Izithuthi Air. Iindidi zothutho emoyeni. Uphuhliso yothutho ngomoya

Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, zonke izizwe emhlabeni, indima ebalulekileyo wabelwa kwezothutho. Njengoko kumgangatho wanamhla, ixabiso leemoto likhule ngokungathethekiyo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ubukho naliphi na ilizwe akunakwenzeka ukuba ukucinga ngaphandle yothutho olomeleleyo.

Intuthuko entsha inzululwazi nobuchwepheshe

Le kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini wabona utshintshwano ezinkulu eziye zenzeka kuzo zonke iinkalo zezinto ezenziwa luluntu. Yayingenguye ngaphandle kunye nomoya zothutho. uphuhliso yawo wanyuselwa kukukhula yabantu ehlabathini, ukwanda isixa kwemithombo yezinto ezisetyenziswayo, ukufudukela kwabantu, kwezentlalo, ezopolitiko kunye nezinye izinto.

Oku kwenzeka i revolution yenzululwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe wenze kube lula ukutshintsha yothutho ngomoya hayi nangokobungakanani kuphela kodwa ngokomgangatho. Kuthiwa ukuba ngamaxesha onke kwiindlela intshukumo lomntu inkqubo ingakumbi olutshintshayo. Lunikeza inkqubo yezothutho zeprakhtikhali umboleki yokuqala obafunyanwa ezahlukeneyo kunye nempumelelo entsimini yenzululwazi. Kwiimeko ezininzi, oko kwenziwa ngqo ngumthengi phambili uphuhliso.

Kunzima ukuba igama nawuphi na ummandla wophando, zazingathandanga wayevela ekuphuculeni izithuthi. iziphumo zophuhliso ngokwasemzimbeni kunye thermodynamic zisetyenziselwa inkqubela yazo. Inxalenye enkulu kuphuhliso lwe zothutho thabatha physics nakwimathematika. Yingxenye ukusombulula iingxaki ubucukubhede kunye ekhemisi, izazi kunye komhlaba, zebhayoloji kunye nezinye abaphandi abaninzi. Uphuhliso zothutho, kuquka emoyeni, igalelo kwiziphumo zophando isicelo kuqhutywa izifundo zobunjineli ngoomatshini kunye yokunyibilikisa isinyithi, ukusetyenziswa kwesakhiwo kunye esizisebenzelayo, astronautics kunye neeletroniki ezithengiswayo.

Imfuno yophuhliso phambili

Xa iimeko mihla yothutho ngomoya yenye ndlela ezanda yokuhamba. Eyona ndlela yophuhliso loqoqosho kunye zoPhapho nokubane indima ebalulekileyo. Uphuhliso yothutho ngomoya kuba lizwe kukho unxibelelwano. Eyona njongo ephambili, nto leyo esukelwayo kulo mzekelo, kukwandisa umthamo ekuthutheni iimpahla nabantu imigama emide kunye nakwiindawo ezikude. Ngelo xesha anda iimfuno kwezothutho emoyeni. Kufuneka ube nazindleko zingako kunye rhoqo, ukhululekile nekhuselekileyo. Ukuze sikwazi ukufezekisa ezi njongo ziya kufuna olunzulu entsha isifundo kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zenzululwazi, kwakunye imisebenzi yophuhliso ngaphezulu kakhulu.

Ingakumbi izithuthi emoyeni

Aviation - lo mncinane kunye nomgca-high speed, eyilelwe ukuphumeza amakhonkco onxibelelwano phakathi kwiingingqi ezahlukeneyo. Ngelo xesha linye ishishini kuyabiza.

izithuthi emoyeni Russian - oku yinxalenye ebalulekileyo kwisigaba loqoqosho lwesizwe. Nalo wamnikela izinto zonyango kunye imeyile, ezoshishino kunye neemveliso ukutya kwiikona ezisemaphandleni.

Kuthiwa ngenqwelomoya lolona hlobo ogqibeleleyo zokuhamba. Ayifuni iindlela kwaye woyike iintlobo ngeentlobo zemiqobo. Kungenxa umoya uluntu iye yakwazi spacewalk.

Air Transport eziliqela iingenelo. Okokuqala, ukuba phezulu. Xa oku kuphunyezwa akukho ubuphothophotho encinane entlanganweni sithwala abantu. Ukongeza, lo moya mihla inika Inqwelo moya ezingapheliyo imigama emide.

Yintoni moya zisetyenziswa Aviation mihla?

Iindidi zothutho ngomoya, ezisetyenziswa kuqoqosho lwesizwe, hayi zahlukile kakhulu. -Moya-moya kusetyenziswa mihla ezaqhutywa imifuziselo ezahlukeneyo moya kunye ntaka. Bonke bephela asetyenziswa kakhulu kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo.

Uqoqosho lwesizwe unikwa oluninzi ntaka yomsebenzi. Lo moya ezivukelana kwi isithuba emoyeni esebenzisa ejikelezayo iincakuba acwangcise phezu umngxuma nkqo. Ntaka kusetyenziswa:

- ngexesha lokwakhiwa kunye nokufakwa imisebenzi;
- kwinkonzo sanitary zonyango;
- kwezolimo;
- ukwakhiwa kwemibhobho;
- ukujongana yimililo ihlathi asakhasayo;
- kuba buyo yentsimbi;
- ukuncedisa ukuhlola neznye;
- njengendlela wokubeka iliso kwindlela yezithuthi;
- ukunxibelelana kunye nezikhululo zemozulu ukuba ezintabeni.

Freight sothutho emoyeni, ntaka thaca ipaki esenzelwe imigama emifutshane.

Umgaqo-moya wangena kule intsebenziswano ye-injini kunye nomkhosi imoto yephiko lift.

Ukwahlukana ukusebenzisa

Xa moya mihla ezi ntlobo zilandelayo zezithuthi emoyeni:

- ngokuba ukuthutha abantu;
- ngokuba ukuhamba kwempahla;
- eluncedo (combined):
- ukufundisa nokuqeqesha;
- injongo ekhethekileyo (enelanga, imfuyo, umlilo, njalo njalo).

Le kwezidalwa sifakwa kuxhomekeke kwicandelo isicelo, kwakunye kwinjongo-moya.

Umahluko iparameters zobugcisa neendlela zokusebenza

Kuba umkhweli kusetyenziswa zothutho emoyeni, iimpawu ezifana amandla. Ngokuba impahla moya umthamo wabo ebalulekileyo. Izithuthi emoyeni odityanisiweyo yobugcisa kunye parameter yokusebenza ke uluhlu flight ngaphandle kulotywe kwesiphumo, ngokunjalo isantya. Ngokomfanekiso yakutshanje kuthi kananjalo kwahlule phakathi ngamnye iindidi moya. Isantya Aircraft ingacota kunendlela ngesantya yesandi. Kukho kwakhona moya supersonic.

umzimba lolawulo

Uthutho ngomoya abakhweli impahla eRashiya iphantsi kolawulo ngqo ngurhulumente. Kweli lizwe kukho iyantlukwano yomgama kunye nolawulo, longamela umsebenzi shishino. Kulo mzekelo, inkampani nganye ukuhlawula irhafu nabaphathi kwiinkonzo.

Umzimba executive engundoqo eliliso yothutho ngomoya eyiyeyona Arhente Federal of Aviation Russian. engundoqo imisebenzi yayo;

- ubonelelo ngeenkonzo ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kakuhle yothutho ngomoya;
- kwempepha-mvume zokwamkelwa ukubhabha kwimigca ngamazwe kunye basekhaya;
- iinkampani Certification ngokubonelela imisebenzi-moya;
- kweliso umsebenzi kumaziko emfundo kushishino lweenqwelo le.

asemoyeni

ulawulo kweenqwelo - akukho lula. Eli qela moya kwakukho ngabaqhubi kunye omkhulu kunye kabini moya yamaziko emfundo, akulungeleyo lo msebenzi kwi kokugqitywa uthumo zonyango, kwaye nokwenza imisebenzi eluxanduva lwabo.

Ilungu ngalinye abasebenza ngexesha esemoyeni linyanzelekile ukuba ukuthobela benzani yonke imiyalelo ozinikiweyo ulawulo moya. Ukuba ziphambuke kwesona ndlela kunokwenzeka kuphela xa kwimeko izisongelo zokhuseleko kunye ubomi ngabantu ababekhwele kweso moya.

Omkhulu pilot kufuneka sikhutshwe evunyiwe:

- kwendiza yoqeqesho, nto leyo yenziwa ngexesha emini okanye ebusuku;
- ukubhabha a ukuguqulwa entsha ngenqwelo-moya;
- ukuya moya ezithile.

Kulo mzekelo, zonke nokumelana kufuneka wangena kwi-logbook. Kungakhathaliseki isikhundla, ilungu ngalinye qela kufuneka uye tshekhi yonyaka iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zoqeqesho yokubhabha. Kulo mzekelo, iziphumo kufuneka zifakwe kwi-logbook.

Kukho imithetho ethile kunye nabasebenzi nolonwabo ezibhabhayo lo moya. Ngenxa yoko, usuku umoya ungabi ngaphezu kweeyure ezilishumi elinesibini. Loo mthetho umiselwe amaqela umoya ka-moya. amaqela ntaka kufuneka ngemihla zigqityiwe hayi iiyure ezingaphezu kwesibhozo.

ukuphepha

Onke amanyathelo ukuqinisekisa ukuba lo moya akazange ukumela ingozi ngenxa zothutho emoyeni abakhweli ukuba zithathwe. Kule meko, Federal Arhente Air lezoThutho yaphunyezwa umlomo ekuziseni ulwelo moya. Kwakhona usebenza kuzo zonke izikhululo zeenqwelo-moya kweli lizwe.

Management of Air isithuthi - Aviation Russian - uphawula ukuba ukugrogriswa ubunqolobi kwizithuthi emoyeni ingasonjululwanga. Ngokuphathelele kule meko yonke imibutho enxulumene wentengo, ngokunjalo kuzo zonke izikhululo zeenqwelo-moya lwalujoliswe Directive, ebonisa imfuneko ukuphumeza onke amanyathelo okhuseleko yokubhabha. Ngokutsho kolu xwebhu, umkhweli unelungelo Uphatha imithwalo esandleni sakho naluphi na uhlobo ulwelo. Lo mqathango ukwasebenza ngococeko. Mazikhutshwe emthwalweni ukuba bahlolwe ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zobugcisa ukuze zihlolwe. Kuphela emva kokuba ukuba esingamanzi ibekwe kwi kwibhodi-moya.

Kwimeko apho umkhweli ngexesha esemoyeni, umele ukuba neziyobisi, ukuba ithwalelwe njengenxalenye cabin iimpahla kuphela emva kokuhlola iinkonzo zokhuseleko seenqwelo-moya.

amanyathelo abakhweli kufuneka aphathe ngokuqonda; ngokuba bona athathiweyo okuqinisekisa ukhuseleko-moya.