Yintoni zolotaya Orda. Kwiminyaka ye-Golden mkhosi

Kweliphi na inqanaba zoqeqesho idla abafundi wayeqhelene ingqiqo ka "Golden mkhosi"? 6 udidi, kakade. Utitshala Imbali uxelela abantwana zabantu Orthodox evela abahlaseli. Omnye afumane uluvo lokuba kwinkulungwane weshumi Russia ubunzima umsebenzi ofanayo ngokungenalusini, njengoko kwi novalo zenkulungwane lokugqibela. Kodwa ngaba kunjalo basebumnyameni ukuzoba ukufana phakathi Wesithathu kunye kumaxesha karhulumente semi-ephila? Kwaye oko kwakuthetha i nokuxubana Tatar-Mongol iidyokhwe? Yintoni kubo zolotaya Orda? "Imbali" (Grade 6 textbook) akanguye unobangela kuphela ngalo mbandela. Kukho nezinye, imisebenzi kakhulu ngakumbi babaphandi. Makhe omdala jonga kwi kukho ixesha ngokwanelisayo elide kwimbali ilizwe lokuzalwa kwakhe.

Ukuqala Golden mkhosi

EYurophu okwesihlandlo sokuqala idibene zizizwe zalapho Mongolian kwikota yokuqala kwenkulungwane weshumi elinesithathu. imikhosi Genghis Khan kaThixo bafika lweAdriatic kwaye ngempumelelo Ahambela - to Italy kunye neNtshona yeYurophu. Kodwa ke ephupheni moyisi enkulu eyaphunyezwa - i Mongols akwazi nelokukha amanzi avela eqeqesha kuLwandle Koloni. Ngoko amawaka amaninzi abantu babuyela emaqeleni. iminyaka engamashumi ye Mongol uBukhosi kunye feudal Europe eyayikho, hayi nayo, ngokungathi ngo imihlaba ngaxeshanye. Ngowe-1224, Genghis Khan wababela ubukumkani bakhe phakathi koonyana bakhe. Ngoko kwakukho Ulus (kwiphondo) Jochi - yeyona ntshonalanga ye bukhosi. Ukuba sizibuza oko zolotaya Orda, indawo yokuqala yemfundo karhulumente ingqalelo ngo-1236. Kungelo xesha Amabhongo Han Batu (unyana Jochi kunye nomzukulwana Genghis Khan) waqalisa uhambo ngasentshona yakhe.

Yintoni zolotaya Orda

Le usebenze kanzima, eyathatha ukususela 1236 ngo 1242, zandiswa kakhulu ummandla Jochi Ulus entshonalanga. Nangona kunjalo, eli hlokondiba Golden ukuthetha ngoxa ekuqaleni. Ulus - iyunithi yolawulo kwi enkulu bukhosi ka Genghis Khan, yaye zixhomekeke kurhulumente kazwelonke. Noko ke, Khan Batu (yeziKronike Russian Batu) ngo-1254 bafudukela ikomkhulu lakhe kummandla Lower iVolga. Apho wenza elikomkhulu. Khan waseka idolophu enkulu uSarayi-Batu (ngoku kwisiza kufuphi kwilali Selitrennoe kummandla Astrakhan). Ngowe-1251 baqhuba Kurultai, apho wonyulwa umlawuli Mongke. Batu wafika likomkhulu Karakorum yaye yaxhasa yindlalifa. Ezinye contenders babulawa. amazwe abo yahlulwa phakathi Mangu kunye Chingizids (kubandakanywa Batu). Igama elithi "zolotaya Orda" ngokwayo wabonakala kakhulu kamva - ngo-1566, kwincwadi yakhe "Kazan Imbali" xa uRhulumente ngokwayo sele wayeka ukuba khona. I self-efanayo eli qumrhu ndawo yaba "Ulu Ulus ', gama elo elithetha translation evela zamaTurkic" Grand Duchy ".

Kwiminyaka ye-Golden mkhosi

Ukubonisa ukuzinikela Mangu Khan Batu nikeza inkonzo elungileyo. ulus Wakhe wafumana okuzimela enkulu. Kodwa ke urhulumente iye yafumana inkululeko ngokupheleleyo kuphela emva kokufa Batu kaThixo (1255), sele ebudeni bolawulo Khan meng-Timur ngo-1266. Kodwa ke, egciniweyo uxhomekeko nominal oBukhosi Mongol. Ubume bale ulus yene ngokugqithiseleyo yayibandakanya iVolga Bulgaria, Northern Khorezm, Western eSiberia, Dasht-i-Kipchak (emaqeleni ukusuka Irtysh ukuya iDanube), eMntla Caucasus kunye eCrimea. Xa ndawo, imfundo karhulumente kuthelekiswa uBukhosi baseRoma. emphethweni walo wasezantsi Derbent, kwaye umda emntla-mpuma yaba Isker kunye Tyumen eSiberia. Ngowe-1257 wanyukela etroneni Ulus umzalwana Batu, Berke Khan (walawula de 1266), ke atshintshelwe Islam, kodwa mhlawumbi ngenxa yezizathu zezopolitiko. Izihlwele ezibanzi Mongols ukuya Islam alichatshazelwa, kodwa eyenza Khan ukuba lizuze iingcibi Arab kunye nabarhwebi evela Central Asia kunye iVolga Bulgars. nempumelelo omkhulu yafika zolotaya Orda ngenkulungwane ye-14, xa itrone Uzbek Khan (1313-1342). Phantsi kuye, Islam waba inkolo yombuso. Emva kokufa Uzbek wesizwe ezinengxaki ithuba wobukhosi ukuqhekeka. Becela Tamerlane (1395) wasibethelela isikhonkwane sokugqibela ibhokisi yalo mbuso enkulu, kodwa yinto yomzuzwana.

Ukuphela Golden mkhosi

Xa XV karhulumente ngenkulungwane yaphela. Kwakukho ubulawuli encinane ezizimeleyo: i Nogai mkhosi (kwiminyaka yokuqala kwenkulungwane XV), Kazan, eCrimea, Astrakhan, Uzbek, Siberian Khanate. Amandla engundoqo wahlala waza waqhubeka kuthathwa njengowongamileyo. Kodwa wadlula ngexesha Golden mkhosi. igunya ezihlangwini kwabaluleka wesiqhelo. Le meko kuthiwa nyambalala yomkhosi. Kuye ise kunxweme Sea wasentla Black kwaye ubonakalisa kummandla Lower iVolga. Nyambalala unqamkile khona kuphela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi, ukuba lilo eli iCrimea Khanate.

Russia kunye Jochi Ulus

amazwe Slavic yayingeyonxalenye yoBukhosi Mongol. Yintoni zolotaya Orda, rusichi nga kugweba ngaphandle kakhulu kwintshona Jochi Ulus. Ezinye ubukhosi kunye ayenechaphothi yayo eyinkunzi wahlala ngaphandle zindlela weenkosana Slavic. ubuhlobo babo Jochi Ulus ngamaxesha abathile indalo eyahlukileyo - kwintsebenziswano ukuba ziphum ebukhobokeni. Kodwa kwiimeko ezininzi kwaba feudal ubudlelwane inkosi kunye wayenguphum ekuso. beza abathetheli IsiRashiya ukuya ikomkhulu Jochi Ulus, isixeko uSarayi, bazisa Mangeni Khan, efumana kuye "ileyibheli" - ilungelo ukulawula ilizwe labo. Eyokuqala wakwenza oku ngo-1243 Yaroslav Vsevolodovich. Ngoko ke, owokuqala inelona futhe likhulu ngaphantsi yaba ileyibhile i Vladimir-Suzdal ukubusa. Koku, ngexesha Mongol-Tatar idyokhwe kunye iziko onke amazwe Russian isaqhubeka. Baba isixeko Vladimir.

"Esibi" Tatar-Mongol idyokhwe

Imbali incwadi kwibanga lesithandathu usizobela sibetho ukuba abantu Russian ubunzima phantsi imikhosi umsebenzi. Noko ke, yonke into ebuhlungu kangaka. imikhosi Abathetheli Mongol kusetyenziswa kuqala ekulweni neentshaba zabo (okanye yama- etroneni). Ukufumana inkxaso zomkhosi ezifana ukuba ahlawule. Emva koko, ngexesha kwayo aba yinxalenye yengeniso yabo iirhafu ukunika Khan i Jochi Ulus - inkosi yakhe. Yayibizwa ngokuba "hlokondiba phandle." Ukuba ikhadi ilibele, ukufika bakauly ukuba iirhafu irhafu ngokwabo. Kodwa ezizizikhulu benemfundo walawula phezu kwabantu, kwaye ubomi bakhe baya nje ngaphambili.

Izizwe yoBukhosi Mongolian

Ukuba ukubuza ukuba yintoni na zolotaya Orda ukusuka kwindawo Ngenxa kukarhulumente, ngoko akukho impendulo enye. Ekuqaleni kwalo kwaba Union lamabutho banyuselwe zezizwe Mongolian. ngokukhawuleza kakhulu - kwisithuba omnye okanye emibini izizukulwana - abantu amandla agxile phakathi boyisa axhatshazwe labantu. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIV nyambalala Russian ebizwa ngokuba "AmaTatar". nokwakheka ngenkcazo oBukhosi elingafaniyo kakhulu. Kuba apho kuhlala Alans, Uzbeks, Kipchaks kunye nezinye izizwe amadlelo okanye amavila. Khans wakhuthaza uphuhliso lorhwebo, imisebenzi yobugcisa kunye nokwakhiwa imizi. akukho lucalucalulo ngezizathu ubuzwe okanye inkolo. Kwikomkhulu, Ulus - marn - ngo-1261 nokuba kwasekwa i ibhishopu Orthodox, waba Kuhlala Russian enkulu kangaka apho.