Iipropati zempahla. Ukushisa okuthe ngqo

Ukufunda ngeziganeko zethempile kwakudinga ukuba ii-physics zivelise umxholo weshushu esithile. Naphezu kokungazinzi kunye nokuxhomekeka kwizinto ezininzi, eli xabiso lenza kube lula ukwenza izibalo kungekuphela kwenkqubo yokulinga, kodwa nakwinkqubo yemisebenzi yokuvelisa.

Intsingiselo yomzimba yentsholongwane ethile, ekhoyo kwinkqubo ye-SI iyalinganiswa kwi-joules kilogram-kelvin, ingakanani inani lokushisa (amandla okushisa) okufunekayo kwizinto ezinobunzima bekhilogram ukuguqula ubushushu bayo ngekelvin enye (idigri).

Ubungakanani bentshatshalo ekhethekileyo bubangelwa kukushisa kwangempela kwexabiso. Amanzi afudumele ukuya kuma-20 ° C kwaye afikelela kuma-60 ° C anamanani ahlukeneyo koluhlu lwezalathisi. Izixhobo ezisisiseko ekuqhubeni izifundo, ukushisa kwabo kubalwa . Imfomula yafunyanwa ekuqaliseni ubudlelwane phakathi kwamanani amaninzi. Ukubonisa imathematika kudibanisa ubuninzi bezinto ezibonakalayo. Iyokuqala ukushisa okuthe ngqo, okuthi, ngenxa yokulula, ithathwa njengexabiso lisoloko phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo. Ngamanye amaxesha kubalwa kwiimeko ezithile, umzekelo, ukuba umphunga wamanzi (amanzi atyulelwe kwiqondo lokushisa lika-373 uKelvin okanye i-100 ° C). Emva koko landela ixabiso elithembisa inani lokushisa elithe lafunyanwa (linikezelwa) yintsimbi xa livutha (licolile), ubunzima bezinto ezifudumeleyo (selehlile), umehluko weqondo lokushisa ngaphambi nangemva kokuphela kwenkqubo.

Ubunzima bokushisa ngokukhethekileyo bubaluleke kakhulu ekukhetheni kwezinto ezithile njengezinto zokwakha, ukuba zisetyenziswe kwiindidi ezifrijini okanye kwiinkqubo zokufudumala. Sekude kuphawulwe ukuba izixhobo ezinomlinganiselo ofanayo wokufudumala zisebenzisa umlinganiselo ohlukeneyo wamandla ashushu. Iingubo ze-aluminium, umzekelo, ukufumana ukufakelwa okushisa okufanayo kwimizila emiseleyo yelanga, ukufudumala ngokukhawuleza nangokukhawuleza kunomthi ofanayo okanye uphahla oluqhelekileyo.

Ukuqwalasela ngokuchanekileyo ngokufudumala kwe-1000 J / kg-K, kuya kugqitywa ukuba ukufudumeza enye ikhilogram yale nqaku nganye kwikelvin kuya kufuna umlinganiselo wamandla ka-1000 J. Wood uvelisa umphumo ofanayo ngokuphindaphinda kabini ukushisa okufanayo kunye nobukhulu obuninzi bekrete . Oku akuchaphazeli kuphela induduzo ye-microclimatic yendawo, kodwa kunye neerameters ezahlukeneyo zethempeli elisezantsi.

Inxaxheba ekhethekileyo ekuphunyezweni kweenkqubo zokutshintshisa ukushisa kubangelwa ngamanzi aqhelekileyo. Kulo mzekelo, unokubona ngokucacileyo ukuba isalathisi "sokushisa okuthe ngqo" kwento nganye ishukunyiswa kakhulu ngumbuso wayo . Ukuqhubeka nomzekelo wamanzi, umzekelo onomdla ubonakala. Ku-0 ° C kwimeko yombane, unomthamo othile wokushisa we-4.218, kwaye xa ubushushu buphakanyiswa kwi-40 ° C, sele sele i-4.178 kJ / (kg * K). Kodwa ngenxa yeqhwa kwinqanaba lokushisa lika-0 ° C, amandla okushisa ahla ezingeni 2.11 kJ / (kg * K).

Amanzi ngumlambo kunye nobushushu obuphezulu. Ngomso ozayo uhamba ngezinga elilodwa, uthabatha okanye unika ubungakanani obushushu kunanoma yintoni enye into. Amanzi asetyenziswa kwiimeko eziyimfuneko yokubonelela ukutshintshwa kweshisa.

Ukulungelelaniswa kwezibalo, iithayibhile ezitshatyalaliswayo, ngaphezu kwegrafu kunye neendleko ezibalwe ngekhigram enye yobunzima, inekholamu eyongezelelweyo kunye neentetho zale mpawu nganye ilitha enye (okanye i-dm3) yexabiso. Ukusebenzisa idatha etafileni, iinjineli kunye nabaqulunqi benza ukhetho lwezinto ezifanelekileyo kakhulu ekuphunyezweni kweengcamango zabo nezimvo zabo. Ngokuza kwezinto ezintsha kunye neepropati ezizodwa, uluhlu lokukhetha luye lwaba lukhulu, kodwa kunye nezinto ezilula kwaye zifikeleleke zikwazi ukuzenza zifanele ukukhuphisana.