Intshukumo ophikisana: Oonobangela kunye neziphumo

Xa 60s zenkulungwane lokugqibela, ilityalwe eziliqela kwiinkulungwane ezadlulayo, igama elithi "Kwaya" wabuya weza ukusetyenziswa. Ngoko wacelela abantu bathetha kukho ukugxekwa evulekileyo kwakunye zoluntu urhulumente waseSoviet. Njani yaye kutheni kwakukho intshukumo ophikisana, kwaye wayefuna ukuphumeza abameli bayo?

Njani ukuba kwaqala

Masiqalise kunye nembali kwikota. Wabonakala ngexesha yoHlaziyo - kwakunjalo ngoko kwi-Commonwealth wabizwa ngokuba uso (in Latin - "kwanabo") abantu abangazange ndingenguye lubalaseleyo kwiCawa yamaKatolika. Akekho umntu wayecinga ngoko ukuba zekota ngokutsha kunye intsingiselo eyahlukileyo kwelinye ilizwe.

Emva kokufa kukaStalin kwimbali yiSoviet Union, ixesha eyaziwa ngokuba Khrushchev obuhle. Xa ubomi boluntu, ngokwenene "ezifudumeleyo": khona ulutsha ngobuchule umbutho, ababhali kunye iimbongi baqalisa ukuba ichukumise esivale artists imisebenzi yakhe ezamahala ngakumbi uphendlo lwabo ngobuchule. ukoyika ebandayo zocindezelo ngabantu akusekho efe, kwaye amaxesha amaninzi ukususela nezazi voices ebalulekileyo yomgaqo-nkqubo ka "iqela kunye norhulumente." Ezi abasemagunyeni kwanabo akazange afune ukuva, kodwa izimvo ngakumbi - iileta, imihlathi, iincwadi, uqhankqalazo. Ngenxa yoko, eSoviet Union waqalisa kuvela intshukumo ophikisana.

Ngokwemibandela kokuba yahlulelwe kwii ariya ezintathu: inkululeko yesizwe, amalungelo oluntu kunye zonqulo. Eyokuqala yaba lifana nakwiiriphabliki kazwelonke (ngamazwe lweBaltic, Ukraine, Georgia, Armenia, njalo njalo). abameli balo abachasene nengcinezelo kweelwimi yesizwe, kuba sebenzisa simahla kubo belingana Russian, kwaye kwixesha elizayo - ngokuba nokuxhotyiswa esingumzekelo seeRiphablikhi Union okanye ukuba kusungulwe kwazo Union. indawo amalungelo oluntu lihanjiswa ngaphandle nakwiiriphabliki ezahlukeneyo, eyona okufana kungenxa Russia. abameli balo baye balwela inkululeko yokuthetha ngokuchasene Ukophulwa kwamalungelo oluntu. Abo owamela intshukumo ophikisana entsimini lonqulo, wazama ukukhusela amalungelo amakholwa, walwa ukuvalwa amabandla.

Tindlela womzabalazo

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba ibinzana elithi "Kwaya" ukuhlanganisa abameli imisinga ezininzi ezahlukeneyo, ukuba akunayo nanye into efanayo. Abo owamela intshukumo ophikisana eSoviet Union, wonyulwa iintlobo uxolo loqhankqalazo. Isenokuba isibheno amagunya kunye nemibutho yamazwe ngamazwe ukunyhashwa kwamalungelo oluntu, iintlanganiso malunga naziphi na iziganeko yezopolitiko (ezifana ngokuhlaselwa yiSoviet yeCzechoslovakia ngo-1968). Kodwa ndlela ithandwayo yoqhankqalazo yaba samizdat ekuthiwa-- yopapasho amaphetshana, amanqaku, ngamaxesha mthethweni, iincwadi ezigxeka abasemagunyeni ndithi ngale meko kweli lizwe. Ezi ziquka i-Union zonke upapasho "Chronicle of Events zangoku" (1968-1983 gg.), "Ukrainian Herald" (epapashwe uso Ukrainian 1970-1972.). Njengoko iincwadi okanye amanqaku, inani labo kunzima nokuba ukubala.

Intshukumo ophikisana kaninzi abanalo umgca ecacileyo bombutho. Isenokuba amaqela komhlaba, amaqela, imibutho, kodwa uso nje ukunxibelelana nabanye ngaphandle okhule umbutho. I intshukumo ophikisana nenqubo e Ukraine zimelwe amanani ezifana Viacheslav Chornovil, Levko Lukyanenko, Ivan Dziuba, eRashiya - Aleksandrom Solzhenitsynym, Andreem Saharovym, uVladimir Bukovsky, phakathi iCrimea AmaTatar Mustafa Dzhemilev kwaziwa.

Xa uso Ngasekupheleni engama-60 ubudala aqalile ukufuna ngokusemthethweni imisebenzi yabo. Lokuqala Umbutho engekho phantsi kukarhulumente, ekuhleni wathi ngokwabo ingqalelo iqela nyathelo kwamalungelo oluntu kwi-USSR, wadalwa ngoMeyi 1968, izilingo abantu abali-15. Ngowe-1975, i-eSoviet Union esayiniweyo ushicilele Final Act of the Helsinki Izivumelwano, omnye iingongoma kwawo amalungelo oluntu. Esi siganeko ingqondo uso ukwenza uhlobo olutsha imibutho engekho phantsi korhulumente - amaqela ukulungiselela ukuphunyezwa kwe-Helsinki Izivumelwano. Iqela lokuqala ezifana yasekwa ngoMeyi 1976 e Moscow, emva kwayo nayiphi na imibutho efana eUkraine, eArmenia, Lithuania, Georgia. Amalungu amaqela ababandakanyekayo kule ncwadi ka ulwazi ukunyhashwa kwamalungelo oluntu eSoviet Union, ingxelo kwiimeko zokugxojwa i-Helsinki Izivumelwano kwi abasemagunyeni eSoviet kunye nemibutho yamazwe ngamazwe.

Power umzabalazo kunye uso

Uqhankqalazo of uso amandla esilingana iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zocindezelo. Inkoliso yaba ukugxothwa okuthambileyo ukuvalwa sikweni kwi msebenzi, nto leyo esisizathu sokuba zizifundiswa izolo zidla kwafuneka ukuba asebenze abathwala impahla okanye stokers. Ngokomzekelo, kwakukho abo isayinwe iileta ezahlukeneyo loqhankqalazo engama-60. Ukuze ngaphezulu - uqhankqalazo, ukudala imibutho komhlaba - bavalelwa ezahlukeneyo entolongweni kunye ekuthinjweni. Liphuhlise umgca zocindezelo njengoko amayeza lwezohlwayo xa kuqina bavuma ugula ngengqondo wathumela unyango esisinyanzelo. Ngokubhekiselele kumalungu amaqela Helsinki ezisetyenzisiweyo kunye ukuzakhela Kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, ukuze sibenze emehlweni uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe.

Xa intshukumo ophikisana yee-80 lezo batshatyalaliswe. Uninzi kunazo esebenzayo ilungu layo kwiinkampu okanye elubhacweni, abaninzi nje ningashukunyiswa nimke kuloo msebenzi. Kodwa ke ubukho kuqina akubanga lilize. imisebenzi yabo babe ngabemi Soviet umthombo ulwazi ngeendlela ezininzi walungisa ngokuwa wolawulo yileyo. Xa xesha ngokutsha amava zabo zentlalo kwaba luncedo ekudaleni kwimibutho ezintsha, ezomthetho ngokupheleleyo, wenza kube lula ukuba balungelelanise ngumzabalazo republic evela Union kunye ukuyilwa geqe.