Inkcubeko Russian le-19 - kwinkulungwane yama-20. Iimpawu amasiko Russian

Ukuze siqonde kakuhle awohluke inkcubeko Russian Ekuveleni XIX-XX iinkulungwane., Kufuneka sinengcamango malunga nemo komthetho ekhaya, ezoqoqosho kunye nezopolitiko kwexesha. Oku kuyeyona nto iphambili. Indima inkcubeko Russian ayikwazi nemikhuba. Ngenxa iinguqu kaPetros kuBukhosi wasungula i neNgonyama ingundoqo, ngokunjalo legislating uyilandela. Oku ngokukodwa kuboniswe kwi "Golden Age" ye uCatherine II.

Iziganeko ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIX

Century kwaphawula ngokutsha kumphathiswa Alexander I. Ekusebenzeni kuliwa ukuze ukomeleza umyalelo feudal-absolutist. Ngelo xesha linye kuyimfuneko ukuba siqwalasele ifuthe entsha 'umoya amaxesha. " Kuqala kwinto zonke, waphawula isibonakaliso French Revolution kulo inkcubeko Russian. Uthando wenkululeko yenye archetypes yayo. It ibhiyozelwa kulo lonke izibongo Russian ukusuka Pushkin Tsvetaeva kunye iphele. Emva kokuba Ministry awawenza, kwakukho bureaucratization ngakumbi kolawulo. Ukongeza, ukuphucula izixhobo engundoqo yoBukhosi baseRashiya. Ukusekwa kweBhunga State - njengento ebalulekileyo Europeanization kunye Ukuphuculwa kwenkqubo yonke. imisebenzi yayo engundoqo zezi: ukuqinisekisa ukungqinelana nemimiselo yomthetho kunye lonke yemicimbi mthetho.

Age Golden

inkcubeko Russian le-19 - kwinkulungwane yama-20 Kwathi ngokuzimisela okukhulu. A negalelo elikhulu kule nkqubo zobugcisa ingcamango Koloni kunye nehlabathi inkqubela olululo. Kwakhona wathi nolwalamano olusenyongweni nabanye inkcubeko Russian. Eli xesha xa French kuphuhliswa socialism nephupha kunye bulumko German yamandulo. Ezi imibono zithandwa kakhulu kule meko. inkcubeko Russian ngenkulungwane ye-19 ukuba baphenjelelwa ngamandla ilifa ashiywe kwizizukulwana zangaphambili. amahlumelo amatsha bobuchule kwiincwadi waya ibulela kuye. Oku kusebenza emasimini kwenkcubeko, ubugcisa kunye nemibongo. Works of Fyodor Dostoevsky, P. Melnikov-Pechersky, Leskov kunye Gogol yanikelwa izithethe zonqulo inkcubeko yamandulo. Kwakhona kufanele kuphawulwe umsebenzi kwezinye buchopho yoncwadi, ogama isimo ukuya imisinga Orthodox baba elawula ngakumbi. Sithetha Blok, L. Tolstoy, Alexander Pushkin, njalo-njalo. Xa abanama- wazilanda nesitampu ezingqondweni obonisa iingcambu zawo Orthodox. Wena ke asingekhe silibale ukuba lukholelwe Ivan Turgenev. Xa umsebenzi wakhe zimelwe umfanekiso wobungcwele kwabantu "Amandla ophilileyo". Kwakhona inzala ka lukhulu inkcubeko Russian bezobugcisa ixesha. Lo ngumfanekiso K. Petrov-Vodkin, Vrubel, M. Nesterov. Imvelaphi bobuchule bubuxoki Orthodox icon-ukupeyinta. sicula ibandla lalihlala into iphawulekayo kwimbali nenkcubeko zomculo. Kwakhona kungathathwa kamva amalinge yi Rachmaninov, Tchaikovsky kunye nguDmitry Bortniansky.

igalelo elikhulu

inkcubeko Russian le-19 - kwenkulungwane yama-20, wendele impumelelo engcono zabanye abantu kunye namazwe. Noko ke, akazange azazi eyona. Ukongeza, ukuba inempembelelo ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso ezinye izityalo. Njengokuba imbali abantu baseYurophu, kwashiya uphawu omkhulu. Okokuqala, sithetha kwengcinga zonqulo Russian. Kuye kwasekwa phantsi kwempembelelo yaseNtshona. Ngenxa yoko, inkcubeko eNtshona Yurophu iphenjelelwa wezakwalizwi nefilosofi. Oku kubonakala kakhulu kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane XX. igalelo elibalulekileyo kuphuhliso inkcubeko Russian baye benza imisebenzi M. Bakunin, Berdyaev, Florensky, S. Bulgakov, uVladimir Solovyov, kunye nabanye abaninzi. Asimele silibale malunga "unyaka isaqhwithi weshumi". Sithetha malunga negalelo ngamandla kuphuhliso inkcubeko Russian. IMfazwe Yehlabathi II kuhlangene ekukhuleni osezingqondweni yesizwe kwaye ukuyilwa "Decembrists". Oko kwabuchaphazela Kwakhona ngokwenkcubeko namasiko Russian. Belinsky wabhala ukuba nyaka ihlunguzela ilizwe lonke, ngoxa axhokonxa ukuzingca kazwelonke seengcamango.

Iimpawu yenkqubo yezembali

isantya lwakhe ngokuphawulekayo olukhawulezileyo. Oku kungenxa ezi nkalo zingasentla. Full kwentlobo ukuphakama kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zemisebenzi yenkcubeko. Oku kubonakala kakhulu kwinzululwazi. Kwakhona nzima inkqubo yenkcubeko ngokwayo. It yaphawula intsebenziswano ngakumbi phakathi kwezigaba ezahlukeneyo. Ngokukodwa, oku kusebenza umculo, noncwadi, ifilosofi njalo njalo. Kwakhona kufanele kuphawulwe ukuba iinkqubo enomfutho yentsebenziswano phakathi izinto usemthethweni inkcubeko yesizwe. Oku kuyinxalenye esemthethweni sayo abayinyamekelayo kurhulumente, yaye indawo yenkitha (okt intsomi Ukwakheka). Le yokugqibela livela, ndineemfesane yimibutho yesizwe East Slavic. Lo maleko kwasekwa Rus yamandulo. Wayephila ngokupheleleyo kulo imbali yeli lizwe. Ngokumalunga inkcubeko ongaphantsi ngokusesikweni-karhulumente, apho inokubuyiselwa ndizilandile nje ubukho ezinawo "ebakumgangatho". Wamkhonza nabalawulayo. Oku ngokuyintloko libhekisela kwinkundla yakomkhulu kunye ngophakathi. Lo maleko iye kakhulu sikwamkela amazwe ku sunguleni. Kulo mzekelo, uyacebiswa ukuba ukukhankanya womzobo romantic ivanov, K. Bryullov, V. Tropinin, A. Kiprensky kunye namanye amagcisa eyaziwayo ngenkulungwane XIX.

Impembelelo kwinkulungwane XVIII

Kwisiqingatha sokuqala kwabonakala zizifundiswa abaqhelekileyo. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane, kwema phandle iqela elithile eluntwini. Kuyinto Kwilizwe nezazi. Kwakukho iimbongi, iimvumi, bezakhiwo kunye zabazobi. Ukuba ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane indima ephambili behlelo nezazi yeengcungcu, ekugqibeleni - commoner. Ukwakhiwa kwale maleko waqala flow ababevela abalimi. Oku ngakumbi waziva emva kokuyekiswa serfdom. Ngu commoner ukuthwala abameli abafundile ngoohlohlesakhe bezindlu zasebukhosini nababenemihlaba wentando melo. Kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba bathi ngabam yezikhulu. Kunoko, kuyabonakala ukuba amahlwempu, abarhwebi, noohlohlesakhe abangaphuhlanga kunye nabasemagunyeni. Kwaye ezi zixhaswa iimpawu ezibalulekileyo kwinkcubeko Russian, njengoko ekuqaleni yedemokhrasi salo. umongo wabo ukuba iinkokeli afundile abangengomalungu kuphela izifundiswa. Kunjalo, indima ephambili nangoku fanele kubo. Ukwandisa inani izazinzulu, abaqambi, abazobi, iimbongi ababhali abahlelelekileyo. Ngokukodwa, edibana ngayo ngamakhoboka, yaye ngokukhethekayo isukela abaqhelekileyo.

Iziqhamo kwinkulungwane XIX

Ubugcisa inkcubeko Russian gqolo ukuphuhlisa. Uncwadi uba inkosi yaso. Okokuqala, apha saphenjelelwa inkqubela ideology inkululeko. Enyanisweni, uninzi imisebenzi zeephiriyodi azaliswe olululo yokulwa iminxeba, kwakunye namaphetshana ezopolitiko. Apha kulapho kufumaneka khona ukubaluleka enkulu inkcubeko Russian. Yena iphefumlelwe kakhulu ulutsha phambili. Kwakungathi wolawulo umoya lomzabalazo kunye nenkcaso. Yena angena imisebenzi ngababhali okuqhubekayo. Ngenxa yoko, le ncwadi iye yaba elinye ucelomngeni esebenzayo yoluntu. Ungathatha, umzekelo, ezakudala ihlabathi abazizityebi ukwenza uthelekiso inkcubeko Russian. Kwanaphezu uncwadi yayo imvelaphi zenkulungwane lokugqibela, ukuba kumi buyinto ezizodwa. Tolstovsky Pushkinian isihobe kunye iprozi nga kungummangaliso. Yasnaya Polyana waye ubungcali yale ngozi.

umnikelo Pushkin

Kunzima ukuba kwakuya kuba yintoni na isiko Russia ngaphandle kwakhe. Pushkin - umsunguli ngokoqobo Russian. Kwanele ukuba ukukhumbula, "evgeniya Onegina". Le noveli kwivesi ogama umhlalutyi adumileyo encyclopedia ubomi Russian. Yeyona ibinzana eliphezulu ngokoqobo ngemisebenzi buchopho. Kukho kwakhona ngumzekelo obalaseleyo oku ekunokuthiwa inoveli iincwadi "Dubrovsky", "Ntombi The Yomphathi," umdlalo "Boris Godunov." Ngokumalunga ukubaluleka wonke Pushkin, oko kuhlangene kunye nokuqonda ngokwesithethe ixabiso jikelele eye zadalwa nguye. Wavula indlela boncwadi yaseChekhov, Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, Turgenev, Gogol, Lermontov. Yena waba Enyanisweni yinxalenye yenkcubeko Russian. Ukongeza, le ndlela yeyona mzuzu ezibalulekileyo zophuhliso yokomoya uluntu.

igalelo Lermontov kaThixo

Oku kungenziwa ngokuba ezihlangwini kunye owayephila Pushkin. Olokuqala ukuqaqambisa "uHero Ixesha Wethu". Akunakwenzeka ukuba uqaphele kwamaqabane yayo kunye inoveli "Eugene Onegin". Ngelo xesha, "uHero Ixesha Wethu" - phezulu ngokoqobo Lermontov kaThixo. umsebenzi wayo imele indawo ephezulu zazivelela poslepushkinskogo ixesha umbongo. Ngenxa kule iindlela ezintsha uphuhliso ukubhala Russian zavuleka. Byron Ubuchule - kundoqo yobuhle bomda. komuntu Russian romantic kuthetha ubukho ukunqulwa Titanic inkanuko. Kwakhona apha ekunokuthiwa ibinzana ombambazelayo kunye neemeko kakhulu, ezo zidibene Eyokuqiqa bulumko. Ngoko ke, kucacile ukuba gravitation Lermontov umbongo zemibongo, romance kunye ballad. A indawo ekhethekileyo kwezi luthando. Kwakhona musa ukulibala ntoni "dialectics iimvakalelo" - indlela Lermontov uhlalutyo nasengqondweni, nto leyo ebangele ukuba uncwadi olulandelayo.

Gogol survey

umsebenzi lakhe liye laphuhlisa kwicala iintlobo zothando ngokoqobo. Indalo Gogol baye bazisa kakhulu kuphuhliso loncwadi Russian. Ngokomzekelo, thatha i "ntambama kwi Ifama kufuphi Dikanka". Apha kuthwelwe ingqikelelo ye-Ukraine - a uhlobo Slavic Rome Ancient. Ufana kwilizwekazi lonke kwimephu yonke. Dikanka - iziko yayo yoqobo, iziko lwekamva yesizwe ayikho ngokomoya. Ukongeza, Gogol waseka "sikolo wemvelo". It is a ngokoqobo kakhulu. inkcubeko Russian kwinkulungwane yama-20 iye yabalasela ingqalelo zehlabathi Gogol. Ukususela mzuzu waba yinxalenye esebenzayo kunye nokukhula yehlabathi inkqubela lemfundo. Umsebenzi wakhe uye ibe nzulu bulumko, nto leyo luchazwa ngokuthe ngcembe.

igalelo zikaTolstoy

umsebenzi wakhe brilliant kufuna ingqalelo ekhethekileyo. Kwakuyinto entsha kwisigaba kuphuhliso yehlabathi kunye ngokoqobo Russian. Okokuqala, oko kukunika amandla kunye ezintsha wokuyila zikaTolstoy. Oku kakhulu luxhomekeke iingcambu lwentando umsebenzi wayo, nokufuna yokuziphatha kunye nehlabathi-seengcamango. Okuchithwa Tolstoy umahluko ubunyani okhethekileyo. Kwakhona kuyimfuneko kulwabiwo ngokuphandle, sinokungcwengeka okuvela ithoni. Nokulandelelana elibukhali ukuphikisana zentlalo kunye ubhaqo ibutho. "War Noxolo" - into eyodwa ehlabathini kunye noncwadi Russian. Le into eyodwa Tolstoy art. Yeyona yindibaniselwano okhanyayo "imizobo" multi-ndicinge luzayo kunye kwinoveli nasengqondweni ngendlela enkulu. Inxalenye yokuqala umsebenzi yapapashwa ixesha elide eyadlulayo. izizukulwana eziliqela abafundi ngeli xesha. Noko ke, "Imfazwe Noxolo" uhlala imveliso mlonyeni ngenxa yonke iminyaka yobudala. Yu Nagibin, umbhali namhlanje kuthiwa lo msebenzi i iqabane obungunaphakade womntu. Sinikezelwa kwimfazwe emibi kwenkulungwane XIX. It uthi ingcamango yokuziphatha koyisa ubomi ngaphezu kokufa. inkcubeko Russian kwinkulungwane yama-20 ndingcatshe ibaluleke kakhulu.

Dostoevsky survey

Kuhleli mandibethwe ngokwemvelo lwabo yemidlalo. Dostoevsky nguye umbhali omkhulu Russian. Uphando yakhe yokuziphatha kwahluka kancinane Tolstoy. Kuqala kwinto zonke, oku kubonakala kungekho uhlalutyo kakhulu kuye. Yiloo nto ke inkcazo ntoni apho. Kufuneka 'ukuya emathunjini omhlaba ". Kanye ukuze ukwazi ukubona ukuba yintoni eqhubekayo. Ngenxa kule kukho ithuba lokuba bajonge thina. Dostoevsky ekwazini kakhulu, nto leyo kwii kwi kakuhle umphefumlo womntu. Ngenxa yoko, baye banikwa inkcazelo okanye ukungabi lwanamhlanje. Le isimo sengqondo kuchazwa kubo ezingqondweni. Kubafundi nangoku owuthanda ukuchaneka ukuyichaza kunye nobunzulu. Njengoko kuba ukungabi amandulo, oko kunxibelelene ngokusondeleyo Epicureanism nokugxekwa. umnqweno wakhe nzolo unguwo. Kwakhona libhekisela impumelelo uxolo lwengqondo ukuya izenzakalo ithamsanqa.

Aleksandr Makedonsky okanye ukungabi kanye wachukumiseka of India yamandulo. Le bavakalelwa efanayo kunye kwindawo yayo. Ukuba uthathe ingqalelo thina sengqondo bulumko, akukho ngandlel efanayo kwisikhundla sokuba Pyrrho of elis. Ngenxa yoko Eyokuqiqa ungalanjathiswa. Ke Nagarjuna, ngoko, ngokuba yena kunye nabalandeli bakhe ukungabi isinyuko unqulo.

Modern ukuba eyahlukileyo ezimbalwa ukusuka ngaphambili. ineziseko zayo iseyeyona ukuqiniseka ngokwasengqondweni. Ku nga urhulumente usikelelweyo equanimity okanye dispassion bulumko. Kunoko, ukungakwazi ukuphuhlisa nokwamkela. Lo bulumko, kodwa isiphako ngokomoya.

Eyona engundoqo amanqanaba zebhola yezobugcisa zomculo

XIX leminyaka ngaphezu uphuhliso olumandla uncwadi. Kunye nale inkcubeko zomculo ngokuqaqambileyo kwambanekela Russian. Ngaloo ndlela ke ngokusondeleyo uncwadi. Ngoko ke, lo inkcubeko Russian zobugcisa bacebisa ngokuzimisela. Kwabonakala imifanekiso ezintsha ngokupheleleyo. EyiNkosi ubuhle Rimsky-Korsakov sisiseko wokuyila sakhe somculo. Kupheleleyo vutshila i ixabiso elililo kuye. opera zakhe izaliswe nemifanekiso hlabathi vysokopoeticheskogo. Oku kubonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba zobugcisa kunomphumela ezimbini. Saguqula kwaye woyisayo umntu. Rimsky-Korsakov, lo umsebenzi wobugcisa edibene ingcamango yakhe njengendlela kufezeka yokuziphatha. Oku kuhlangene ne ukunqulwa isiqiniselo-Man yothando umdali. Yena obandakanyeka kokuyaphula ke utyekelo kukungafuni kwangaphambili. Le umculo uphakamisa zonke zabantu. injongo yawo - ukuzisa usindiso ukusuka 'izilingo ezimbi' ukuba sizalwa ngenkulungwane yamaphephandaba. Le yenye ixabiso lenkcubeko Russian. Ngenxa yoluntu yakhe inzuzo kwaye ziyafikelelwa ekujoliswe enkulu yoluntu. Ubuchule Tchaikovsky wenza igalelo elikhulu esimi kakuhle inkcubeko zomculo lesizwe. Uye ebhalwe imisebenzi emininzi esemagqabini. Opera "Eugene Onegin" kwaba uphawu zovavanyo. Ukongeza, umbhali elichaza njengokuba "imifanekiso lyrical". Uhlobo innovative opera ukubonisa uncwadi entsha eqhubekayo.

inkcubeko Russian kwinkulungwane yama-20

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba Ekuveleni XIX-XX iinkulungwane. kweli lizwe kukho iziganeko entsonkothileyo zembali kunye nezopolitiko. Kuyinto ngenxa kubo ukuba inkcubeko Russian kwenkulungwane yama-20, natyetyiswa ezahlukileyo nangeziganeko eziziintlobo ngeentlobo kunye nezalathiso. Wafumana iindlela ezintsha, nto leyo efunekayo ingcaciso evela iingxaki zentlalo kunye nokuziphatha. Kufuneka kuthiwe ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XX eRussia ilizwe kukho inani elikhulu labantu abangafundanga. Inkqubo yemfundo iqulathe izigaba ezithathu: aphezulu, aphakathi, kunye ekuqaleni. Uphuhliso isiqalo emva kwexesha ngenxa inyathelo yeqela oluxhamla intlalo yedemokhrasi. Ngenxa yoko, esi sikolo saqalisa ukuya kuvela uhlobo ezihlaziyiweyo. inkcubeko Russian le-19 - kwinkulungwane yama-20 kwaba nempembelelo enkulu kuphuhliso lwemfundo kunye nokwandisa ulwazi lokufunda nokubhala. Phakathi abasebenzi ngemfundo ephakamileyo kufuneka kuqatshelwe imibutho zemfundo kunye nezifundo, ngokunjalo kumakhaya abantu. inkcubeko Russian le-19 - kwenkulungwane yama-20 baba negalelo nje ubomi ngaphakathi kurhulumente kodwa ngaphandle kuyo.