Zeziphi iimpumelelo yenzululwazi Russian ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20? Le ezifunyaniswe zizazinzulu kwenkulungwane yama-20

Ukushiya emiqolombeni yamawa Stone Age, abantu sele iwupasisile indlela enkulu ekukhuleni kwengqondo ngokomoya. Oku wavumela abantu ukuba bahlale phantsi computer nokunxibelelana nabanye nanini na umgama, ndzulu iimfihlelo endalo kunye ukuthumela iziphekepheke kwezinye iiplanethi. Oku kwenziwe imibulelo ukuba isayensi, wadalwa yaphuhliswa kwizizukulwana ezininzi.

uphuhliso historical

Science eRussia phambi uPetros Omkhulu kwasilela kakhulu emva yaseYurophu. Oku kungenxa kwiimpawu zentlalo nenkcubeko likaRhulumente kunye nempembelelo engephi waseByzantium.

Umsebenzi wokuqala zemathematika eRashiya yamandulo yasekwa ngo-1136, indela Kirik. Thile emva iinguqulelo iincwadi ekuqiqeni cosmography arithmetic wabonakala.

Science njengeziko loluntu kwavela kwilizwe lethu phantsi uPetros I. xesha yayilixesha wobukumkani bakhe, eMelika eSiberia wathumela kwiphulo lokuqala Vasily Tatishchev kunye Vitus wethu.

1724 kwaphawulwa ngokuthi kuvulwe i-St Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Umsebenzi kweli ziko wamema izazinzulu ezininzi ezaziwayo-kakuhle yaseYurophu. Olukhulu uphuhliso lenzululwazi Russian baba imisebenzi kunye nemisebenzi Academician uMikhail Lomonosov.

1755 kucingwa kumhla isiseko University eMoscow. Imbali nenzululwazi Russian koko wafumana umjikelo omtsha yophuhliso. Akubalulekanga iiyunivesithi kamva Kwasekwa e Dorpat (1802), e-Vilna (1803), eKharkov kunye Kazan (1804), eSt Petersburg (1819). Sele kwenkulungwane ye-19. ukwakhiwa kwawo yacebisa amaziko Kiev, Warsaw, Odessa kunye Tomsk yale hlobo.

elite Scientific baseRashiya:

- Mathematics (NI Lobachevsky, M. V. Ostrogradsky et al.);
- Physics (A. S. Popov, AG Stoletov);
- chemical (D. I. Mendeleev, AM Butlerov, N. N. Zinin et al.);
- amagqirha (S. P. Botkin, NI Pirogov);
- mbali (NM Karamzin, V. O. Klyuchevsky).

Ukuqala kule nkulungwane yamashumi amabini

Eli xesha luphawulwa inguqu kwezolimo Russia zibe kwimeko mveliso enamandla. Ezo iinguqu, leyo waqhuba urhulumente, ziwuthanda eyinkunzi yelizwe. ERashiya, saqalisa ukuphuhlisa ngamandla amacandelo ahlukeneyo kushishino, ngokunjalo noshishino kaloliwe.

Kakade ukunyuka inkcubeko yaqala ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, izakhiwo, iincwadi, njl Inzululwazi kwinkulungwane yama-20 ifikelele incopho ebalulekileyo. Ngeli xesha, kwabakho revolution ngokwenene nenzululwazi yendalo, nto leyo waba yayibaluleke kakhulu ekuphuhliseni uluntu. ezifunyaniswe ezinkulu zenzululwazi zenkulungwane yama-20, eyenziwe kweli xesha, zikhokelele zokuhlaziywa kolwabiwo izimvo ezikhoyo malunga ihlabathi kwabantu.

Ukudalwa koluntu lobunzululwazi nobugcisa

Le ezifunyaniswe zizazinzulu kwinkulungwane yama-20 ngo-pre-revolution eRashiya yenziwa Bulelani umsebenzi sekile ezahlukeneyo. Le yokugqibela Luluntu encinane, eziquka abaphandi kuphela, iingcali, kodwa amateurs inxaxheba ngolangazelelo olukhulu. Kukho namagqudu sivela iminikelo yamalungu ayo neminikelo zabucala. Eminye imiphakathi, urhulumente yabelwe mali enkulu.

Ukongeza unyango kunye nezolimo, metallurgical kunye ngezityalo, ngokwendawo, ngokwasemzimbeni kunye imichiza wabakho izangqa zenzululwazi emfihlekweni. Umzekelo oku kusebenza Society of Astronautics. Amalungu awo elizayo izazinzulu enkulu kwenkulungwane yama-20 - Tsiolkovsky, Korolev, kunye nabanye.

Zonke ezi iiklabhu zingamaziko zophando kwaye zikukhuthaza ulwazi lwenzululwazi phakathi kwabantu. Nakuba kunjalo, igalelo engundoqo ekubunjweni lizwe behlelo ubuso kunye neeyunivesithi, apho ephuma eluntwini ngasentla.

Ukuphuhliswa amayeza, izakhi kunye eziphilayo

Zeziphi iimpumelelo yenzululwazi Russian ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 kule ndawo? Ezi ziquka umsebenzi ezaziwa Academician I. P. Pavlova. izazinzulu Russian ziye wafunda amalungu inkqubo yokucola ukutya kunye nemithambo yegazi. Ngokuba umsebenzi wakhe ngo-1904, Pavlov wawongwa Prize Nobel. Le mbasa efanayo ngowe-1908, iye yanikezelwa I. I. Mechnikovu. Isazinzulu lakhe sele lizifumene ngomsebenzi wakhe kwizifo ezosulelayo kunye zizifo. Mechnikov nayo yafunda isiphumo yomsebenzi ephakamileyo ehlise ekuhambeni nokomzimba. Ngokusekelwe kulwazi izazinzulu iye yasungula le thiyori ingqondo conditioner.

Ukuvulwa kwinkulungwane yama-20 kummandla eziphilayo waba negalelo enamandla yophuhliso ubugqirha. Ukuqala kwinkulungwane yabalasela kuphuhliso ugonyo kumgada, kholera yenkuku kunye anthrax. Konke oku kwaba sisiphumo bacterium zophando Louis Pasteur Institute e Paris. Ngokusekelwe imisebenzi kula izazinzulu abavela kumazwe amaninzi, kuquka eRashiya, wakhokela uphuhliso amanyathelo ejolise yokuthintela kunye nokuthintela izifo ezahlukahlukeneyo.

A igalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso yemfuza yenze Scientist IV Michurin. Owasungula le inzululwazi yezityalo iziqhamo zithembise asebenza kwiphondo Tambov, kwidolophu yakowabo Kozlov. Injongo yalo msebenzi ukuqhamisa Russian iigadi iinkcubeko ezintsha. Phezu kwayo nje imiqobo ejongene nayo, le nzulu wenziwe umsebenzi wakhe.

uye waba indlela esebenzayo wenza izigqibo yeengcingane bavelise iintlobo ibhastile nto leyo babe iipropati engaqhelekanga kwaye siyingenelo abantu.

Ukuphuculwa kwezixhobo zomkhosi

Ukuqulunqwa kwale ndawo negalelo ndlongondlongo kwamazwe eziphambili ehlabathini kunye nokwandisa amathuba zobugcisa. Sele kule minyaka 1911-1915 iinjineli Russian AA Porokhovshchikov, VL Mendeleev and AA Vasiliev wadala idrafti yokuqala isithuthi transport, apho kamva ngokuba itanki.

Zokuqamba kwesayensi kwinkulungwane yama-20 kwaye lilungu ebaleni Aviation. Ngoko ke, lo moya yokuqala wathabatha inxaxheba uhlela wenziwe ngo-1911, Warsaw, eSt Petersburg naseKiev yesithili. Ngokulwa, le ndlela yasetyenziswa ngexesha iimfazwe Balkan ka-1912-1913. Ngowe-1914, i-bomber yokuqala yamkelwa ngumkhosi Russian, ogama "ilya Muromets".

Akazange ashenxe ngenqwelomoya weenqanawa. Apha ubuntshatsheli fanele vehicles umphunga-iinqanawa. Omnye ngowokuqala phakathi kwabo kwakukho "Pet Veliky".

Lo matshini Ukusungulwa

Inzululwazi netheknoloji kwinkulungwane yama-20 eRashiya ivame ngokwabo umsebenzi nokuqinisa izakhono zomkhosi lizwe. Kule endle senze imitsi ebonakalayo. Ngoko ke, ngo-1916, lo umyili izixhobo Fedorov kwemoto umatshini yokuqala yehlabathi. Ukuze oku kube yimfuneko ukuba ucuthe isampulu umphanda afohlela ngo-1913 kwaye ukuphumeza phephancwadi layo bhokisi, kwakunye handle ukutola lula. Umphumo waba isixhobo umlilo namhlanje sisiseko kwezixhobo nomkhosi nawuphi na umkhosi ehlabathini.

Uphuhliso neyezinto zemvelo

izinto ezifunyaniswe zizazinzulu ezininzi kwinkulungwane yama-20 kule ndawo kwenziwa eNtshona Yurophu. Enkosi kubo, uluntu kunye iinjini ngomphunga baqala ukuthatha iinjini yokuvutha kwangaphakathi. Noko ke, iindlela ezintsha for the main ekrwada wemveliso iindlela ezifana (oyile) eziphathekayo okuphakanyiswe izazinzulu kukuthi Russian.

Kokufika iinjini ezinamandla ngakumbi eyabangela abaphandi ukuba ingcamango kwendalo ka moya. Imizamo yokuqala ukuba singene entsimini Aeronautics kwenziwa ngenkulungwane ye-19. Kwathiwa ke ndiyibonile airships ukukhanya neebhaluni.

Zeziphi iimpumelelo yenzululwazi Russian ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 kule ndawo? Kwilizwe lethu sidalwe zeeveki moya injini-amane wambetha ababephila ngobukhulu umxhelo. Phezu indalo yazo wayesebenza iinjineli ezifana I. Sikorsky kunye V. G. Lutskoy.

Ukuvulwa kwinkulungwane yama-20 kummandla Aviation musa iphele khona. -Nzulu Russian ezibalaseleyo B. N. Yurev ngo-1911 basungula icandelo esisiseko ezisetyenziswa kwindibano ntaka mihla. Esi sixhobo ukuba ubuchule ukudala uzinzo yokusebenza eliphezulu. Ezi ntaka kungenziwa eziqhutshwa ngokukhuselekileyo nge pilot zesiqhelo. Uphuhliso zenzululwazi kwinkulungwane yama-20 kummandla ntaka sabekwa kanye Yuriev.

Kwangaxesha nye, bazalwa imvelaphi astronautics mihla. ezifunyaniswe ezinkulu kwinkulungwane yama-20 kule ndawo kwenziwa ngutitshala we-ukulungela yokuzilolonga ubuhle KE Tsiolkovsky. Ngowe-1903 wapapasha imisebenzi brilliant, nto leyo ebonisa ithuba vaakelani va.

Zeziphi iimpumelelo yenzululwazi Russian ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 kummandla physics? Le lokufumanisa imithetho jikelele ikhona iinkqubo wave (umoya, yiacoustic, njalo njalo). Baye zasekwa yamachiza amanqugwala P. N. Lebedevym.

Le ezifunyaniswe omkhulu inzululwazi kwenkulungwane yama-20 zenziwa V. I. Vernadskim. Le Scientist yaziwa lonke emva kokupapashwa imisebenzi yakhe Encyclopedic, ezibe sisiseko sokuphuhlisa iintsingiselo butsha ngemitha, geochemistry kunye ngamachiza ezinto eziphilayo. umsebenzi Vernadsky ngayo noosphere kunye onokuphila imvelaphi ngemvelo mihla.

Ukusungulwa ubhaka iparashute

Ngowe-1910, kaWonke Kotelnikov batyelela All-Russia umkhosi ukuba Aeronautics. Kuye waba ngomnye amangqina ukufa kabuhlungu yolingo L. Matsievich. Kotelnikov wayengenguye nomyili, kunye weqonga. Noko ke, ukufa yolingo bothuka ngoko ukuba emva konyaka wenza iparashute RK-1, yahlukile ngokwesiseko ngemizobo zangaphambili.

Dome njengendlela usindiso kunye balloonists ezisetyenzisiweyo ngaphambili. Kodwa RC-1 compact ngakumbi. Ukongeza, iparashute iye zenza iyunithi impendulo likaxakeka, ekubeni rhoqo phantsi kwesandla sakhe. Zokubopha mlilo RK-1 babekwa ngendlela ingxowana yamaplanga yokuqala, apho kamva indawo aluminiyam. Emazantsi kwibhokisi entwasahlobo amalungiselelo Kotelnikov. Ngexesha elifanelekileyo parachutist etsala ring. Kweli nqanaba, ngasemthonjeni ivula isiciko bhokisi, aphoswe ngaphandle kwawo. Okwangoku le qambo ezi parachute kulo lonke ihlabathi.

Inkangeleko ye TV

nesayensi Russian kwinkulungwane yama-20 ihlabathi thaca elikuvumela waba ixesha lokuvula. Ngowe-1907, uNjingalwazi Institute of Technology, ibekwe eSt Petersburg, B. L. Rozingom wafaka isicelo igunya lokwenza i "indlela yokudluliswa yombane imifanekiso ezahlukeneyo reception kwabo ngokusebenzisa ityhubhu cathode ray."

Xa ekwindla ka-1910 ISAZINZULU wenza ingxelo kawonke kwintlanganiso ye-Russian Technical Society, apho wathetha malunga nemiba emi ngendlela kamabonakude. Rosing waqinisekisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezinjalo kufuneka zisetyenziswe msebe electron. Eyona nto ingumnqa kukuba esi sigqibo lifikelelwe kwisithuba xa elektroniki njengoko imboni lisathukuza yayo. On kumabonakude wadala inkqubo Rosing wafumana patent first Russian, yaye emva - i-German, IsiNgesi ne American.

Discoveries kwiJografi

Zeziphi iimpumelelo yenzululwazi Russian ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 ekufundeni ukuze ihlabathi? Ngeli xesha ke waya iOceania kunye naseMntla Afrika, eMpuma Central Asia. Ngamnye kubo kuphawulwa uvula jikelele. Iyafuna esithi ukuba inzululwazi eendawo kwinkulungwane yama-20, oko esekelwe impumelelo afunyenwe nabaphandi Russian.

Zokusekwa kwe-USSR

Science eRussia phantsi kolawulo lweSoviet banika ihlabathi ezifunyaniswe ezininzi kakhulu kunye neempumelelo kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zezinto ezenziwa luluntu. Nkqu kuhlu wabo amehlo ibonisa sesona sisombululo esele yenziwe zizazinzulu.

Le mpumelelo yesayensi Soviet badlale indima enkulu kuphuhliso loqoqosho lwesizwe. Kulo mzekelo, olusekelwe phezu babo wadala zakutshanje ngelo xesha kushishino, kokubini itrektara eyama leemoto kunye nesinyithi. Iziphumo zophando kwenze ukuba sikwazi ukuphuhlisa imveliso irabha zokwenziwa, amafutha iimoto, njl

Impumelelo wafumana zebhayoloji, uyakwazi ukuhlangabezana nemingeni ukutya kunye noshishino ukukhanya, kunye nezolimo. Ukongeza, uphononongo intlaninge kukhokelele kwinkqubela kukhathalelo lwempilo kunye necandelo lonyango.

Kwiinkqubo zophando omkhulu eSoviet Union athunyelwe. Ivula up Amaziko ophando amatsha. Ngoko ke, ngo-1934, Vavilov waseka Physics Institute, Academy of Sciences, kwangaxesha nye yaphehlelelwa Institute of Organic Chemistry. 1937 - Ngomnyaka isiseko Institute of Geophysics. umsebenzi wakhe waqhubeka nomsebenzi komzimba Pavlov kunye umfuyi Michurin. Ngenxa yoko oluye lwenziwa zizazinzulu baye ezininzi ezifunyaniswe kulo kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo. Noko ke, kule minyaka zocindezelo isakhono ngokwengqondo umonakalo enzima karhulumente kwenziwa.

ngemva kwempi

Ukuvuselelwa nenzululwazi yiSoviet ngowe-1950, imisebenzi yophando Academy of Sciences kwakhokelela kule minyaka. Academy of Sciences ziye zabuyiselwa, yaye zonke republic lizwe. Oku kwenza kube lula ukuthatha amalungelo abenzi kwaye basebenzise ulawulo lokusetyenziswa kwemali eyabelwe urhulumente kule sphere.

Sele yee-ngamahlanu, benomdla kwi ukuhambahamba esibhakabhakeni. Kule ndawo, liyanda inani izazinzulu. Kukho iincwadi ezikhethekileyo kunye namacandelo kwiiyunivesithi. Konke oku kwenziwa ngenjongo yokuba imfundo zezazinzulu abaselula.

1957 yazisa a ukuzwa benene emhlabeni yesayensi. Yaba umnyaka bekusungulwa yokuqala Earth satellite ngumntu. Country kuthelekiswa kutshanje wonzakala imfazwe eyoyikekayo, hayi nje wabuyela amandla ayo lwesayensi, kodwa waba yinkokheli senkqubela phambili yenzululwazi. Esi siganeko wavula ixesha elitsha lobuntu kunye ngelo xesha kwakukho kwasekuqalekeni "ugqatso isithuba" kunye eUnited States, nto leyo wayengafuni kuphulukana intembeko yayo ehlabathini.

Ngowe-1959, satellite eSoviet wabetha inyanga. Oku osanda ziphuculwe eRashiya nodumo uluntu ehlabathini. Sele gqira yokuqala, eSoviet Union yaba wesibini emva US ukubangisana ehlabathini. Melika aye alodlula eli lizwe lethu kuphela noqoqosho.

April 12, 1961, kwakukho omnye isiganeko emangalisayo, apho ngaphambili esichazwe imisebenzi yakhe zamabali. Ngale mini, umntu wokuqala kwimbali yaphehlelelwa kuko wabuyela Earth.

Kule minyaka ingama-80 kweli lizwe lethu saqalisa uphuhliso kunye nokuveliswa iikhompyutha elektroniki - computer. Le ndlela yaba compact kwaye musa ukuhlala lonke isakhiwo kunye namagumbi. Yiyo le iminyaka xa eSoviet Union ezichithwa imihlaba ubutyebi obuninzi yenzululwazi, i isahlulo seshumi se-mali karhulumente. Oku ngeke akwazi, akukho lizwe ehlabathini.

Phakathi inani elikhulu izifundo zesayensi olwenziwa eRashiya, kukho abaninzi kwabo baze baqhubeke kusafuneka nempembelelo ebalulekileyo ngenkqubela kuluntu lesayensi nobuchwepheshe. Sithetha ngezinto ezininzi kummandla inzululwazi imichiza, ezibubhayoloji neziphathekayo kunye zobunjineli. Ezi ziquka kokufunyanwa isenzeko ekuvakaleni kwelizwi paramagnetic E. K. Zavoyskim. Indima ebalulekileyo edlalwa zizazinzulu Russian kunye ukusombulula imiba zamandla enyukliya.