Jean-Baptiste Lamarck: Igalelo biology. Iingenelo neengozi theory Lamarck kaThixo

Imfundiso sokuqala esibanzi izinto zazivelela ocetywayo ngu Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. Igalelo zebhayoloji ezisekelwe kwiimbono kunye nemigaqo zikhona kakade kwizangqa yexesha zenzululwazi. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kubo ingcamango scala naturae, kwakunye ingcamango yokuba iintlobo ziyahluka kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo.

Scala naturae, «nomxokelelwane omkhulu yokuba" emva Aristotle, mhlawumbi nexesha ekuqaleni. Yindlela oluneqela elinegunya Ukuhlelwa, ezantsi apho kukho lenyama, kwaye top - yinto enzima kakhulu.

Iimbono malunga nokutshintsha uhlobo ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 baphatheka eqhelekileyo - ke musa ukuba nhlanganiso Lamarck. Umzekelo, Buffon, umthantamisi wakhe, wavakalisa izimvo zakhe ngalo mbandela, nangona bonke ongacacanga kakhulu.

Indlela biology

Lamarck waba indlela olunameva inzululwazi, ixesha elide ekhonza emkhosini, yaye iminyaka emine wafunda amayeza, umzalwana kuqala bayayeka kuye. Waba umfundi phambili semvelo French UBernard de Jussieu, swi Botany, kwaye ngo-1978 wapapasha ingqokelela volume emithathu izilwanyana isiFrentshi, leyo yayintle ngokwaneleyo ukutsala ingqalelo Buffon, lowo wamthabatha phantsi iphiko yakhe balinqabisa indawo kwi French Academy of Sciences kunye Royal Botanic Gardens . Emva kokuba French Revolution ngo-1793, emyezweni zaguqulwa kwi-National Museum of Natural History, apho Lamarck wonyuselwa ukuba unjingalwazi ezingenamqolo (nangona kwakungekho okukhethekile yakhe), elaliliphethe de ekufeni kwakhe.

Ukufaneleka theory Jean-Baptiste Lamarck ngayo ngendaleko eziphilayo zingaphelelanga. Uninzi impumelelo yakhe zithathwa lula - elithi "Biology" na wokusungula, kwakunye ngendlela udidi "ezinomqolo", "ezingenamqolo", "izinambuzane", "vehicles", "zesigcawu", "echinoderms", "annelids".

Ukufundiswa UJean-Baptiste Lamarck kuchazwa iimpapasho ezintathu. Waba nomdla nasekusungulweni yokuhlela kwi Museum of Natural History ukuqokelelwa ezimbiwa kunye izilwanyana mihla Bruguière, umgcini sangaphambili isebe nemiboniso ezingenamqolo. Lamarck waphawula ukuba ziyafana, kwaye ngokubamba usasazo ekuhambeni kwexesha, akwazi ukulandela umgca ngqo ukusuka mdala ukuya imifuziselo ezintsha. Oku kwabangela ezinye iingcamango ukuba thaca le ncwadi 1801, "umbutho Uphando lwemizimba aphilileyo."

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck: igalelo biology

Kodwa ke ingcaciso yokwenene iinkcukacha zazivelela wabonakala umsebenzi wakhe enkulu ngo-1809, "Le intanda zezilwanyana". Ngowe-1815 umqulu wokuqala kwincwadi "I-Natural History of ezingenamqolo", nayo leyo icacisa iingcamango Lamarck.

Ingcamango i "nomxokelelwane omkhulu" liye laba lilitye lembombo Lamarckian. Kodwa yena zange aphelele nje ababephila ngexesha lakhe, ukuzama ukuzithethelela indlela yayo, kwaye uthabathe ngenxa ngokwayo lula. Wacebisa ukuba ubomi besilwanyana ubandakanya ukukwazi eyakhelwe-ngaphakathi, luphawu ngokwemvelo iya entsonkothileyo kakhulu, nto leyo wayecacisa ubukho yokuhlela zendalo oluneqela elinegunya. Oku kuboniswa nezinyuko ezinyukayo, njengoko nentshukumo ezizihambelayo.

Kodwa ke kukho ingxoxo zakudala chithi: ukuba bavela iinkawu, kutheni iinkawu zikhona? Isicombululo yokuba Biogenesis - ukuyilwa ubomi obutsha - Yenzeka lonke ixesha. Ngamanye amazwi, kukho escalators ezininzi (enye kudidi ngalunye of Life), nganye eneyazo njengesiqalo. Abantu ke izinto ezindala nemibungu - entsha.

Kodwa kukho ingxaki wesibini. Ulwahlulo oluneqela ezifana "ziimpethu, intlanzi, izirhubuluzi, iintaka, ezanyisayo, obeku-, ndoda," umzekelo, ikati ayisebenzi. Kweli nqanaba sabaphathi ukuba lube umthambo ingento, kwaye apha kukho lelona adumileyo Lamarckian: ilifa iimpawu ezifunyenwe. Le mbono ilula.

Indlulamthi uhlala e Savannah kunye imithi emide. Oku okholisa i "imfuneko" kwi indlulamthi, kwaye itshintsha ukuziphatha kwabo ukufikelela amasebe eziphezulu. Ngokutsho Lamarck, ukusetyenziswa olongezelelweyo entanyeni kuya kukhokelela ekukhuleni kwayo ngenxa kwanda kokuqukuqela kwamanzi of "ulwelo ebalulekileyo". Ubume entsha entanyeni yi luphawu ezifunyenwe, kwaye oko idluliselwe kwinzala, apho nto sithetha ngayo ilifa iimpawu ezifunyenwe.

Le nokuxoxisana yinyaniso; ukuba umzimba ayisetyenziselwanga, ulwelo elibaleka ngawo incinane kwaye atrophies. Ngokomzekelo, ichaza isizathu sokuba abemi emiqolombeni akukho amehlo.

Ilifa embalini ezifunyenwe

Omnye umzekelo - Imisila phakathi iminwe izilwanyana ezininzi zasemanzini ezifana amasele, amahobe, iilynx kunye beaver. Ezidada izilwanyana kukho imfuneko tyhala amanzi ingaye inwebu, kubangele them "ulwelo kubalulekile" ngaphezulu, njengoko ndacinga Jean-Baptiste Lamarck.

Igalelo Biology Scientist iquka ngcamango yelifa iimpawu ezifunyenwe. Esi kokufunyanwa bokuphila ( "ulwelo ebalulekileyo" akazange wafunyaniswa). Yaba imbono nje yendalo kwaye esebenza ngomatshini, ngelo xesha yajika ekuguqukeni. Akukho mfuneko yokuba uThixo njengentloko zazivelela. Ingcinga Kwakhona babephikisana nengcamango yokuba eziphilayo oku kungatshintshwa kuphela ngendlela ethile.

Ngoko ke, kukho ezimbini ezisisiseko umgaqo Lamarckian. Eyokuqala ingcamango, inkqubela yendalo yomgama kwi isikali ubunzima. Noko ke, endleleni eya ukuphelela jiko kakhulu: eziphilayo ukumelana neemeko zasekuhlaleni, nto leyo ezahlukeneyo ezinokwakheka kuka nokuba kwinqanaba elifanayo ngobunzima.

Ukwazi oko a Lamarckian nga ahlolisise iingenelo neengozi UJean-Baptiste Lamarck njenge umphandi kunye kwindawo namhlanje umbono.

Nayiphi sobulumko yesayensi ibiya kuthi ukuthi ukulungiselela iinjongo ekunene kunye nemibuzo kakuhle echazwe ezenza isiqingatha yophando lwenzululwazi. Kungenxa kule nkalo, kwaye amanqaku ngu Jean-Baptiste Lamarck: iminikelo yakhe kwinzululwazi kukugcina yokuba uyayiqonda neengxaki ezine ezinkulu kwimbali yendalo ngelo xesha:

1. Kutheni Iifom ezimbiwa ayahluka esekhona?
2. Kutheni ezinye eziphilayo kunzima ngakumbi kunezinye?
3. Kutheni kukho ezininzi kangaka?
4. Kutheni eziphilayo ukuba liziqhelanise kakuhle kwindawo yazo?

Bendlela Jean-Baptiste Lamarck usendleleni yokuba wasilela ukunikezela nayiphi na ingcaciso efanelekileyo, nangona ingelilo ityala labo. Nabani na esikhundleni sakhe wayeza kuyeka phezu iseti efanayo ngezimvo, kunokuba yokukhetha ngokwendalo okanye zofuzo.

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck: imfundiso yeempazamo

Lamarck wayesithi ukuba iifom ezimbiwa yahlukile, ngenxa yokuba, njengoko benyuka chavelela ezizihambelayo, indawo ezintsonkothileyo ngakumbi. Ngoku siyazi ukuba iifom ezimbiwa kuba kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo phylogeny, ngoko ezahlukeneyo.

Akukho nto ezifana isikali ngobunzima. Iifom Complex kwenzeka kwezinye zohlaza ngenxa yeemeko zabo ezizodwa. Owona mzekelo wendlela ukuba mbaxa - multicellular - wahlukile kwaye isiphumo A into eqhelekileyo.

Ezahlukeneyo ayenzi ezivelileyo ukusuka Biogenesis oluqhubekayo. amanqaku Yonke into eya kuphela umthombo wobomi. Iintlobo sisiphumo speciation.

Akukho izinto ezifana "ulwelo ebalulekileyo". Eziphilayo afunda ngayo nendawo eziphila kuyo, xa babeyihamba amatye ayinakutshintshwa ukhetho yendalo.

Xa ukhetho yendalo, njengoko iqondwa namhlanje, kuya kuthathelwa ingqalelo yonke abemi neendlulamthi ezishiyanayo ngobukhulu nentamo. Abo intamo ende unako ukufikelela amasebe eziphezulu imithi, baze ngaloo ndlela babe nokufikelela kukutya kakhulu. Oku kukunika amandla inzuzo ngakumbi kwaye ukuzala, nto leyo ekuhambeni okhokelayo elide ukuba ukuveliswa inani elikhulu inzala. Ukuba sime ubude basis entanyeni yemfuza, ngoko, mhlawumbi, kuya kuzalwa umntwana elide ilukhuni ukuba izizukulwana ezininzi indawo korotkosheee.

Xa indlulamthi Lamarckian mazifike imithi ephakamileyo, yaye intamo yalo liyatshona, kwaye idluliselwe inzala.

Ngoku ke besimo ke lowo theory yesibini ngumongo, leyo wenziwa ngu Jean-Baptiste Lamarck.

ukuguquka eziluncedo - ngaphandle kunokuba kolawulo

Igalelo le-nzulu - ingcamango inkqubela esikalini lobunzima - nayo ayiqinisekiswanga nokuba kwinqanaba eziphilayo. Motu Kimura and UTomoko Ohta, Abaseki olubalaseleyo namhlanje theory okoloneytralnoy cala yendaleko lwalusanda zibonise ukuba kwiDNA kwi uninzi yokuba - abanayo nayiphi na impembelelo kwi kulwamkelo yento ephilayo. Le mbono yesibini ibamba ukuba abaninzi ukuguqulwa cala kuya kuba negalelo lincinane kakhulu ukuba obonakalayo ngokwenene. Ke ezinye ukuziguqula eziyingozi, yaye kuphela inani elincinane kubo ngokwenene luncedo.

noYaduwa Ukuba lombutho intshukumo umgca saphelela, bonke ukuguquka kuya kuba yingenelo, kodwa ayixhaswa yi ubungqina.

Ngoko ke, lo ayiqinisekiswanga kwaye ingqikelelo Lamarck.

Ilikhubalo lokunyanga yenkolo

Ingcamango "ulwelo kubalulekile" wayengekho ngokubanzi, ngoko ngendaleko Lamarckian kwaye umngeni ukusa kwinqanaba njengoko umsebenzi 'Origin of Species "zikaDarwin nto ndiloyisile ihlabathi. Darwin wabonisa bokuba izinto zazivelela. Noko ke, wasilela ukweyisela wonke zivunywa.

Ingcamango lweempawu ilifa ezifunyenwe, awathi ezisetyenziswa Darwin, iye laziwa Lamarckism, kwakunye nenani beengcamango eyavela ngokuchasene ukuya zivunywa. ke Lamarckism iyonke iphumelele ingcamango zikaDarwin ngezangqa zenzululwazi. Theology, nto leyo babengafuni isiqingatha senkulungwane eyadlulayo ngamandla Lamarckism, ngoku wayamkela ngokupheleleyo kuphela kuba yintshukumo "ulwelo obalulekileyo" kube lula kunganxulunyaniswa isithixo lokudala, uyilo kusengqiqweni kwimo engqongileyo, kwafumaniseka ukuba ibe lula ngakumbi "randomness" ngokukhethwa zendalo.

Ngowe-1900, Lamarckism kunye selectionism batyunyuzwa yi rediscovery of kwezakhi kunye nesiqalo nokufika le ngcamango.

Idela Lamarckism Lysenko

In Russia yasungula izahluko abamnyama kwimbali eziphilayo kunye nenzululwazi ngokubanzi: Lysenko. Trofim Lysenko waba umphengululi laliphakathi kunye nempembelelo enkulu yezopolitiko, koko wayedla ekhwela encotsheni yiSoviet isayensi yezinto eziphilayo, kwaye yi-1930 waba yintloko Academy of Sciences Agricultural. Apha ngoozwilakhe iindlela lakubathwesa ingcamango yaso izinto zazivelela - "indlela Michurin", kukho uhlobo Lamarckism, wamlandela zemfuza abavumelani nalo kwesi sikhundla. Michurinizm waba "biology omtsha", nto leyo ifanele kakuhle collectivization njengoko ukuxuba nezepolitiki mbumbulu. Nge Lysenko yagqitywa ngokusemthethweni ngo-1964.

Epigenetics - le Lamarckism elitsha?

Ngaloo ndlela, a ithiyori, enye indlela ukhetho yendalo, lo mbandela yavalwa. Noko ke, ngo-2013, uJean-Baptiste Lamarck, omnikelo biology - Lamarckism - iye yasilela, ndafumana ithuba e kwimeko yesiqhelo. Ngoko ke umsebenzi yapapashwa, ekuthi ngawo iimpuku abaqeqeshiweyo ukuba simoyike ivumba acetophenone wanikela eli ikhono njengelifa. magazini New Scientist ogama Uqinisekiso ilifa Lamarckian iimpawu ezifunyenwe. Nakuba kunjalo, isiphumo isekelwe epigenetics - utshintsho kumsebenzi zemfuza kunokuba zofuzo ngokwabo, nto leyo ehambisana zivunywa. Ngoko ke, imfundiso yokuba izinto zazivelela Jean-Baptiste Lamarck inokuba kwakhona aguquke.