Yintoni isifo: inkcazo, iimpawu kunye neentlobo

Ingqongileyo igcwele inani elikhulu "abahlali", phakathi kwazo kukho iindidi ezincinci: ii-virus, ii-bacteria, i-fungi, i-protozoa. Bayahlala ngokuvisisana ngokupheleleyo nomntu (engekho pathogenic), bekhona emzimbeni ngaphandle kokulimaza kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo, kodwa kusebenze phantsi kwefuthe leemeko ezithile (ngokwemimiselo ye-pathogenic) kwaye kube yingozi kubantu, kubangele ukuphuhliswa kwesifo (pathogenic). Zonke ezi ngcamango zibhekiselele ekuphuhlisweni kwenkqubo yokusuleleka. Kuyintoni intsholongwane, ziphi na iintlobo zayo kunye nempawu-ziqwalaselwa kwinqaku.

Iingcamango ezisisiseko

Usulelo luyinkimbinkimbi yobudlelwane phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo, ezinobungakanani bezinto ezibonakaliswayo - ukusuka kwinqwelo yokuhamba kweso sifo. Inkqubo ibonakala njengesiphumo sokusungulwa kwe-microorganism (intsholongwane, i-fungus, ibhaktheriya) kwi-macroorganism ephilayo, ekuphenduleni ukuba kuthini isabela esithile sokukhusela kwi-host host.

Iimpawu zenkqubo yokusuleleka:

1. Ukungathandabuzeki kukukwazi ukusasaza ngokukhawuleza kumntu ogulayo kumntu onempilo.
2. Ukuchaneka - i-microorganism ethile ibangela isifo esithile, esinezibonakaliso zayo ezibonakalayo kunye nokwakhiwa kwendawo kwiiseli okanye iifom.
3. Ukuhlaziywa - inkqubo nganye yokusuleleka inexesha elikhoyo.

Iiperidi

Ingcamango yokusuleleka isekelwe kwindlela yokunyanga. Ubukho bexesha lokuphuhliswa luqhelekileyo kubonakaliso ngalunye olufanayo:

1. Ixesha lokuxubusha lixesha elidlulayo ukususela ngelixa i-microorganism iqaliswa emzimbeni wokuphila kuze kube yilapho kubonakala izibonakaliso zokuqala zesifo. Eli xesha lingahlala kwiiyure eziliqela ukuya kwiminyaka emininzi.
2. Ithuba lokuxhoma ukubonakala kwimeko yeklinikhi jikelele, uphawu lwesininzi seenkqubo ze-pathological (i-headache, ubuthathaka, ukukhathala).
3. Ukubonakaliswa okuqhelekileyo kukuphakamileyo kwesi sifo. Ngeli xesha, iimpawu ezithile zentsholongwane ziphuhliswa ngohlobo lweemvumba, iimpawu zokushisa, ukulimala kwamathambo kwinqanaba lendawo.
4. I-Reconvalescence - ixesha lokuphela komfanekiso wekliniki kunye nokubuyiselwa kwesigulane.

Iintlobo zeenkqubo ezithathelwanayo

Ukuze uqwalasele ngokungakumbi inkcazo yeso sifo, kufuneka uqonde ukuba yintoni. Kukho inani elibalulekileyo lokuhlelwa ngokwemiqathango kuxhomekeke kwimvelaphi, yangoku, indawo, indawo ye-microbial strains, njalo njalo.

1. Ngendlela yokungena kwamagciwane:

• Inkqubo ebonakalayo - ebonakaliswe ukungena kwe-microorganism ye-pathogenic kwimeko yangaphandle;
• Inkqubo yokugcina - kukho ukusebenza kwimoya ye-microflora ye-pathogenic phantsi kweempembelelo zeemeko ezingathandekiyo.

2. Ngokwimvelaphi:

• Inkqubo eyenziwa ngokungaqhelekanga-ebonakaliswe ukungabikho kokungenelela kwabantu;
• Ukuphonononga - ukusuleleka kwachithwa ngokufanelekileyo kwi-laboratory.

3. Ngenani leencinci:

• I-Monoinfection - ebangelwa uhlobo olulodwa lwe-pathogen;
• Ezixubekileyo-iintlobo ezininzi zezilwanyana ezifayo zibandakanya.

4. Ngo myalelo:

• Inkqubo ephambili isifo esandula kuvela;
• Inkqubo yesibini - ihamba kunye nokongezwa kwezilwanyana ezithathelwanayo ezongezelelekileyo kwimvelaphi yezifo eziphambili.

5. Indawo:

• Ifomu lendawo - i-microorganism ikhona kuphela kwindawo eya kungena kuyo umzimba womninimzi;
• Ifom ye-Generalized - i-pathogens isasazeka kulo lonke umzimba ngokuzilungelelanisa kwiindawo ezithile ezizithandayo.

Ukuba ama-microbes afakelwa ukuhamba kwegazi, kodwa musa ukuphindaphinda apho, le meko ibizwa ngokuba yi-viremia (i-agent virus), i-bacterium (i-bacterium), i-fungi (i-fungi), i-parasitemia (protozoa). Kwimeko yokwanda kwama-microorganism, i-sepsis ikhula kwigazi.

6. Umlambo ophantsi:

• Usulelo olusisigxina - lunekliniki ecacileyo kwaye aluhlali ngaphezu kweeveki ezimbalwa;
• Usuleleko olungapheliyo - olubonakaliswe yinkambo elukhuni, inokuhlala iminyaka emininzi, iyancipha (ibuye kwakhona).

7. Ngobudala:

• "Ubuntwana" ukusuleleka - kuthintela abantwana ikakhulu kwiminyaka emi-2 ukuya kwe-10 (inkukhu, inkukhu, i-redhever, i-chicken).
• Ingcamango "yokusuleleka komntu omdala" njengenjalo ayikho, kuba kulawo mayeza adala ukuphuhliswa kwesi sifo kubantu abadala, imvelo yabantwana inyanzelekile.

Kukho iingcamango zokuvuselelwa nokugqithisa. Kwimeko yokuqala, umntu oye waphila ngokupheleleyo, emva kokusuleleka, usulelekile kwaye usulelekile nge-pathogen efanayo. Ngenxa yokungathandabuzeki, ukusuleleka ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwenzeka nakwixesha le sifo (iintsholongwane ze-pathogen zithandana).

Iindlela zokubetha

Ukwahlula iindlela ezilandelayo zokungena kwamachiza ezincinci, eziqinisekisa ukutshintshwa kwezilwanyana eziphilayo kwimvelo ukuya kwimizimba yombutho:

• I-Fecal-oral (iqukethe ukutya, i-aqueous and contact-house);
• Ukugqithiswa (igazi) - kubandakanya isondo, i-parenteral kunye nokubetha kwezilwanyana;
• I-Aerogenic (uthuli lomoya kunye ne-airborne);
• Uqhagamshelwano-ngesondo, isilonda-nxeba.

Uninzi lwama-pathogens lubonakala ngokubonakala kwendlela ethile yokungena kwi-macroorganism. Ukuba indlela yokudlulisa iphazamisekile, lesi sifo asikwazi ukubonakala okanye siphumelele kwimbonakalo yayo.

Indawo yangasese ye-HIV

Ngokuxhomekeke kwimeko yokulimala, ezi ntlobo zilandelayo ziyabonakala:

1. Amathumbu. Inkqubo yokugulisa i-pathological procedure iyenzeka kumasebe omgudu wesisu, i-pathogen iyangena kwindlela ye-fecal-oral. Oku kubandakanya i-salmonellosis, isifo segazi, i-rotavirus, umkhuhlane we-typhoid.
2. Ukuphefumula. Le nqubo iyenzeka kwiphepha eliphezulu nelingaphantsi lokuphefumula, ii-microorganisms "zihamba" kwiimeko ezininzi emoyeni (i-influenza, i- adenovirus infection, parainfluenza).
3. Ngaphandle. Ama-Pathogens ahlambulule iimbumba ezinamaqabunga kunye nekhumba, kubangela ukusuleleka kwezifo, i-scabies, i-microsporia, ii-STD.
4. Igazi. Usulelo luvela egazini, lusasazeka kulo lonke umzimba (ukusuleleka ngu-HIV, isifo se-hepatitis, izifo ezinxulumene nezilwanyana ezinambuzane).

Izifo zesisu

Makhe siqwalase iinkalo zeenkqubo zentsholongwane kumzekelo wamanye amaqela - izifo ezithintekayo emathunjini. Yintoni isifo esichaphazela isondlo somntu, kwaye yintoni umehluko?

Izifo zeqela elibonisiweyo zingabangela izifo ze-bacterial, fungal and viral origin. Izilwanyana ezincinci ezinokungena kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zamathumbu ngamathambo zi-rotaviruses kunye ne-enteroviruses. Bayakwazi ukusasaza kuphela ngomzila we-fecal-oral, kodwa kunye ne-drop-airlet, echaphazela i-epithelium yecandelo lokuphefumula eliphezulu kwaye ibangele i-herpes yomlomo.

Izifo ze-bacteria (salmonellosis, isifo segazi) zisasazwa kuphela ngumzila we-fecal-oral. Izifo ezivela kwimfucuza zivela kwimpendulo yenguqu yangaphakathi emzimbeni ovela phantsi kwefuthe lokusetyenziswa kwexesha elide leziyobisi zokulwa ne-antibacterial or hormonal, nge-immunodeficiency.

Rotaviruses

I-Rotavirus intsholongwane yamathumbu emathunjini, unyango olo lufanele lube lubanzi kwaye lufike ngexesha, ngokusemgangathweni, njengawo nawuphi na esinye isifo, ubhala isigxina seemeko zeklinikhi ze-intestinal infections pathologies. Umntu osulelekileyo uthathwa njengengozi kuluntu ukususela ekupheleni kwexesha lokunyusa ukuhlaziywa.

Usulelo lwe- Rotavirus lokungena kwi- intanethi kubantwana lunzima ngakumbi kunabantu abadala. Isigaba semiboniso enzima sihamba kunye nesithombeni esilandelayo:

• Iintlungu zesisu;
• I-diarrhea (isitoli sinombala okhanyayo, kunokubakho ukungcola kwegazi);
• Imilinganiselo yokuhlanza;
• Hyperthermia;
• Coryza;
• Iinkqubo ezivuthayo emqaleni.

I-Rotavirus intsholongwane yamathumbu emathunjini kubantwana kumaxesha amaninzi ihambelana nokuqhambuka esikolweni nakumaziko angaphambili. Xa uneminyaka eyi-5, ininzi yezingane zivakalelwa yimiphumo ye-rotaviruses ngokwazo. Ezi zifo zilandelayo azixhomekekanga njengento yokuqala yekliniki.

Utsholongwane

Uninzi lwezigulane ezidinga ukungenelela ngophando oluchaphazelekayo lunomdla kumbuzo wokuthi utyholongwane oluthile lukhulelwe njani. Le yinkqubo efanayo yokusebenzisana nomzimba womntu kunye ne-agent e-pathogenic, kuphela evela kwimvelaphi yokuhlinzwa okanye edinga ukungenelela kokuhlinzwa ukubuyisela imisebenzi yesifo esithile.

Kukho (i-purulent, i-layrefactive, i-specificer, i-anaerobic) kunye nenkqubo engapheliyo (ethile, engabonakaliyo).

Ngokuxhomekeke kwindawo yokusulelwa ngophulo, izifo ezilandelayo ziyaziwa:

• Tissue;
• Amalungu namathambo;
• Ingqondo kunye nezakhiwo zayo;
• Izitho zomzimba zesisu;
• Amalungu esifubeni sesifuba;
• Izitho zepelvic;
• Izixhobo ezihlukeneyo okanye izitho (umlenze we-mammary, isandla, unyawo, njl).

Ii-Pathogens zentsholongwane

Okwangoku, "iindwendwe" eziqhelekileyo eziqhelekileyo iinkqubo zilandelayo:

• Staphylococci;
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa;
• Enterococcus;
• E. coli;
• Streptococcus;
• Proteus.

Amasango okungena ekungeneni kwawo awonakalisa imimbrane kunye ne-skin, abrasions, ukuluma, imiqwenga, i-gland ducts (i-sweat and sebaceous). Ukuba umntu unesifo esingapheliyo sokudibanisa kwama-microorganisms (i-tonsillitis engapheliyo, i-rhinitis, i-caries), ngoko ke ibangele ukusasazeka kwezilwanyana-mzimba kuwo wonke umzimba.

Unyango lo sulelo

Kwintliziyo yokususa i-microflora ye-pathological israpy etiotropic, ekujoliswe ekupheliseni imbangela yesifo. Kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwe-pathogen, amaqela alandelayo mayeza asetyenziswa:

1. I-antibiotics (ukuba i-pathogen ibhaktiriya). Ukukhethwa kweqela le-antibacterial agents kunye nolungiselelo oluthile lwenziwa ngesiseko sophando lwe-bacteriological kunye nokuzimisela kobuzwe obuninzi be-microorganism.
2. Untiviral (ukuba i-pathogen iyintsholongwane). Ngokufanayo, iziyobisi ezomeleza ukukhuselwa komzimba womntu zisetyenziswa.
3. I-Antimycotic agents (ukuba i-pathogen i-fungus).
4. Anthelmintic (ukuba i-pathogen i-helminth okanye ilula).

Unyango lwezonyango kubantwana abaneminyaka engaphantsi kwe-2 ubudala luqhutyelwa esibhedlele ukuze kuphephe ukuphuhliswa kweengxaki ezinokwenzeka.

Isiphelo

Emva kokuvela kwesi sifo, esine-pathogen ethile, oyingcali uqhuba ukwahlula kwaye unquma isidingo sokubhedlele isigulane esibhedlele. Kubalulekile ukucacisa igama elithile le sifo kwi-diagnostic, kwaye kungekhona nje igama elithi "usulelo". Imbali yembali, enikezelwa unyango lwezonyango, iqule yonke idatha kwiinkalo zokuxilongwa nokunyangwa kwenkqubo ethile yokusuleleka. Ukuba akukho mfuneko yokufakela esibhedlele isigulane, zonke iinkcukacha ezinjalo zibhalwa kwikhadi lokugula.