Isihlalo Solovetsky: umhla, isizathu

Phakathi kwinkulungwane XVII iphawulwa kubomi Russian Orthodox Church, isiganeko esibalulekileyo - Ushintsho zonqulo uMphathi Nikon. imiphumela yayo badlale indima ebalulekileyo kwimbali eRashiya kamva. Lokuhlanganisa icala isiko yonqulo ngaloo ndlela edlala indima entle, waba unobangela kwahlukahlukana zonqulo eluntwini. Ukubonakalisa eyona iphawulekayo yabemi balo yaba mvukelo of the Solovetsky Monastery, ebizwa isihlalo Solovetsky.

Isizathu sokuba utshintsho

Phakathi lwekhulu XVII ebomini yecawa yeli lizwe kukho imfuneko yokwenza utshintsho iincwadi zonqulo. Ngelo xesha isebenzayo uludwe iinguqulelo iincwadi zamandulo zamaGrike, weza Russia kunye nokusekwa kwe ubuKristu. Ngaphambi kokufika bokushicilela, ukuba yakhutshelwa ngesandla. Amaninzi e abakhupheli bakhe emsebenzini wenza iimpazamo, kunye eminyaka nayiphi divergence ebalulekileyo ukusuka kwimithombo yokuqala.

Ngenxa yale - abefundisi kukuliphi kunye weemonki waba iinkonzo ezahlukeneyo zolawulo ikhomishini, wenziwa kuzo zonke ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ezi meko zinje ayikwazanga ukuqhubeka. Ngenxa yoko, iinguqulelo ezintsha lesiGrike, uze emva koko beluphindwe yi yoshicilelo sele zenziwe. Oku kwaqinisekisa ukuba bafane lwenziwe inkonzo kubo. Zonke iincwadi yangaphambili njengongasebenziyo. Ukongeza, le yotshintsho ocetywayo kunye notshintsho ikhomishini lomnqamlezo. I yangaphambili - iminwe emibini indawo ngeminwe ezintathu.

Ukuvela uqhekeko ibandla

Ngoko ke, lo yohlaziyo yachukumisa kuphela icala idini ubomi iCawa ngaphandle kokuphazamisa inxalenye yayo nenkani, kodwa indlela lamanqanaba ezininzi yoluntu into embi kakhulu. Kwakukho bohlukene phakathi kwabo abo bamkela bobuyekezo lomhlaba, kwaye abachasi zayo engumlawuli owathi iseti yi ezintsha kutshabalalisa ukholo lokwenyaniso, kwaye ngoko beza kuSathana.

Ngenxa yoko, kwanabo bamqalekisa uBhishophu Nikon, owathi yena wabanika masisingelwe phantsi. Eli tyala yathatha ithuba esibi kakhulu ngenxa yokuba i iinguqulelo akazange eze kuphela uMphathi, kodwa ngokobuqu Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich (uyise ka-Peter I), kunye nokumelana kuyo ibe imvukelo nxamnye norhulumente, yaye ngoko ke bekusoloko eRashiya imiphumo ebuhlungu .

isihlalo Solovetsky. Emfutshane malunga kubangelwa

All of Russia yelo xesha lagaxeleka iimbambano zonqulo. Imvukelo, ebizwa Solovki isihlalo - umntu abemi impendulo ibekwe kwi kwiziqithi White Sea Solovetsky Monastery izama ukunyanzela abasemagunyeni ukuba iingcambu kuyo ukufakelwa inguquko entsha. Oko yaqala ngo 1668.

Ukuze umoya wenkosi eso siqithi enemvukelo ngoMeyi 3 wamisa ngamava phantsi umyalelo musketeers Volokhova oomantyi bokumkani, kodwa wadibana enomsindo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba weemonki yasekwa apha kungekuphela nje iziko ngokomoya, kodwa nje isakhiwo enamandla sokuzikhusela - inkampu ngendlela lokwanda Swedish.

isihlalo Solovetsky amelweyo kurhulumente ingxaki enkulu ngenxa yokuba bonke abahlala lendela woonongendi, yaye kwakukho abantu 425, baba nobuchule ngokwaneleyo emkhosini. Ukongeza, zokulenza yamkelwa, imipu kunye nobungakanani enkulu emthethweni. Ekubeni kwimeko abavikeli zokungqinga Swedish ayikwazanga wonqanyulwa, ungabikho ehlabathini ngaphandle, xa zewayini of woonongendi isoloko igcinwe izinto ezinkulu ukutya. Ngamanye amazwi - ukuthatha inqaba ngamandla ukuba kwakungelula.

Iminyaka yokuqala singqingiwe njalo ke weemonki

Kufuneka uhlawule irhafu kuRhulumente, iminyaka eliqela iye akunjalo, uthabathe inyathelo kwaye sijonge phambili isiphumo ngoxolo. Zalisa kuvalwe iindlela woonongendi sele lusekiwe, elathi abavikeli ukuba restock amalungiselelo. Ukongeza, ukuba bajoyine ezinye kwanabo ezininzi phakathi abalimi basinda mvukelo Stepana Razina, nto leyo eye kuphela kutshanje bengasifumani. Ngenxa yoko esihlalweni Solovetsky unyaka nonyaka ngayo ukuzuza abaxhasi ezintsha.

Emva konyaka emine-amalinge engenaziqhamo ukwaphula kweelana ngurhulumente labavukeli wathuma ngakumbi ukubunjwa ezininzi emkhosini. Ngehlobo lowe-1672 kwisiqithi mihlaba 725 musketeers phantsi umyalelo woomantyi Ievleva. Ngaloo ndlela, kwicala le nqaba ongqingiweyo wabonakala bambalwa, kodwa akazange anikezele naziphi na iziphumo ezibambekayo.

Ukukhuthalelwa impi

Ekugqibeleni, Kakade ke, nako. Phezu kwayo yonke nesibindi abavikeli woonongendi, isihlalo Solovetsky umphefumlo, ekubeni akunakwenzeka ukuba ukwahlula, nkqu iqela elikhulu labantu, ukuya kulwa umatshini karhulumente yonke. Ngowe-1673 ngengqibo kukumkani ukucinezela imvukelo kwi kuLwandle White wafika irhuluneli Ivan Meshcherin - njengabantu abanamandla kwaye ukhohlakele. Yena waba igunya ngokungqongqo ukuba athathe amanyathelo kakhulu esebenzayo ukuziphelisa ukuya emishini self-intando. Naye kwafika omnye, kunye unyanzeliso.

On indawo yayo ukufika sivete zimbi kakhulu. Voivod iye yaseka kwafa elipheleleyo inqaba, wamnqamla yonke imijelo yonxibelelwano kunye nehlabathi ngaphandle. Ukongeza, ukuba kwiminyaka edlulileyo ngenxa kuneqabaka obukhulu zokungqinga ebusika yasuswa kwaye abatoli bahamba phambi emthonjeni e Sumy entolongweni, ngoku ke kwafa yathatha unyaka wonke. Ngaloo ndlela isihlalo Solovetsky anqunyulwe iimeko zabo zokuphila.

Iinzame isigodlo ukuhlaselwa

Ivan Meshcherin waba warlord onamava ababuqiqileyo baze balungiselele nasekuxinweni yonke imithetho zobugcisa emkhosini. Ehlabathini iindonga iibhetri weemonki zokudubula sele ifakiwe, waza wamenza dig phantsi kwenqaba. Ukuba kwenziwa iinzame eziliqela kuhla inqaba, kodwa kwawona. Ngenxa yoko impi esebenzayo kunye abavikeli kunye nabangqingi balahlekelwa kakhulu. Kodwa ke ingxaki kukuba urhulumente akwazi njengoko kuyimfuneko ukuvala ilahleko imikhosi yakhe kunye abavikeli abazange babe kuyo, yaye inani labo esoloko ukuhla.

Ukunikelwa, eyaba unobangela kuba bengaphumelelanga

Ekuqaleni kuka-1676 ke kwakhona wathabatha yosizi woonongendi, kodwa aluphumelelanga. Noko ke, ekusuhi ni ilixa xa ekugqibeleni ndaliqoba kweyabo esihlalweni sakhe zobuqhawe Solovetsky. Umhla Januwari 18 lusuku abamnyama kwimbali yawo. A imbuka ogama Teoctist wabonisa irhuluneli Mescherinovu sicatshulwa ngasese, nto leyo ufake weemonki. Akazange akakuphosi ithuba waza wathabatha bazuze kuso. Kungekudala Abatoli squad atyhoboza, angena kulo enqabeni. Bamangaliswa le abavikeli babengakwazi ekwazi ukumelana ngokwaneleyo, yaye abaninzi babulawa kwidabi elifutshane kodwa enamandla.

Abo waqhubeka ephila, elinde nxi ebuhlungu. Voivod wayeyindoda nogonyamelo, yaye emva kwetyala elifutshane iinkokeli yemvukelo kunye namalungu ayo asebenzayo babulawe. Abanye yaphela ke imihla yabo ezintolongweni ezikude. Oku iqukumbela kwesihlalo odumileyo Solovetsky. Izizathu yamnyanzela - yotshintsho yabefundisi kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente ngqongqo ejolise ukuphunyezwa kwayo, iya kuba negalelo ingxabano ngakumbi kubomi eRashiya iminyaka emininzi.

Growth and nokwandiswa Nabo Old

Ngeli xesha, kukho icandelo yonke entsha yoluntu ekuthiwa Nabo Endala, okanye ngenye indlela - babebambelele. Lukho ngurhulumente, baza kuya amahlathi kwelentshona ye-iVolga, le Urals kunye eSiberia, ndazifumana yi bawasukelayo - ukuthatha ukufa ngokuzithandela ngomlilo. Yalahla igunya bokumkani igunya ibandla esemthethweni, aba bantu bachitha ixesha labo ekulondolozweni eziqaphela i "ukuhlonela uThixo wamandulo." Kwaye njalo ngumzekelo ukuba iimonki angalaleli woonongendi phezu koLwandle White.