I-Botany yinkqubo yesayensi yezityalo

I-Botany yintsimi ye-biology ehlola izityalo. Eli qela liquka i-autotrophs, i-eukaryoti kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo, kuquka i-multicellular organisms ezenza ukutya kwazo. Ubukumkani bezityalo ziintlobo ezininzi zeentlobo. Inzululwazi yezityalo ixhamla ngokuphononongwa kwezilwanyana, kunye ne-ecology, i-anatomy kunye ne-physiological plant.

Uthini i-botany?

I-Botany yinkqubo yesayensi yezityalo. Enye yezobugcisa zendalo endala ehlabathini ithatha inxaxheba kwisifundo se-metabolism kunye nomsebenzi wezinto eziphilayo, okubizwa ngokuba yi-physiological plant, kwakunye neenkqubo zokukhula, ukuphuhliswa nokuveliswa.

Inzululwazi yezityalo ixanduva lokufunda ukukhula (izityalo ze-genetics), ukulungelelanisa nokusingqongileyo, i-ecology, ukwabiwa kweendawo. Phakathi kweentlobo kubalulekile ukukhankanya i-geobotany, i-phytogeography kunye ne-paleontology (ukufunda iifossil).

Imbali ye botani

I-Botany yinkqubo yesayensi yezityalo. Njengoko inzululwazi yesayensi yaqala ukuqwalaselwa, kuqale ngexesha le-colonialism yaseYurophu, nangona inzala yabantu kwisityalo iya kubuya phambili. Ummandla wophando ufumene izityalo kunye nemithi kwilizwe labo, kunye neziboniso zangaphandle ezaziswa ngexesha lokuhamba ezininzi. Kwaye kumaxesha amandulo, i-willy-nilly, omnye wayefanele afunde izityalo ezithile. Ngaphambi kokukhawuleza kwexesha abantu bazama ukuchonga iimpawu zonyango zezityalo, ixesha labo lokukhula.

Iingqolowa, izithelo nemifuno zazibalulekileyo ekuphuhliseni intlalo yoluntu lonke. Xa kwakungekho nzululwazi kumgama wanamhlanje welizwi, uluntu luhlolisisa izityalo kwisiseko seenguqu yezolimo.

Amanani anje aphezulu aseGrisi naseRoma, njengoko uAristotle, iTheophrastus kunye neDioscorides, phakathi kwezinye iinqununu zesayensi ziye zafika kwizinga elitsha kunye ne-botany. I-Theophrastus yabizwa ngokuba nguyise we-botany, ngenxa yemisebenzi ebini ebalulekileyo ebhaliweyo, eyasetyenziselwa iminyaka eyi-1500 kwaye iyaqhubeka isetyenziswa kulolu suku.

Njengasezinzululwazi ezininzi, ngexesha loKuvuselela kunye neNguquko, kwaye ekupheleni kweNkanyiso, kuye kwaba nempumelelo ebalulekileyo ekufundeni i-botany. I-microscope yaqulunqwa ngasekupheleni kwe-16 leminyaka, eyayivumela ukufunda izityalo ezingazange zenzeke ngaphambili, kubandakanywa iinkcukacha ezincinci ezifana ne-phytoliths kunye ne-pollen. Baqala ukwandisa ulwazi kungekuphela nje kwezityalo ngokwabo, kodwa nangenxa yokuphindaphinda, iinkqubo zokutshintshana kunye nezinye iinkalo ezide zize zivaliwe kuluntu.

Amaqela ezityalo

1. Izityalo ezilula kakhulu zonke i-bryophytes, zincinci, zineziqu, amaqabunga kunye neengcambu. I-Mosses ikhetha indawo ezinomsila ophezulu kwaye ihlale ifuna amanzi okuvelisa.

2. Zonke izityalo ze-spore zesityalo, ngokungafani nemisundu, zineemikhumbi ezithwele iJusi, kunye namaqabunga, i-stem kunye neengcambu. Ezi zityalo zixhomekeke kakhulu kumanzi. Abameli, umzekelo, ngabafern kunye namahhashi.

3. Zonke izityalo zininzi izityalo eziyinkimbinkimbi, ezinokubaluleka okubalulekileyo njengembewu. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu, kuba iqinisekisa ukukhuselwa kombungu kwaye ihlinzeke ngokutya. Ukwahlula i-gymnosperms (ipine) kunye ne-angiosperms (intendelezo yekhenkco).

Ecology yezityalo

I-ecology yezityalo ihluke kwi-botany, isifundo sayo sisifundo sendlela izityalo ezisebenzisana ngayo nendalo kunye nokusingathwa kwimeko yokusingqongileyo kunye nesimo sezulu. Uluntu luhlala lukhula njalo, kwaye kufuneka umhlaba ongeninzi, ngoko umbandela wokukhusela ubutyebi bemvelo kunye nokunyamekela kwabo kunzima kakhulu.

I-ecology yezityalo iyakubona iindidi ezilishumi elinesiseko ezisemgangathweni apho kubakho ubomi besityalo:

• Amahlathi aseTropical,
• Amahlathi ommandla oshushu,
• Amahlathi aseConiferous,
• Sropto savannah,
• Izithako zendawo eshushu (amaphahla),
• Iintlango nezendalo eziphilayo,
• Mimandla yaseMeditera,
• Umhlaba kunye nemilambo,
• I-ecology yamanzi amanxweme, amanxweme okanye amanxweme kunye ne-tundra.

Uhlobo ngalunye luneprogram yalo yendalo kunye nesityalo esilungeleleneyo kunye nezilwanyana zezilwanyana, kwaye indlela abadibana ngayo kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuziphendukela kwazo.

Biology: icandelo lesityalo

I-Botany - inzululwazi yesakhiwo, ubomi, ukusasazwa kunye nemvelaphi yezityalo, ihlolisisa, ihlukanise kwaye ihlukanise yonke le mpawu, kunye nokusabalaliswa kweendawo, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kunye nokuphila kwendalo. I-Botany yincwadana yesayensi malunga nokuhlukahluka kwehlabathi lezityalo, ezibandakanya amasebe amaninzi. Ngokomzekelo, iinjongo ze-paleobotanica ziphela izityalo okanye iimifanekiso ezicatshulweyo ezikhishwe kwi-geological strata. Isihloko sophando sibuye sinezilwanyana ezinobungakanani, iibhaktheriya, i-fungi kunye nezilwanyana. Ukuqonda ukutshintsha kwemozulu kwixesha elidlulileyo kubalulekile kumaxesha anamhlanje. Le nzu lulwazi inokukwazi ukukhanyisa uhlobo kunye nokulinganisa iintlobo zezityalo ze-Ice Age.

I-Archeobotany isebenza ngendlela yokufunda ukusasazwa kwefama, ukugalela i-swamps njalonjalo. I-Botany (i-biology yezityalo) iqhuba uphando kuwo onke amanqanaba, kubandakanywa nezendalo, uluntu, iintlobo, abantu, iifom, iiseli kunye nama-molecule (i-genetics, i-biochemistry). Iingcali zezilwanyana zihlola iintlobo ezininzi zezityalo, kuquka i-algae, i-mosses, i-ferns, i-gymnosperms kunye neentyantyambo (imbewu) izityalo, kubandakanywa izityalo zasendle nezityalo.

I-Botany yincwadana yesayensi yezityalo kunye nokukhula kwezityalo. Inkulungwane ye-20 ithathwa njenge-golden age ye-biology, kuba ngenxa yobugcisa obutsha le nzu lulwazi ingahlolwa kwizinga elitsha ngokupheleleyo. Iindlela eziphambili ze-biology ze-molecular zibonelela ngezixhobo zakutshanje zokufunda izityalo kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo ezihlala emhlabeni.