Perestroika kwi USSR. imigaqo-nkqubo kunye nezizathu

Perestroika eSoviet Union - indlela entsha ubunkokheli beqela, elona nani yintlaninge iinguqu kwezoqoqosho kunye nezopolitiko esenzeka eSoviet Union ukususela 1985 ukuya 1992.

Umqalisi engundoqo data tshintsho Mihail Sergeevich Gorbachev, ngelo xesha isikhundla sokuba nguNobhala Jikelele we-CPSU. Ngokutsho kwakhe, lo mgaqo-nkqubo ngokutsha kwaba utshintsho ngesiquphe yaye kakhulu. Baye ngayo phantse kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi eluntwini eSoviet.

Oonobangela perestroika kwi-USSR ukungakhululeki ngokucacileyo. Management ukholelwa ukuba kokoma kuphuhliso karhulumente kuxhomekeke kwifom ye karhulumente, ezingenakulinganiswa ukuhlangabezana ixesha elitsha. Ngoko ke, ngo-1987 xa plenum ye-Central Committee CPSU, kwagqitywa ekubeni ukubhengeza ngokutsha nto nje indlela entsha ngokupheleleyo kwi eziphilayo kummandla lizwe kunye nabantu nophuhliso.

Ababhali-mbali bathi ngokutsha yiSoviet Union yahlulwa ngamanqanaba amathathu.

Ixesha lokuqala yabalasela kuqatshelwe abantu ukuba umgaqo-nkqubo okhoyo ziyasilela kunye amaxesha, kwaye kuya kukhokelela ekuweni eSoviet Union. Kwakhona, kwesi sigaba, Gorbachev wachitha iinkampani eziliqela ezinkulu, ezibe ezijolise ekujonganeni eyona ngxaki ezikhoyo eluntwini. Baqala njalo umzabalazo evulelekileyo kunye butywala, nempumelelo abantu. Ukongeza, urhulumente olwenziwa amanyathelo okulwa urhwaphilizo eziliqela, injongo ogama yayikukulumkisa abantu baqhele izinyobo.

Ngandlel 'ithile, lo hambisa banceda. Ngoku amagosa amaninzi baqalisa ukunikela ingqalelo engakumbi nemisebenzi yabo, nto leyo ikhokelele ekuncipheni manani ukonakala.

Xa Inyathelo lesibini ngokutsha yiSoviet Union wazuza umoya bobusoshiyali. Abantu abaninzi babethanda utshintsho kuba zazisiya ukuya kwikhosi lwentando yesininzi. Ngoko ke, ukususela ngelo xesha, nciphisa ngokubaluleka neemfuno kwi imingcele. emphakathini ekuthiwe lizwe. A noshishino labucala kwaqinisekiswa ngokusesikweni yi-mthetho. Kwakhona, nabantu bephela yabonwabisa noko ngoku eSoviet Union wemka kwezopolitiko eyinzuzo kunye nentiyo malunga namanye amazwe kunye nezizwe. Ngoku eSoviet Union wayefuna ukuba ngakumbi West, ukuphucula urhwebo kunye nobudlelwane kwezoqoqosho kunye nokuvumela abemi balo ngaphandle nzima kakhulu ukuya kwamanye amazwe okwethutyana, nangenxa yokuhlala isigxina. Kodwa ngoxa bambalwa abantu bafuna ukuba bashiye amakhaya abo ngonaphakade, kuba ngoku uluntu bakholelwa kwixesha elizayo onwabe emhlabeni wabo.

Xa Isigaba sesithathu yale nkqubo, njengoko perestroika kwi-USSR, iba kakuhle umbuzo inkcaso ukuba urhulumente wamaKomanisi-nkqubo omtsha wentando yesininzi karhulumente, ethe wafumana inkxaso enkulu phakathi kwabantu abaqhelekileyo Soviet. Kwakhona ngeli xesha kweza sithi sonke efihliweyo phantsi imincili jikelele le ngxaki. Le ntlekele kwezoqoqosho kuphawulwa kukunqongophala kwempahla kweli lizwe, nto leyo ebangele ukuba ukuphoxeka abantu, ngenxa yokuba akukho mntu wayefuna beme emigceni ixesha elide.

Ngenxa yoko, abantu akusekho uthembe abalawuli karhulumente, kunye nemigaqo lolungelelaniso yedanisayo ezininzi. Eli lizwe sachuma imibutho ukuba yakhuthaza eli ligatya naziphi na izimvo olucetywayo abalawuli. Abantu, phezu koko, wabuza kubhukuqa urhulumente. Ngokwendalo, umphumo ubhalo le meko yaba ntlekele kunye ukutshona abasemagunyeni Communist Party kweli lizwe. Ngoko nangoko emva kwesi siganeko kwaye olupheleleyo ekuweni USSR. Ngoku urhulumente ebizwa ngokuba eSoviet Union yayingekabikho.

Masithi ukuba abantu mzuzu waza ekutshintsheni iziganeko, kodwa ngakumbi ukuva izimvo ngomhla ngaloo mihla ngcono. Ngaphezu koko, amazwe ico kunye nonyulo nganye, ukufumana inkxaso evela abantu Communist Party.