Indlela ukwakha ivele? Yintoni indiza? Ngaba kufuneka nabo ehlabathini namhlanje?

Indiza (ukusuka diriger French - «ulawulo») - noziqulathe-ngokwaso umatshini ephaphazelayo, elula komoya. amabali neendlela zakhe ukuba niyakhe le moya, siza sichaze kamva kweli nqaku.

isakhiwo

Kukho iindidi ezintathu ezingundoqo airships: soft, semi-ziqinile kwaye ziqinile. Bonke luqulathe izahlulo ezine eziphambili:

• iqokobhe ugwayi okanye ibhaloni ezaliswe igesi apho konga ngaphantsi kwe lexinene zezulu;
• moya okanye gondola kumiswe phantsi iqokobhe, esetyenziselwa ukuthutha abasebenzi kunye abakhweli;
• Motors eqhuba ophephela;
• yokujika oxwesileyo kunye nkqo ukunceda ukuqondisa indiza.

Yintoni blimp? Le cab ibhaloni eqhotyoshelwe kuso nge ngeentsontelo. Ukuba ukukhululwa igesi, iqokobhe uya kuphulukana imilo yayo.

Semi-ngqongqo ivele (photo inikwe kweli nqaku) nalo ixhomekeke xi lwangaphakathi, nto leyo igcina ukumila kwayo, kodwa usenalo a metal zikhangeleke noshowo elisuke longitudinally ecaleni isiseko ibhaluni kwaye kuxhasa elorini.

airships engqongqo zenziwa benqwanqwa ezilula ezenziwe aluminium ingxubevange, Bathiwe wambu ngengubo. Azikho atywinwe. Ngaphakathi kule Isakhiwo iibhaluni eziliqela, iyileyo ngokwahlukeneyo kuzala igesi. Aircraft yale hlobo ukugcina imilo yayo nokuba weqondo nenzaliseko cylinder.

Zeziphi gesi zisetyenziswa?

Ezisetyenziswa airships khon'ukuze kushenxiswe hydrogen kunye helium. Hydrogen irhasi eyaziwa elula, ngaloo ndlela, oko ngaba inobunzima enkulu. Noko ke, ezinokutsha kakhulu, nto leyo unobangela kweemoto ezininzi obulalayo. Helium akukho lula, kodwa ikhuseleke kakhulu kuba awuzitshisi.

Gas olusisiqulatho indiza ekuqaleni iisilinda ezenziwe yomqhaphu ngelaphu buzane ngerabha, apho ekugqibeleni andigweqe yi amalaphu zokwenziwa njenge ipholiyesta kunye neoprene.

History of indalo

Indiza lokuqala oluphemeleleyo yakhiwa ngo-1852 e-France ngu Henri Giffard. Wadala 160-phawundi injini unako ukuvelisa ilitha-3 umthamo. p., nto leyo ngokwaneleyo ukuqhuba bendiza omkhulu revolutions 110 ngomzuzu. Ukuze kuphakanyiswe ubunzima mveliso, ugcwalisa imitha-44 kunye ibhaloni hydrogen, ukuqalela eParis weembaleki Yaphaphazela yeza ngesantya kwe-10 km / h, umgama ukuqhekezwa malunga nama-30 km.

Ngowe-1872, injineli waseJamani Paul Haenlyayn kuqala ifakiwe kwaye esetyenziswa kwi indiza lwangaphakathi injini yokutsha, leyo wakhonza kuba irhasi amafutha ukusuka njengesilinda.

Ngowe-1883, i-French Albert kunye Gaston Tissandier kuqala elawulwa ngempumelelo ibhaluni, leyo iqhutywa i-injini yombane.

Indiza lokuqala esiqinileyo kunye lwezindlu sheet aluminiyam yakhiwa eJamani ngowe-1897.

Alberto Santos-Dumont, oyinzalelwane Brazil owayehlala eParis, iseke inani iirekhodi kolu thotho wayakha ukususela 1898 ukuya 1905 14 ivele non-ngqongqo zixhaswe injini yokuvutha kwangaphakathi.

Bala von Zeppelin

Eyona yimpumelelo umqhubi ibhaloni esiqinileyo kunye injini isiJamani uFerdinand Graf von Zeppelin, yona yayakhelayo ngo-1900, ivele yayo yokuqala. Yintoni LZ-1? Luftschiff Zeppelin, okanye inqwelo-moya Zeppelin - na inqanawa ngendlela kunzima kunye ubude 128 m kanye ububanzi of 11.6 m, leyo yayenziwe isakhelo aluminiyam eyenziwa imiqadi longitudinal 24 enxulumene ngamakhonkco ezinqamlezayo 16 iqhutywa Motors ezimbini, amandla 16 l. a.

Lo moya ungakwazi ukufikelela ngezantya ukuya kwi-32 km / h. Earl waqhubeka ukuphucula uyilo ngethuba leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, xa abaninzi airships yakhe (ngokuba zeppelins) ziye zasetyenziswa ngemibuzo eParis kunye London. Aircraft yale hlobo basebenzisa Amanyeneyo ngexesha Second World War, ikakhulu ngenxa iipatroli anti-ngwenya.

Kwi-20 kunye 30 zenkulungwane yokugqibela, eYurophu nase-United States waqhubeka ukwakhiwa airships. NgoJulayi 1919, British moya R-34 yenza kabini indiza Intambo.

Conquest of the North Pole

Ngowe-1926, Italian ivele semi-ngqongqo (ifoto enikwe kweli nqaku) "Norway" liye lasetyenziswa ngempumelelo Roaldom Amundsenom, Lincoln Ellsworth kunye Umberto Nobile Jikelele ku dyondza North Pole. Le hambo elandelayo kwenye ivele, ikhokelwa ngu Umberto Nobile.

Xa zizonke, sihlelwe ukwenza iinqwelo-5, kodwa ivele, eyakhiwa ngo-1924, ilalhekile ngo-1928 Usebenziso ukubuyisela abaphandi polar lwathabatha iintsuku ezingaphezu kwama-49, apho yabulala nabancedi 9, kuquka Amundsen.

Njengoko indiza wabiza 1924? Okwesine Air Transport Series N, sungula yi-mveliso kunye Umberto Nobile eRoma, wabizwa ngokuba "Italy".

i bemilingo

Ngowe-1928, balloonist waseJamani uHugo Eckener wakha indiza "Graf Zeppelin". Phambi emidala, kwiminyaka esithoba kamva, wenza moya 590, kuquka 144 iindinyana transoceanic. Ngowe-1936, iJamani laqalisa umkhweli rhoqo Intambo kwi "Hindenburg".

Nangona ezi mpumelelo, ekupheleni-1930 airships ihlabathi phantse liphela ngenxa yeendleko zabo eziphakamileyo, isantya phantsi, kwakunye sesichengeni imozulu lusilwa. Ukongeza, uthotho ziingozi, edume kakhulu apho - ezaliswe hydrogen dubulo "Hindenburg" ngo-1937, kunye inkqubela-moya kwi-30 kunye iminyaka engama-40. Iye yacaca le hlobo zokuthutha ngokorhwebo lixesha.

inkqubela technology

Gas yimiqulu airships ezininzi yokuqala eyenziwe ebizwa ngokuba "isikhumba zolotoboytsa": guts imazi alwa, waza wolula. Ukudalwa-moya efunekayo iinkomo ezingamakhulu amabini anamashumi amahlanu amawaka.

Ngethuba leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, Germany kunye namahlakani ayo wayeka ukuveliswa ayi, ukuba kukho ezaneleyo izinto ekuveliseni airships apho kwenziwa iziqhushumbisi waseNgilani. Intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe ngelaphu, kuquka, ngenxa kukuyilwa Charles Kumho American mthengisi 1839 iirubber vulcanized, kuye kwabangela ukwanda ezintsha kwi indiza. Xa banesifo yokuqala, Navy US wakha ezimbini "flying carrier inqwelomoya", "yaseAkron" yaye "Macon", igobhogobho wavula yakhe, ukhupha moya karma fleet F9C Sparrowhawk. Iinqanawa ezo zaphuka emva kokuba watshayiswa isaqhwithi, kwaye yokungabi ukubonisa izakhono zazo yokulwa.

irekhodi lomhlaba ngexesha moya yasekwa ngowe-1937, ibhaluni "USSR-B6 Osoaviakhim". -Moya ebanjwe emoyeni 130 h 27 imiz. Cities batyelela ngexesha ibhabha ivele - Nizhny Novgorod, Belozersk, Rostov, Kursk, Voronezh, Penza, Dolgoprudny kunye Novgorod.

ibhaloni kwelanga

Emva koko airships wanyamalala. Ngoko ke, Meyi 6, 1937 "Hindenburg" ladubula phezu Lakehurst e New Jersey - xa ibhola lomlilo lawabulala 36 abakhweli kunye namalungu nqanawa. Le ntlekele lwafotwa kwi umboniso, kwaye ihlabathi wabona indiza German liqhuma.

Yintoni hydrogen, nokuba yingozi kuye kubonakala kubantu bonke, yaye ingcamango yokuba abantu ukuhamba kakuhle phantsi umthamo legesi ngephanyazo waba ayamkelekanga. -Moya mihla le hlobo lisetyenziswa kuphela helium, nto leyo non-ezinokutsha. Ngokuya ithandwa yaye waba moya enoqoqosho ezifana-ngesantya esiphezulu "izikhephe eziphaphazelayo" ka-Pan American Airways.

iinjineli Modern inxaxheba ekuyilweni moya hlobo, ziye kuncwina kukuba kude 1999, xa yapapashwa ingqokelela lwamanqaku malunga ukwakha indlela ivele ebizwa i "ubuchwepheshe ivele", kuphela textbook ekhoyo yaba ethi "Aircraft Design" UCharles Burgess , epapashwe ngo-1927

izinto zale mihla

Ekugqibeleni, ivele abayili kuniyekela ingcamango umkhweli nabemithwalo zothutho zigxininise, nto leyo eyaneleyo ngempumelelo umgaqo kaloliwe, iindlela kunye nezithuthi zaselwandle, kwaye ngaphandle ukufikelela kwiindawo ezininzi.

Ikhula kuqala ezimbalwa iiprojekthi ezinjalo. Ngeminyaka, uWilliam Miller, owayesakuba ukulwa pilot Naval Fleet e New Jersey uye waba inqanawa deltoid umoya imilo ekuthiwa Aereon 26 Ke indlela Miller yaphela emva ukubhabha uvavanyo lokuqala. Ukudala moya prototype impahla kufuna utyalo-mali esikhulu, yaye ngabathengi akwanelanga.

E Germany Cargolifter AG weza ulwakhiwo esizimeleyo inkulu ehlabathini ukwakha ngaphezulu kwe-300 m ubude, apho inkampani izicwangciso ukwakha helium semi ivele eqine impahla. Yintoni ukuba nguvulindlela ebaleni Aeronautics, kwacaca ngo-2002, xa inkampani lijongene neengxaki zobugcisa kunye mali olungephi, wafaka bankruptcy. Le yokuma ibekwe kufuphi Berlin, oko kamva yaba epakini inkulu amanzi endlwini eYurophu "kwisiqithi yimvula. '

Ukufumana ubuntshatsheli

Isizukulwana esitsha iinjineli yoyilo, ezinye zazo exhaswa ngurhulumente ezibalulekileyo kunye notyalo-mali zabucala, thina siqinisekile ukuba, banikwe ukufumaneka kobugcisa ezintsha kunye nezinto ezintsha, le nkampani ziya kuba nako ukuxhamla kulwakhiwo airships na. NgoMatshi kulo nyaka uphelileyo, i-US House of Representatives waququzelela intlanganiso zanikezelwa kule hlobo yothutho ngomoya, injongo leyo ukukhawulezisa inkqubo yophuhliso lwabo.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, uphuhliso airships abazibandakanya aerospace heavyweights iBoeing kunye Northrop Grumman. Russia, Brazil neChina aye akha okanye abaphuhlisa AMAGQABAZA ▸ zabo. Canada iye yaseka iqela leeprojekthi moya, kuquka i "Ship Solar", elijongeka bomber avuza lahlukile ngemivalo solar ebekwe ngapha phezu kwe window ye samaphiko ezaliswe helium. Bonke abachaphazelekayo kugqatso ube kuqala ulawula imarike yokuthuthwa imithwalo, leyo kulinganiswa iibhiliyoni zeerandi ukuba. Okwangoku, kucelwa uthathele ingqalelo ukuba iiprojekthi ezintathu:

• IsiNgesi Airlander 10, Hybrid Air Izithuthi Company - okwangoku indiza inkulu ehlabathini;
• LMH-1, inkampani "Lockheed Martin";
• Aeroscraft, inkampani Worldwide Eros Corp elisekwe esuka Ukraine Igor Pasternak.

RC ibhaloni ngezandla zabo

Ukuvavanya iingxaki kulwakhiwo moya hlobo, kunokwenzeka ukuba ukwakha abantwana ivele. ubungakanani bayo mncinci kuno nawuphi na umfuziselo, leyo kuthengwa, kwaye kudityaniswe intle uzinzo kunye uphume.

Ukudala ivele elincinane kuya kufuneka ezi zinto zilandelayo:

• Ezintathu motor yesikhumbuzo zalishumi 2.5 g okanye ngaphantsi.
• Pico ubunzima 2 g (umz, DelTang Rx33, leyo, kunye nezinye iindawo, zingathengwa ezivenkileni ezikhethekileyo intanethi, ezifana Micron Radio Control, Aether Sciences RC okanye Plantraco), esekelwe kwiseli enye Lithium-Polymer. Kuyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa zokungahambisani le Isidibanisi injini kunye receiver, okanye kufuna imfuneko yokuba ngelotha.
• Sixhobo ehambelanayo ngemizila ezintathu okanye ngaphezulu.
• LiPo-mah umthamo ibhetri ka 70-140 kunye kwitshaja elifanelekileyo. Ukuba ubunzima iyonke ayidluli 10 g, i ibhetri kuya kufuneka ukuya ku-2.5, umthamo ngakumbi ibhetri iza kunika ixesha enkulu ngokusaba; kwi 125 mah zingalula kuko ubude balo ukuba imizuzu engama-30.
• Iingcingo kokuxhuma ibhetri receiver.
• ophephela ezincinane ezintathu.
• I-carbon intonga (1 mm) kunye ubude-30 cm.
• piece Deprona 10 x 10 cm.
• Cellophane tape, ingcina kunye izikere.

Kufuneka ukuba uthenge ibhaluni zenziwe ngerabha, ezele helium. zikumgangatho ofanelekileyo okanye nayiphi na enye nomthwalo ubuncinane 10 D. Kuba ekufezekiseni ubunzima olifunayo yongezwe zokulinganisa, nto leyo isuswe njengoko evuzayo helium.

Iinxalenye ziqhotyoshelwe nomphini kunye enamathelayo. I-injini ngaphambili isetyenziselwa ukuya phambili, kwaye ngasemva ebekwe nkqo. motor wesithathu ibekwe kufuphi embindini womxhuzulane kwaye ngqo ezantsi. Bendiza iqhotyoshelwe kuyo icala, ukuze anyuse indiza. Motors kufuneka njo kunye ingcina.

Kuqhotyoshelwe somfanekiso umsila, unako ukuphucula kakhulu intshukumo phambili, njengoko ukuphakamisa nenjini eqhotyoshelweyo encinane nentshukumo ejikelezayo, kwaye plane nomsila inamandla kakhulu. Oku kwenza deprona kwaye uqhoboshele kunye tape.

Phambili intshukumo mababuyekezwe a ukunyuka okungephi.

Ukongeza, indiza zingaqinisekisa ikhamera kangako, umzekelo, asetyenziswa fob isitshixo.