Kwemvelo Chemical: izigaba nangomoya

Inkqubo yokuguqula kwenzeka chemistry kwesayensi ebizwa ngokuba yi-iikhemikhali ngendaleko, kwaye kukutshintsha kwenkqubo revolution kwenzeka emva kokuba indalo-1777 yi-French nzulu yendalo Lavoisier theory yokutsha echaza indima oksijini. Waza waqala ekuhlolweni kwazo zonke iingqiqo ezingundoqo kunye nemigaqo esisiseko of chemistry, iye yatshintsha isigama kunye nokuhlelwa kwezinto.

indlela iyevakala

Ka1789 wabona kwakhululwa incwadi Lavoisier, yaba reference eziphambili abaphandi kunye neengcali yenzululwazi ozelwe. I 'Ikhosi chemistry eziziziqalelo "iye yaba yokuqala kuludwe zehlabathi - Uluhlu ezilula, ukuhlela izinto eyaziwa imichiza. Isiseko sale Tome Lavoisier elele kanye oksijini theory yokutsha, apho izinto zazivelela yemichiza wawuqondiswa ngu indlela entsha ngokupheleleyo. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kwinkcazelo - amava, nto leyo into sisazinzulu anyulwe isibaluli, yaye yonke into ayiqinisekiswanga ngamava, njenge-atom okanye isakhiwo eziphilayo, Lavoisier akazange ngqalelo.

kwemvelo Chemical kuphunyeziwe imithetho aliqulunqileyo - ulondolozo ubunzima, malunga uhlobo iimpawu iikhompawundi, iiyantlukwano zabo ekwakhiweni elemental. Kungelo xesha chemistry sele inzululwazi kwezakhe, ukufunda ukwakhiwa izidumbu ngokomfuniselo. Andinako ngaphandle umchiza Ukusombuluka uhlengahlengiso lwesifundo, yaye ngaloo ndlela, ubuntu ekugqibeleni bawushiya elidlulileyo alchemical, njengoko iimbono malunga nohlobo mba kunye neempawu zayo utshintshe kakhulu kwaye ngokukhawuleza. Kodwa umfutho yale nkqubo wakhonza uphando Lavoisier. Ngoku, nabantwana besikolo bazi ukuba amanqanaba kwemichiza ngendaleko (okanye ngendaleko prebiotic) kufuneka ingqalelo ukususela kwixesha ezazingaphambi ukuvela eziphilayo emhlabeni. Ngenkulungwane elinesibhozo, iingcinga ezinjalo zehlabathi akukho namnye umntu owakha waba.

impilo

kwemvelo Chemical baqala umhlaba ongaphiliyo ngokupheleleyo Emhlabeni xa into zomgquba ngcembe waqalisa ukuba siphume molekyuli ezingaphiliyo, nto leyo echaphazela ngqo imiba amandla nokukhetha. Iyazilandela iinkqubo ze self-mbutho, leyo uphawu nkqu iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo kakhulu. Ngenxa yoko, kwabonakala le carbon on Earth. Kunoko, kukho carbon molecule yokuqala zibaluleke kakhulu hayi kuphela imbonakalo kodwa uphuhliso oluqhubekayo yonke into ephilayo.

Asazi kangaka, yintoni na le nto ngendaleko kwemichiza xa nisaqala yobomi. Ukwakheka ezaziwayo nayiphi na into eyenza imida yokuzivelela carbon zolwelo postulate. Mhlawumbi, kwi iphela kukho iindlela enye indlela ubukho kwezinto eziphilayo kunye imvelaphi protein lwethu - Asiyiyo 'indlela yokuphuma' kuphela. Kwakukho ndaqonda indibanisela eyodwa iipropati Polymer ngempahla carbon depolarizing medium zolwelo kwisigaba engamanzi. Ezi meko zazanele ukuqalisa zazivelela imichiza yobomi kunye imfuneko yophuhliso zonke ezaziwayo kuthi iintlobo zezinto eziphilayo.

Ukuqalisa inkqubo

Kwabantu kanye ezalwa yakhe abazi yonke. Ingakumbi apho kwaye ukuqalisa amanqanaba zazivelela kwemichiza Earth nini. Le nto nathi, nathi, ungakwazi ndicinga kuphela. Apha, kuqala, kusenokubakho ngokupheleleyo naliphi na ixesha.

Xa ugqibile umjikelo wesibini inkwenkwezi lokusekwa xa imveliso yinto enye ye dubulo lwe supernova, nto leyo iziqalelo space oluphakathi ekuthiwa enzima, ogama ubunzima lidlula ezingamashumi amabini anesithandathu. Xa iinkwenkwezi kwi isizukulwana yesibini bafumana iinkqubo zabo-langa, apho kuyimfuneko izinto enzima bekusoloko imali eyaneleyo. Baqonda kakuhle eli chavelela kwemichiza ukuba nangaliphi na ixesha emva kokuba Big Bang e kweminyaka enesiqingatha billion ezinesiqingatha billion.

Apho ubomi baqala

Apho kwavela - nayo umbuzo evulekileyo. Xa ekudaleni ezininzi iimeko ekolyutsii sungula imichiza kakhulu kusenokwenzeka ukuba kwenzeke nakuwuphi na bume. Le ongaphantsi neeplanethi, nobunzulu yolwandle kunye umphezulu, nokuba ukwakheka protoplanetary afanelekileyo.

Ngaphezu koko, ilifu igesi oluphakathi nazo ibe sokufezekisa ukuhlaselwa ephila into engaphiliyo, yaye oko kuqinisekiswa kuyo izinto eziphilayo elibhaqiweyo - kunye alkoholi iswekile, aldehydes, acid, glycine kwaye esebenza kakhulu ibe ukuqala ubomi eziphathekayo ngendaleko kwemichiza yaqala.

theory

Yamandulo Umhlaba ugcina iimfihlelo zayo, yaye abantu okunene akakabi nalo ulwazi oluthembekileyo malunga neemeko geochemical ikhona phambi kokuba ukuvela yobomi. uphando yokwakheka komhlaba ukuze anelise zonke imibuzo, ngoko ke ukufunda ngokubanzi inxaxheba ngeenkwenkwezi. Ngoko ke bakha ithiyori yendaleko chemical. iimeko Venusian kunye Mars namhlanje zithathwa efanayo Earth kwi zigaba ezithile yendaleko chemical.

Ukuba asebenzise imifuziselo ukuze afumane zonke iinkcukacha ezisisiseko ezaziwayo. Umzekelo, usebenzisa yokulinganisa sisincoko ezahlukeneyo iikhemikhali kunye neemeko zemozulu kwi emoyeni, lo kwehayidrosfere, Lithosfere iimolekyuli ezintsonkothileyo organic zifunyenwe. Ukufunyanwa kwe data ezintsha eksperimenti usoloko phantsi ulwakhiwo elicebisa ngayo imfundiso. Ngoko ke, oko bonyulelwe kwiqela yeengcinga ngokuphathelele iindlela ezithile kunye mpembelelo zamandla okuqhuba ngqo kubanjwa imichiza zazivelela.

Research eRussia

Ubomi Emhlabeni kwabunjwa ngenxa abiogenesis, oko kukuthi, ukuzalwa oganikhi khompawundi ukubakhona zasendle luphawu ngaphaya umzimba ngaphandle inxaxheba incinane enqanda. Oku linqanam lokuqala, xa kukho ophilayo evela engaphili.

Ngu hypothesis Oparin emfundo eko zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, izisombululo ze iikhompawundi eziphakamileyo-ezinto banako ukwenza kwindawo ethile apho ingqalelo siyandiswa, kunye nokwahlukana kwabo kokusingqongileyo yangaphandle akuthinteli ukuba ukunxibelelana nalo. Ezi ndawo zibizwa ngokuba coacervates okanye amachaphaza coacervate.

phesheya

Imvelaphi yokuqaphela abiotic kuphunyezwa kumhlaba abangekaphuhli wachitha ngowe-1953 godu Stanley Miller, synthesizing acid kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo. Kamva wabonakala theory hypercycles echaza ubukho ubomi ekuhambeni kwemichiza ngendaleko lobukho sokungamelani ekujonganeni, ezilandelelanayo, apho imveliso owandulela lo iba ngunobangela elandelayo.

Eyokuqala kuphela "protocell" wadalwa sebhayoloji yaseMelika ngubani ngalo esingxotyeni of okunamafutha acid kunye lipids bakwazi ukufumana nucleotide monophosphate ukusuka kokusingqongileyo ngo-2008. Ezi imidazole "izitena" iyasebenza zibalulekile ukuze Yindibanisela DNA. Kwaye ngo-2011 eJapan badalwa vesicles iziqalelo DNA phantsi inwebu cationic, leyo bakwazi ukwahlula, njengokuba polirazmernaya chain reaction,-phindana DNA.

main yeengcinga

zazivelela lwemichiza eziphilayo emhlabeni hypothesis uchaza iingongoma ezingundoqo ezilandelayo.

1. Kuyimfuneko ivela Emhlabeni okanye iimeko space, apho kukho njini autocatalytic ugrerodosoderzhaschih iimolekyuli, kunye kuyondelelaniswe kufuneka ukuba ininzi kakhulu kwaye iintlobo omkhulu, ngokwaneleyo ukuba ukuqala inkqubo yendaleko imichiza.
2. Ukwenzeka izakhiwo protocellular asakhulayo ukusuka iimolekyuli ezichazwe ngasentla. Ezi lokubolekwa ezinzile evaliweyo uyazimela kokusingqongileyo, amandla utshintshiselwano izinto udlula kuyo zikhethwe. Ngoko isakhiwo khona protocellular.
3. Iiyunithi bakha kukho nokukwazi self-uphuhliso - self-phindana kunye self-nokuguqulwa kwayo yonke ingcaciso iinkqubo imichiza. Ngoko kukho iiyunithi ezisisiseko ikhowudi zamafa.
4. Inqanaba elilandelayo - ubudlelwane phakathi imbonakalo kunye nemisebenzi enqanda iimpawu iiproteni kunye RNA ne-DNA njengoko abathwali data. Ngoko kukho ikhowudi ilifa into efunekayo ukuze kwemvelo.

lokufumanisa

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, Alexander Oparin kwasekuqaleni njengoko eko zenkulungwane lokugqibela wavula coacervates. Next Stanley Miller kunye Harold Urey ngo-1953, wachaza ukuvela kwi imeko yamandulo simulating biomolecules elula inkqubo kwazo. Okulandelayo Sidney Foks waxelela ihlabathi malunga microspheres of protenoidov. Ngowe-1981, T. kunye S. Ceku Altmane oyakubandakanyeka ozakuyibona lahlule RNA autocatalytic njengoko bakwazi ukudibanisa ulwazi kunye catalysis kwi molecule ribozymes, "bevula" ngokwabo chain connecting i "eziphelweni".

Ngowe-1986, uWilliam Gilbert yaseCambridge yaqulunqa ingcamango "RNA Yehlabathi", kunye Gunther von Kidrovski evela eJamani ngelo xesha ke thaca inkqubo self-ekhupha lokuqala esekelwe kwi-DNA, nto leyo yaba negalelo elibalulekileyo ekuqondeni lweenkqubo self-ukuziphindaphinda kunye nemisebenzi yabo yokukhula. Inzululwazi iye ngokukhawuleza phambili kule nkalo: uManfred Eigen wavula hyperframe, ukudaleka ensembles neemolekyuli RNA, kunye Yuliy Rebek wadala imolekyuli yokuqala eyenziwe ngumntu ukuba self-ukuzandisa in chloroform.

Space & Earth

I Space Flight Centre of NASA Dzhon Korlis wafunda inkqubo yokunikezelwa nelamaxandeka thermal ye-eneji kweelwandle neekhemikhali ezenza zazivelela yemichiza elizimeleyo bume isithuba, kwaye namhlanje ngenxa archaebacteria ekuqaleni yokuhlala ngokusisigxina. Kwihlabathi sulfides intsimbi, inani yeengcinga UGÜNTER Vehterskhoyzera.

Wachaza yokuqala izakhiwo nethe self-ekhupha yabangela phezu kwamanzi pyrite (intsimbi emanzini), nto leyo wanika amandla eziyimfuneko yokutshintshiselana izinto. Ngokwemiqathango ekhula ukhetho kunye uhageleyo ziikristale pyrite unako ukukhula sizale, nokudala ezahlukeneyo abemi. izimbiwa ngodongwe ukuze imbonakalo iimolekyuli ziye kakhulu ukufunda. Noko ke, umfuziselo ohlangeneyo chavelela kwemichiza ayikho ayikho, ekubeni imigaqo esisiseko intshukumo yale nkqubo ayikho kodwa ivuliwe.