Ingxoxo - yintoni oku? Ingxoxo: Ixabiso, iifomu, iintlobo nemizekelo

Le mbono "incoko yababini" imiswe ngokuqinileyo ebomini bethu. Thina ke ndithetha ilizwi, ayikhe ithi ucinge ingqiqo yalo.

Ingxoxo - oko ngesixhobo esimbaxa

Intsingiselo yegama elithi "incoko yababini" in Latin - kwincoko bobabini. Kodwa ke oku, ukuba ndithe ndithi ke, utoliko elula le nkcazelo. Ngengqiqo liphezulu yencoko - eliphikisa ukuya omnye. Ngemihla yakudala, amaxesha amaninzi le sixhobo lisetyenziswa izinto ezinjalo kwaye zintsonkothile ezifana bulumko, ubuciko, logic, sophistry. Injongo landela incoko - Ngoku ecacileyo ingxelo kumphulaphuli ingcamango, ngexesha elifanayo ngexesha kuqwalaselwa kumanqaku ezininzi iimbono. Kubo ekugqibeleni uya nokuba ekhethiweyo amagama kakhulu ngqo, okanye ukubonisa jikelele ophethe indawo yombhali. Apha, ngokubanzi, ukuba umntu uyakwazi ukubona incoko. Iziphumlisi kwi incoko kulula ukuba ukukhumbula: inkcukacha ezifanayo ngamnye uqala kumgca omtsha, kwaye phambi kokuba ubeke ikhonco.

lula multiple

Kangangethuba elide, incoko wahlala ukuphila kuphela ekutolikweni kwecacileyo, oko kukuthi, yaba sincokole elula. A ukusetyenziswa wokuqala ube uhlobo, njengoko isixhobo yentanda ezoncwadi eyayibanjwe iminyaka emininzi phambi kokuba xesha lethu. Hi ndlela leyi, ngoku kubhiyozela ukubuyela ingxoxo esinzulu ubugcisa, emva kweenkulungwane eziliqela sobomi.

ohlakaniphileyo Asia

Ukuba ngxi uninzi kwimpucuko yaseYurophu, thina, ukususela kwinqanaba umbono eYurophu, yaye siza kuthetha ngayo incoko. Kodwa okubi singasathethi ukuba empumalanga zesixhobo kunye ingcamango uncwadi kwakunye apho ixesha elide. Kwaye sithetha ngayo intsingiselo yalo eliphezulu uhlobo lonxibelelwano. Sisihlandlo sokuqala ngokwenene ukusetyenziswa yababini ngengqiqo yentanda yakuMbindi Mpuma kunye Asia kwakucingwa ukuba BC ngenkulungwane yesibini. Ukuthatha le ndlela isetyenziswa amaculo ze Rig Veda neMahabharata. Ngokubanzi sinokuthi ukuqonda, ngengqiqo enyangweni, incoko eMpuma West efanayo.

uPlato umlandeli

Ukusetyenziswa yokuqala yababini bulumko zoncwadi idla wenziwa uPlato. Kuyaqondakala ukuba le bulumko yamaGrike systematized waza wenza uhlobo elizimeleyo zoncwadi esi sixhobo. Njengoko a point of reference ithathwa ngokuba imifuniselo zakhe kumsebenzi ekuqaleni "Laches". Kodwa UPlato wayengekho umnyibilikisi, kunye umlandeli oko abhale, kwaye eminye imisebenzi yakhe. Malunga nesiqingatha senkulungwane phambi kokuba isixhobo esisetyenziswa iimbongi saseSisili Sofron kunye Epicharmus of Kos. Kwaye ngobuciko ukuba wenza kwahlala njalo Plato, kunye nemisebenzi yakhe yokuqala, wazama ukuxelisa le iinkosi.

umfundisi ukhohliwe

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ngelishwa, umsebenzi ezi ngababhali zimbini apho okwangoku, ngoko sikwazi siziphendule kuphela malunga ngamandla abo, ukuba benjenjalo yahlaselwa uPlato. Hi ndlela leyi, kukho isizathu sokukholelwa ukuba kukho iqela amanani, ngaphandle njengoko kuchaziwe apha ngasentla, ukuba usebenzise ingxoxo njenge bamkelekile. Kodwa imbali, ngelishwa, akayigcina nokuba amagama abo.

umfundi complex

Xa imisebenzi yencoko uPlato - oku yeyona nto kakhulu bulumko noncwadi. Kodwa ngexesha elifanayo umbhali kuye lula ingqiqo ngokwayo. Inyaniso yokuba kwiincwadi zakhe wasebenzisa ingxabano kuphela, lo gama utitshala wakhe, kungekho ngaphantsi ebalulekileyo yaba bakope kwaye icandelwana. Ngesizathu esithile, sobulumko yamandulo yesiGrike kuyo phantse iindlela, abalandeli bakhe ekuhambeni kwexesha, kwaye akukho ukusebenzisa loo nto. Ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi ukuqonda ukuba yintoni na incoko ekuqaleni yaye yintoni na ke inkcazelo wabeka "abacebi" yayo, sisenako.

abalandeli bokuqala

Emva kokufa kaPlato, umkhosi abalandeli bakhe kungekuphela-bulumko kodwa uncwadi. Omnye wabo Lucian of Samostaty. Imisebenzi yalo umbhali a isigqebelo ephawulekayo elo xesha, yaye kwangaxeshanye ubunzulu izihloko ezibandakanyiweyo. Oh bambi, ukufa, abantu courtesans kunye nothando, ifilosofi, ekugqibeleni, kanye ngayo ihlabathi, wabhala imisebenzi yakhe ukuba imbongi yamandulo ongumGrike owayephila ngenkulungwane yesibini. Kwaye ezinye indalo yakhe kwanyanzeleka ukuba ahlawule, oko kakhulu muncwana bona. Ingxoxo iye uhlobo oluthandayo "smart" uncwadi ukuya kwinkulungwane XII.

isixhobo ukhohliwe

Fashion into ziyatshintsheka, enoba sithetha iincwadi kunye bulumko "smart". Ababhali ezifana Bonaventure kunye Foma Akvinsky wayisusa ukusuka kwamanqwanqwa yababini nje ifomu soncwadi, ngokubuyisela kuyo mali. ababhali kakhulu kwisiqingatha iwaka leminyaka kamva wabalahla ngesiseko wacinga, ubungqina kunye izibhengezo kuzo. Ezi mali ingqalelo into phantsi lokufundwa zonke iingongoma lwembono kunokwenzeka, oko yacazululwa, nto leyo maxa wambi data Encyclopedic. Ingxaki kukuba Dynamics incoko kunye lula ukuqonda ezi zidalwa shwaka. Formation kubalwa njengoko uhlobo engundoqo bulumko becala ucacisa 'ubumnyama' zamaXesha Aphakathi. Ukuze siqonde iinkqubo entsonkothileyo ubomi nokufa, ukuze ufumanise ukuba bacinga ntoni ngaloo zo enkulu, kwakudingeka ukuba ivenkile enkulu ulwazi, ukufikelela apho kugcinwa kule fomati. yalahleka ekunyaniseni nokucaca yencoko.

ukubuya lobungangamsha

I Renaissance namaxesha mihla babuya incoko nje hlobo loncwadi kwindawo yayo efanelekileyo. ngemisebenzi ebonakalayo yaye kubalulekile kuqala ukuvela ekupheleni XVII - ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XVIII. Ukunxanelwa ulwazi umnqweno ukudlulisela iingcamango zabo kuluhlu inkulu kunokwenzeka abantu kwakhona ukwenza olu hlobo ethandwayo phakathi zobulumko, abefundisi, ababhali, musicologists bade bathelele kubo. Iincoko zababini ezibhalwe amanani ezifana Fontenell kunye Fenelon, imveliso enye, enyanisweni, wanika ukunyuka ukuya ukuthandwa elitsha uhlobo. Emva nobuhle omtsha Italian, ababhali bagqiba ukuya ngakumbi - besakha imisebenzi yabo ngomfanekiso azibhala zikaPlato, maxa wambi bekhuphela ngokupheleleyo kubo, Kakade ke, yongeza iingcinga zakho. zababini zabo in Italian ebhalwe abadumileyo ezifana uGalileo, Tasso kunye Leopardi.

ixesha entsha, mbuso zisabonakala

I-Industrial Revolution, leyo laqalisa kwincopho elandelayo iingxoxo ukuthandwa, umphose kwenye enzonzobileni sobomi. Ubomi kunjalo olukhawulezisiweyo ukuba ixesha ezinde intellectual akasekho. "Thetha ngokucacileyo kwaye ingongoma!" - sisaci iphambili ye revolution yezoshishino. Kakade ke, nayo le ndlela incoko kwakhona priravnyalisk ukuxoxa. Era entsha iye yaseka unxulumano ngqo phakathi ngelizwi nangezenzo. nje isixa yembono wayekhona imisebenzi uPlato, yanyamalala, azafunyanelwa ndawo leyo. Iincoko zababini baye akukho ndlela eya ukucacisa into, nokuba ukuqonda, kunye ikhwelo lokuba kusetyenzwe, njengendlela yonxibelelwano.

kwekhulu Rapid lamashumi

Ngenxa ekupheleni kwexesha elitsha lifikile zakutshanje. Oku mhlawumbi kakhulu boyika, ngok anegazi nexesha kwimbali yoluntu. Ixesha reflection na beziphantse ukumka, imfazwe sasesiwuyeka omnye komnye, ngokunjalo revolution. Imiqathango wokubuyiswa yababini njenge uhlobo kakhulu nje engekho. Asikwazi ukuba yena zisabonakala ngokupheleleyo, iye yasetyenziswa, kodwa kuphela nje ezimbalwa.

"Buyani" Plato kunye uSocrates

ababhali Rare ukuhlola njengencoko yababini, isoloko isetyenziswa interlocutors ezi zobulumko zamaGrike. Kwathi kaninzi ngokwaneleyo. Ngenxa yoko, nokuba kwasekwa zenyathi entsha yale njengesixhobo soncwadi, igama "ingxoxo kaPlato."

Russia nembono

Kwathi ukuze ukuthetha malunga incoko njengengqiqo kunye loncwadi, thina bakhathazekile eRashiya. Inyaniso kukuba kwilizwe lethu le sixhobo, enyanisweni, ukuthandwa sele aphelelwe. Kukho bekusoloko ababhali ababhala kule uhlobo. Ngaphezu koko, le sobulumko yasekhaya, umgxeki loncwadi kunye enye ingcali yale inkcubeko yaseYurophu kunye nobugcisa uMikhail Bakhtin ekugqibeleni akwazi ukunika inkcazo epheleleyo ingqiqo ka "yababini '. Imizekelo yophando wafumana ngemisebenzi Dostoevsky. Ngenxa yoko, uMikhail wenza izigqibo ezithile. Ngokukodwa, Bakhtin lichazwa iintlobo yababini. Nje amabini kuwo. Uhlobo lokuqala - ibanzi. Kulo mzekelo, esi sixhobo ithathwa njenge uhlobo ekhoyo abantu emhlabeni, kufuneka ugcwalise lokusekwa umntu. Uhlobo lwesibini - ingxoxo ngqo. Kulo mzekelo, libhekisela kwisiganeko - unxibelelwano kwabantu.

modernity

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, incoko iba sixhobo iphambili ebomini bethu. Oku kungenxa yokuba abantu bazalwa phakathi kwi "IMfazwe", wamsongela ngentshabalalo, ukuba uyeke ukucinga ngekamva labo. Le yaba negalelo yokubuyiswa uhlobo. Ngaphezu koko, namhlanje incoko - akukho nje isixhobo zobulumko, ababhali kunye izazinzulu, oko kwiziko loluntu. Pedagogy akakwazi ukucinga ngokwabo ngaphandle utitshala nokuba umfundi intetho, kwezopolitiko ngaphandle olu hlobo lonxibelelwano akakwazi ukwenza ngaphandle. Nceda uqaphele, kukho inani imibutho ngamazwe eyenzelwe ukusombulula iingxaki abantu abakulo isihloko ngelizwi. Umzekelo, isitshixo i "yoluntu ingxoxo". Ngaphezu koko, ekugqibeleni ukwazisa ubuhle kunye namandla yesi sixhobo kwinkqubo ukwabelana ezabo umbono wabo unique zehlabathi, abantu baqalisa ukwahlula iintlobo ezithile iingxoxo: bayalingana, ayalelayo, ingxoxo kunye ngxabano. Yaye ngamnye kubo, abantu eqhele ubuninzi, ukuze ufikelele kwisivumelwano kwimiba eliqela imiba okanye ukwazisa ihlabathi malunga ingongoma lwabo ngayo.

Iincoko zababini - The Road Phambili

Namhlanje, nxamnye kweminqweno ukuxhumana umva ukuya kwinqanaba monologues, "umthendeleko abantu ababini" ephuhlisa ngakumbi nangakumbi. Uluntu ekugqibeleni waqonda onke amandla kunye amathuba zencoko ngengqiqo enyangweni, ndakuqonda ukuba izifundo kwimbali, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuza lozwilakhe ivoti olunye, njengoko kuza "ixesha emnyama". Ngethemba, incoko, apho zonke iingongoma lwembono ziphulaphulwa, kwaye ziya kuqhubeka ukuphuhlisa ngakumbi, le ndlela iya kukhokelela abantu kwinkqubela.