwa reyi nzima ethambileyo. Oku kusekelwe kwinani semitha libalwa formula fin esetyenziswa ukuchonga iintlobo ezithile zeentlanzi. Latin fin indawo ezimisele (A - anal, P - thoracic, V - esiswini). Okulandelayo Amanani baseRoma zibonisa inani reyi nzima, kwaye Arab - zithambe.

ngezigaba fish

Namhlanje umise konke iintlanzi zingahlulwa ngokweendidi ezimbini - le intlala kunye ithambo. Iqela lokuqala luquka abemi ezinjalo yolwandle, amathambo esakhiwa intlala ezohlukeneyo ngobukhulu. Oku akuthethi ukuba enjalo ekubeni uthambile kwaye ayikwazi ukwenza intshukumo. abameli ezininzi intlala superclass lukhuni, nokuxinana lawo phantse ngathi ithambo. Udidi lwesibini - nakwiintlanzi nokudleka. Biology inzululwazi ithi, ukuba lo nguye lo superclass yaba kwindawo yokuqala izinto zazivelela. fish Crossopterygii extinct ayekade kwi sikhokelo ekusenokwenzeka ukuba kwenzeka zonke izilwanyana ezanyisayo ezisentlabathini ukusuka. Okulandelayo, simele sijonge kwi isakhiwo umzimba iintlanzi nganye kwezi ntlobo.

intlala

Enyanisweni, isakhiwo intlanzi cartilaginous ayikho into inzima engaqhelekanga. Le amathambo eqhelekileyo, nto leyo iquka intlala nzima kakhulu kwaye ezinzima. compound ngamnye buzane iityuwa calcium, ukunceda kwi intlala namandla khona. Horda ugcina ukwakheka kwalo lonke ebomini, xa ngokuyinxenye lifinyele. Yaba lukakayi liqhagamshelene imihlathi, apho amathambo intlanzi na isakhiwo ezifunekayo. Ukuze kube amaphiko kwakhona eqhotyoshelweyo - umsila, esiswini ngezibini kunye nesifuba. Imihlathi akhiwe kwicala ventral le skeleton, zawo ababini ngaphezu kwabo. skeleton Cartilaginous kunye nenkqubo dystrophy iintlanzi evela ngaphandle igutyungelwe esikhatshwa zamafu, leyo kuthiwa placoid. Le nto ndiyibhalayo dentine, nto leyo kumafa yawo ifana amazinyo eziqhelekileyo zonke ezincancisayo komhlaba.

Njengoko intlala uphefumle

Isixokelelwano sokuphefumla iintlanzi intlala superclass bubonakaliswe slits ikakhulu dj. Bona akhawunti ukuba ngababini-5 ukuya ku-7 apha emzimbeni. Xa amalungu lwangaphakathi mpilo isasazwa nge ivelufa ephotheneyo, ehlaba ecaleni umzimba yonke nakwiintlanzi. Eyona uphawu zonke intlala kukuba azinabo lwesinye qubha. Yiyo loo nto kufuneka ukuba zibe sendleleni njalo, ukuba aye ezantsi. Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba umzimba iintlanzi cartilaginous abahlala amanzi priori ezinetyuwa eziqulethwe wobungakanani ityuwa ngokwayo. Izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba oku kungenxa yokuba igazi urea superclass kakhulu, nto leyo ibandakanya ubukhulu becala-nitrogen.

ithambo

Ngoku cinga, ukubayinxalenye superclass of ithambo Kubonakala ngathi amathambo intlanzi, kwakunye ufumanise ukuba yintoni enye luphawulwa ngabameli kolu didi.

Ngenxa yoko, amathambo linikwa kwi uhlobo entloko, isiqu (lukhona ngokwahlukileyo, njengoko kuchasene kwimeko yangaphambili), kwakunye ngeziBini unpaired yesiqephu. Skull yahlulwe kubini - ngobuchopho kunye visceral. Eyesibini iquka umhlathi arch hyoid, ezo iinkalo eziphambili izixhobo kwemihlathi. Kwakhona iyafumaneka kwi kumculo kwinqugwala amathambo ithambo intlanzi, leyo eyenzelwe ukubamba izixhobo dj. Ke kwemisipha lweentlobo zeentlanzi, bonke babe isakhiwo segmental, kwaye inkoliso oluphambili yabo - ukuba imihlathi, fin kunye dj.

izixhobo ukuphefumla okuphila emanzini esisodwa

Mhlawumbi kuye kwacaca ukuba wonke umntu ukuba isixokelelwano sokuphefumla ke superclass ithambo intlanzi ikakhulu ndiyibhalayo iimpumlo. Bona elise Iingqameko dj. Kwakhona candelo yinxalenye ebalulekileyo iintlanzi anjalo slits dj. aba bahamba enesiciko kwegama elifanayo, nto leyo yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba iintlanzi ukuphefumla kwi urhulumente akasakwazi (njengoko kuchasene cartilaginous). Amanye amalungu ithambo superclass nga ukuphefumla ngesikhumba. Kodwa abo bahlala ngezantsi nje kwamanzi, yaye akazange ngokunzulu phantsi, phezu koko, siqonde emoyeni iigilizi abo emoyeni, kunokuba ukusuka an zolwelo medium.

Ubume bale iigilizi

Iigilizi - umzimba elikhethekileyo ukuba ngaphambili eziqhelekileyo zonke izidalwa protoaquatic eziphilayo emhlabeni. Oku kwenzeka gidrosredoy inkqubo yotshintshiselwano gas phakathi umzimba apho asebenza. Iigilizi zeentlanzi ixesha yethu azahlukanga kakhulu kwezo iigilizi, ezibe ezendeleyo abemi zangaphambili iplanethi yethu.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, zivezwa ngokohlobo amacwecwe amabini ezifanayo leyo yayize yi womnatha ashinyeneyo kakhulu kwemithambo yegazi. Yinxalenye Kwakukhuhlwa na kulwelo coelomic. Loo nto yenza inkqubo kunaniselwano gas phakathi eliphakathi zolwelo kunye umzimba ntlanzi. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba inkcazelo isixokelelwano sokuphefumla hayi nje intlanzi, yaye abaninzi ezinomqolo kunye ezinomqolo abemi kweelwandle neelwandlekazi. Kodwa yintoni na ekhethekileyo ngawe ngco inkqubo yokuphefumla, abakulo umzimba iintlanzi, ufunde.

Baphi Kwakukhuhlwa

Isixokelelwano sokuphefumla iintlanzi ukuba uninzi lwawo emqaleni. Kwaba kukhona ibekwe Iingqameko kumculo, leyo ziqhotyoshelwe enegama elifanayo kwi imizimba kunaniselwano gas. Bona thaca ngohlobo ezinamagqabi, ezo badlula kuyo kunye emoyeni, yaye ulwelo zokusindisa ubomi phezulu ezingaphakathi iintlanzi nganye. Kwiindawo ezithile simunce slits dj azinamsonto. Kungenxa ngabo ioksijini okungena emlonyeni intlanzi ukuba imginye ngamanzi.

Inyaniso ebaluleke kakhulu kukuba, xa kuthelekiswa kubungakanani wequmrhu iintlobo ezininzi zaselwandle, iimpumlo zabo eziphakamileyo kakhulu kubo. Kulo mba, emizimbeni yabo unengxaki kunye osmolarity plasma yegazi. Ngenxa yoko, ezi ntlanzi zisoloko ukusela amanzi olwandle, ndimkhulule ngayo ngokusebenzisa slits kumculo, ngaloo ndlela ukhawulezisa iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo metabolic. It has texture ngaphantsi kwe igazi, ngokuba ekhawulezayo ngakumbi ngendlela eyiyo sinika iimpumlo kunye nezinye izigqeba zangaphakathi mpilo.

kanye Inkqubo eziphefumlayo

Xa intlanzi nje ezelwe, ephefumlayo phantse yonke umzimba wakhe. imithambo yegazi eligcwele ngamnye womzimba waso kuquka i lwangaphandle, ngenxa yokuba umoya, leyo emanzini olwandle lingena singene emzimbeni ngokusisigxina. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, umntu ngamnye uqala ukuphuhlisa kumculo ukuphefumla, njengokuba umnatha inkoliso imithambo yegazi kufakwa iigilizi yaye onke amalungu ezikufutshane. Apha kulapho ubumnandi iqala. Inkqubo lokuphefumla iintlanzi nganye kuxhomekeke iimpawu zayo yokwakheka, ngenxa yenyani zingahlulwa ngokweendidi ezimbini - zokuphefumla iyasebenza kwisixando sokwenziwa. Ukuba esebenzayo onke acacile (intlanzi ephefumlayo "ngokuqhelekileyo", bebutha ioksijini iimpumlo kunye nokunyanga ngathi umntu), kodwa isixando thina uzame ukuqonda ngakumbi.

zokuphefumla eyimpumelelo ukusuka apho kuya

Olu hlobo ukuphefumla kuba yinqobo kuphela kubemi-ngesantya esiphezulu kweelwandle neelwandlekazi. Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, ukrebe, kwakunye namanye amalungu superclass le intlala ayikwazi kubakho ixesha elide ngaphandle ezihambayo, njengoko azinabo lwesinye qubha. Ukuba kukho esinye isizathu - ezizezi, yinto umoya nje. Xa intlanzi isecaleni ngesantya esiphezulu, kuvula umlomo, kwaye ngokuzenzekelayo amanzi ongena. Ekusondeleni tracheas kunye iigilizi, siyahlukana ioksijini engamanzi, yaye kondla eziphilayo zaselwandle skorohodnymi ungumhlali. Kungenxa yoko le nto ixesha elide ukuba ngaphandle kokuya intlanzi ukuthintela azigxeke ukuphefumla, ngaphandle kokuchitha naziphi na iinzame namandla. Ekugqibeleni, siphawula ukuba loo abemi-high speed amanzi amtyuba ikakhulu sharks kunye onke amalungu Bonito.

Eyona umsipha lentlanzi yomzimba

Ingaba a elula kakhulu isakhiwo kwentliziyo ntlanzi, leyo siphawula kwimbali yale yeklasi izilwanyana, ngenkankulu savela. Ngoko lo mzimba abe gumbi kabini. It imelwe pump esingundoqo, equka amagumbi amabini - intendelezo ventricle. Intliziyo kukhona iimpompo igazi lwemithambo kuphela. Enyanisweni, indlela inkqubo yokujikeleza ye uhlobo baphiwa eziphila elwandle sisixokelelwano esivalekileyo. Igazi ujikeleza iigilizi kapilyarchiki, uze emva koko akhutshelwe ezityeni, yaye ke kwakhona diverge zibe emithanjeni ezincinane, esele zinikwe kunye namanye amalungu zangaphakathi. Emva koko "bachitha 'igazi buthathwa ngemithambo (abanayo neentlanzi ezimbini - hepatic kwaye kwentliziyo), apho uya ngqo entliziyweni.

isiphelo

Oko yafikelela esiphelweni emfutshane biology isifundo sethu. fish Ngokuxhomekeke kwacaca ukuba kakhulu umdla, umdla kunye lula. Iqumrhu data ye eziphila elwandle kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba isifundo, njengoko babekholelwa ukuba abemi bokuqala iplanethi yethu, ngamnye kubo - oku thsuphe ukuba zazivelela. Ukongeza, ukuba bafunde isakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi umzimba intlanzi kulula kakhulu ngaphezu kwayo nayiphi na enye. Kwaye ubungakanani ezi Abahlali yamanzi Stoch yamkelekile kakhulu ukuba impinda eneenkcukacha, kwaye ngexesha elifanayo zonke iinkqubo kunye nemfundo ilula kwaye zifikeleleka, nokuba ngabantwana esikolweni.