Imvelaphi kunye nembali imidlalo yeembaleki. Imbali lwecala e Russia

Imidlalo ebesoloko kwatsala inani elikhulu labantu awayezama ukudlula okhuphisana zabo kanye ndizenzayo, ziyandingqinela ukuba kungenzeka lomzimba wabo iphezulu kakhulu kumhlaba wokukora. ibambelele High wohlanga kukhokelele ekuqaleni kwiMidlalo yeOlimpiki, kuquka yezemidlalo ethandwa. Ke, kuxhomekeke imithwalo amandla beentlanga ezahlukeneyo, oko waqala ukudala iindidi ezaye zakhokelela lezemidlalo onzima kunye nokukhanya.

Ezinye mizuzu yembali kwiMidlalo yeOlimpiki luqulathe amavo, Kakade, kuya kuba njalo, kuba ukuvela ezemidlalo ehamba iminyaka engaphezu kwewaka 2 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo, xa abantu bebona izinto ngendlela eyahlukileyo, oko, Kakade ke, nempembelelo imbali lwecala.

Imbali zophuhliso lwecala

Ukhuphiswano zaye zabanjwa yonke, kuyo ubukho boluntu, kodwa kumaxesha amandulo, abantu baye amajoni abanomdla kuphela ukufundisa, ekwaziyo ilahleko ubuncinane ukuzisa uloyiso emfazweni. umdla Military kwimfundo yabantu ephuhliswe ngokwasemzimbeni ngokuthe ngcembe waqalisa ukuntshula imidlalo zemidlalo, ukhuphiswano eziphambili ezibe phezu unyamezelo nokomelela. Ukususela ngoko waqalisa ukuzalwa imidlalo yeembaleki.

Ophumelele lokuqala kwezemidlalo lwecala (njengoko kuqinisekiswa yi-data) - umpheki evela elis ogama Koreb, owathi ngo-776 BC Wabaleka umgama ngokukhawuleza kwinqanaba 1 (malunga 192 meters).

Athletics e Greece yamandulo ezahlukeneyo ukusuka kukhuphiswano namhlanje, umzekelo, ngoku disc yokujula Umlinganiseli eekhilogremu 2 amadoda 1 kg amabhinqa, kodwa kumaxesha amandulo amavili zahlukile phantse kuzo zonke iinkalo:

1. Wasebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo (umthi, isinyithi kunye nobhedu).
2. ke Inkangeleko zatshintsha kwakhona (ngezizathu ezithile).
3. Umahluko ebaluleke kakhulu - oko ubunzima ukuba okubalwa 1.25 kg ukuya 6,63.

Esinye sezona ziganeko ethandwa phakathi abalandeli kwaba intshuntshe kungenzeka ukuba ezinxulumene kwicala wamajoni ezemidlalo, kunye nabanye kukhuphiswano eqokelelwe iifeni ngaphantsi, kodwa yinxalenye kwiMidlalo yeOlimpiki ngenxa kokuhlola umzimba ubunakho kunye nomoya yabantu.

lwecala Modern

I Imidlalo amandulo Olimpiki baba zahluke kakhulu koko sibona ngoku, ngenxa yempembelelo abantu, ukholo lwabo kunye nobudlelwane kukhuphiswano.

Imbali kuphuhliso lwecala ngohlobo olulo ngoku kwaqala ngo-1837. ukhuphiswano Modern imidlalo "lula" yaqala emva kokuba uhlanga yokuqala eNgilane kwi ebaleka leekhilomitha-2. Championship yabanjwa phakathi abafundi beekholeji Umbhoxo, yaye emva koko waqalisa ukuba ithandwe kwamanye amaziko kunye imizi: Oxford, eLondon, Cambridge kunye nabanye. Emva koko ke imidlalo kuqala ukongeza ezinye nokhuphiswano: 1851 - jump ophezulu kunye nobude ukubaleka, 1864 - kernel aze aziphose ihamile, steeplechase kunye nezinye liphikisa emzimbeni.

Ngowe-1865 e-London walibumba club lweembaleki kuqala ehlabathini, nto leyo iye kufikelelwa lobuntshatsheli yelizwe kwezemidlalo ezahlukeneyo. Emva kweminyaka emi-3, New York uchola ingcamango iimbaleki British nokuqokelela umbutho zazo eqala popularization ye ukhuphiswano bavela Yehlabathi Elitsha.

Amanye amazwe aseYurophu baye baqaphela kamva kancinane ukuba imidlalo etsala inani elikhulu labantu, baza baqalisa ukuqhuba ukhuphiswano ngo-1880, yaye kunyaka-90 kwinkulungwane mnye lonke elaseYurophu iye kwi "ngamandla" lo mdlalo.

Athletics ukhuphiswano, emva ekuqaleni popularization, olwenziwa kuphela ngaphakathi kwilizwe ngalinye, kwaye kuphela 1896 Athens Olimpiki Imidlalo kunjalo, olu sapho lwaluquka ukhuphiswano ezahlukeneyo 12 yaye kuquka amazwe amaninzi.

Iimbaleki american lwecala zilungiselelwe kwelona nqanaba liphezulu phantse zonke iintlobo iziganeko kwaye ufumane iimbasa ezininzi, ukususela ekudalweni kwabo beze bezilungiselele kwaye kungakhokelela ekubeni ezi ntlobo kukhuphiswano.

America uye wabonisa iziphumo ezigqwesileyo yokuqala Olimpiki Games , uze igcina indawo okhokelayo inani abaphumeleleyo, kodwa hayi kangangoko kwamanye amazwe abaye baqaphela ukubaluleka kwale siganeko nokulungiselela ziintshatsheli elizayo kwiinkqubo zabo.

Imbali isahlakalo lwecala ibamba neentshatsheli ezininzi, kodwa inkoliso yabo bonke Ndikhumbula abaphumeleleyo lokuqala: R. abethu (Champion 2 no-3 Olimpiki ipali-space), Orter, Mathias, Thorpe kunye owens (ziintshatsheli jump triple Olympic Games), Korzeniowski (-ixesha emine winner ku nokhuphiswano lokuhamba) kunye nabanye abaphumeleleyo, oya kusoloko kuba kuqala, kuba baqalisa ukuzalwa imidlalo mihla.

Impumelelo lwecala abadlali

Ekuqaleni, abaququzeleli, iimbaleki kunye bebhola impumelelo bonwabile nje wandikhumbula, kodwa emva kwexesha esitsholo nje kuphela nicule kodwa kwakhona ukufumana ezingcono iziphumo kwimbali imidlalo.

Kulo lonke ixesha lo mdlalo rhoqo zimisele iirekhodi ezintsha iimbaleki, kodwa umahluko phakathi kwabo Ihlala yokuba uninzi - lo minor amanani abo wababuleweyo kwaoko; abanye baye babethwa inqwaba iminyaka; kodwa kukho abo abanakukwazi ukubetha nayiphi okhuphisanayo.

Ingxelo yokuqala ihlabathi, apho wahlala okuhle engama-20 - yinto utsibe yembaleki American ubude (mitha-8 neesentimitha 90), kodwa ke eyona nto ephawulekayo ukuba irekhodi ophelileyo ngaphantsi kwesiqingatha semitha.

Imbali zokusebenza elide yeyona mpumelelo inkulu, leyo kunobo namhla - olu gqatso kwi mitha-100 no-200. Le ngxelo-mvume kule isiyalo yaseMelika imbaleki Florence Griffith Joyner, leyo betha nje ezimbini iziphumo: iimitha 100 yabaleka imizuzwana 10,49 no-200 kwimizuzwana nje 21.34 eemitha.

Olympic Games namhlanje, akukho lukhuphiswano kakhulu ngakumbi, uluhlu iqulathe phantse kuphela iziganeko miphungeni. Umlo basic, nto leyo eye inani elikhulu winile kunye neerekhodi nolusasebenzayo esisityebi lweembaleki - marathon. ithandwa kangaka lu dityanisiwe iimbaleki eNigeria, rhoqo incwadi kweerekhodi ukutshintsha yaye etsala inani enkulu abalandeli.

Women lweembaleki

Ukususela ekuqaleni lokusekwa okhuphiswano leembaleki mihla bonke swi kuphela abantu, yaye abafazi abavumelekanga ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kolu khuphiswano, kodwa emva kwenkulungwane ye marathons mihla izinto zitshintshile kwaye kwakukho yeembaleki "elihle". "Mchako Imidlalo" ekuqaleni ebelilungu kancinane, kodwa ngokuhamba kwexesha lo mdlalo lifikile inani elikhulu amabhinqa.

Impikiswano lokuqala kunye inxaxheba imazi kwenzeka ngo-1928, kodwa ke kuphela 96 kunyaka we yenani umkhondo nokhuphiswano yasentsimini kwafika amabhinqa ithuba kwiintlobo-20.

bakwazi ngokupheleleyo kukuphumelela intembeko abaququzeleli imidlalo 1999 kuphela, xa iimbaleki e Sydney isando ukuphoswa pole isiqulathi.

Imbali isahlakalo lwecala e Russia

UMbuso Russian kwakungekho ungxamile ukuthatha inxaxheba Olimpiki, kwaye sele USSR 1952 yazisa iimbaleki ukuya imidlalo oye wandimisela ngokuqinileyo ngokwayo phezu belingana eUnited States. Ukhuphiswano ye-USSR kunye United States wazalwa kudala kwaye liqinise ukhuphiswano apho abadlali bethu nangoku ukudala ukhuphiswano enkulu onke amazwe ehlabathini.

Isibakala sokuba iRussia ngoyaba uthando yehlabathi kwezemidlalo, akuthethi ukungabikho ngokupheleleyo ukhuphiswano. Kwilizwe lethu, imbali endleleni nasebaleni yaqala kunye nabalandeli yokuqala, owathi ngo-1888 e-St Petersburg wahlela isangqa. Emva konyaka, uluntu lezemidlalo kwafika igama "Society of abathanda ezisebenzayo."

Petersburg isangqa ngokukhawuleza ukufumana leembaleki kunye ababukeli, kwaye nje konyaka kamva walitshintsha igama baza baqhubeka nomsebenzi wabo njengeziko lezemidlalo yoBukhosi baseRashiya. Emva kokuba umbutho yoluntu yathabatha iminyaka emihlanu, emva koko kwexesha isangqa ikhule kakhulu kangangokuba waqalisa ngokongeza eminye imidlalo, kwaye ngo-1895 kwimbali lwecala baseRashiya ibhalwe Ngomnyaka imidlalo yokuqala omkhulu-isikali, apho wafika 10,000 fans.

ERussia Musa ukungxama ukungenela ukhuphiswano leembaleki zehlabathi, kodwa output yayo kuthetha ukuwa neembaleki kulo lonke ihlabathi, njengoko oko kungqinwa zoloyiso kwetafile, apho waye USSR phantse yonke imidlalo zibiza kumgca wokuqala, kodwa namhlanje, abadlali bethu akazange ukubonisa iziphumo engase aphunyezwa eSoviet Union.

Ukulawulwa nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kwezemidlalo

Imbali lwecala bayazi inani elikhulu zokumiswa ngenxa kweziyobisi, kwaye imeko le nangoku ayilungiseki, ngenxa yokuba iimbaleki sifuna ukuba ngcono, yaye abanye babo bazama ukubonisa ukongama ngokusebenzisa antibiotics.

Ukuze iliso iimbaleki (ukongeza uvavanyo lonyango) wadala umbutho "IAAF", likuvumela ukuba utshekishe ngembali yembaleki zonke iimviwo zonyango, akazalani Olympics.

Ngaba kubangela inani elikhulu imizekelo "Akubabona phezu kweziyobisi", nto leyo osisityebi Athletics: jump aphezulu (2012 - nothintelo Olwa ngokuba imbasa yegolide), Ukuhamba (2014 - Ukunqunyanyiswn iimbaleki-4 ukusuka Russia), ibaleka (2014 - Ukungafaneleki yembaleki) kwakunye neminye imizekelo emininzi kwephulwa imigaqo.

"IAAF" inkqubo ikhadi zikhuliswe ngokusekelwe kwinqanaba naluphi na uxilongo lwezonyango ngaphandle khuphiswano, Noko ke, womdlali bangathatha inxaxheba ngaphandle ikhadi, kodwa lo mzekelo akazange kufumana amabhaso imali yaye wayesenza imigangatho kuphela ngomdla.

Nangona xa ufaka isicelo ikhadi womdlali iqinisekisa ukuba ndihlale yimithetho kwimeko lokuwina inkxaso umbutho "IAAF" kwiinzame zabo ukulawula, kusekho abadlali abenza ngoyaba oku uthabathe dope, oluyeka khuphiswano.

Imvelaphi olu gqatso

Imbali lwecala baqalisa ukubaleka, kwaye uninzi ethandwa endleleni nasebaleni ezemidlalo namhlanje yeyona ugqatso elide, nesuka kunye nokudalwa kwiMidlalo yeOlimpiki on ilivo kakhulu ezintle.

Legend marathon: "Kufuphi kwidolophu encinane Marathon imikhosi yamaGrike wawoyisa ngokupheleleyo iintshaba Persian kwaye ukwazisa eAthene wathuma umthunywa, ngubani ran ngaphandle ko kweekhilomitha ezingama-40, kwaye xa efika kwafuneka nje ixesha ukukhwaza abo abawawinileyo, waza ke wafa ngoko nangoko."

Le ilejendi luqinisekiswa umgama, olwaba iimbaleki elide yamandulo Olympic Games - 40 km, kwaye ngumgama elifanayo wathabathela eAthene kwisixeko Marathon, kodwa izazinzulu bathandabuze ukuba amaGrike ngoko ngokuchanileyo balinganise umgama, kodwa kuba amaYiputa ngandlela wakha ofezekileyo iphiramidi.

-Long Umgama aphilileyo (marathon) ayiphelelanga ayi-40, kwaye kumgama omncinane kuba bobani aba bafazi na inxaxheba ugqatso ultramarathon, equka yeembaleki ( "ukumkanikazi zemidlalo"). Nxaxheba olu gqatso kufuneka asebenziswe kangangoko kunokwenzeka ngexesha elabelwe lona. Kulo mdlalo abakho kuphela amaxesha njengoko iiyure ezi-2, 12 ngosuku, iintsuku ezi-2 kunye neentsuku 6 apho iimbaleki nga ukubaleka ukusuka 50 ukuya ayi 1500.

Kakuhle eli gqatso ngokwemigama ezinkulu - ukuba ukubaleka ngokukhawuleza kunaye nabani na, nokuba ukushenxa ukusuka pad lokwazisa kwi umgama mkhulu kangangoko ngexesha olinikiweyo. Olu hlobo lwecala kunzima kuthiwa ekukhanyeni, ngenxa yokuba iimbaleki musa nje ukubaleka 2:00, bagidime imigama enkulu ngaphandle lekhefu usuku okanye iintsuku eziliqela, kokugqiba ngokwabo ngokupheleleyo kwaye ebangela umzimba kwimeko eyingozi.

Ukubekwa abaphumeleleyo zonke-ngeenxa

Imidlalo ekuqaleni ezininzi iindidi ezahlukeneyo kwaye zahlelwa ngokweendidi. Imbali lwecala ukhumbula amaqela amaninzi ahlukeneyo ukuba ekuqaleni kwasekwa ukuzonwabisa ezininzi ezahlukeneyo, kodwa emva kwexesha zicwangciswa kukhuphiswano zonke ngeenxa swi kukhethwa uphuhliso ezininzi ezahlukahlukeneyo labadlali. AmaGrike kakhulu kunene kakhulu abaphumeleleyo yazivula iingcango zonke kubo, yaye naziphi na izikhundla kurhulumente.

Ukhuphiswano ziphila nesifo pentathlon, decathlon kunye heptathlon, kwaye ukuba ninikwe kufuneka amanqaku ngaphezu khuphiswano, yabetha zingasondeli kwi amacandelo eziliqela. Nangona kunjalo, kukho iingxabano, xa kanye ubulewe ngubani yaba yeyokuqala, kodwa kunikeza elula nokuphakamisa. Photography ubungqina kuphela uloyiso Iimbaleki kunye zodwa kancinane ukusuka kumdlali welinye icala, kodwa kuyenzeka ngoku ukuba ukujonga andigqibe ifoto, kwaye kamsinya nje isigqibo umba - akwaziwa.

Ngokunxulumene imeko kukuba impumelelo phantse ngokupheleleyo izakhono zabantu (Jonga inqaku.) Yaye ukhuphiswano phezulu, iimbaleki beze kumgama amaqhezu ambalwa owesibini nganye enye, ngoko ke ekugqibeleni photo aza kusetyenziswa kuzo zonke iintlobo zemidlalo.

Qaphela. Ngokutsho kweminye izazinzulu, emva kweminyaka engama-40, abantu baya kufikelela amandla liphezulu lomzimba kwaye akayi kuba nako ukubeka iirekhodi elitsha kukhuphiswano kwindlela omzimba.

Guinness Book of Records iimbaleki

Imidlalo lanamathela enxulumene kwirekhodi, nto leyo izaliswe imbali lwecala, ngaphandle kwabo kuba yenye ukukhula kunye ukusetyenziswa kakhulu inguqu esisigxina zemidlalo apho kuza.

Guinness Records World yasungulwa kwiminyaka 59 kuphela eyadlulayo ukonwabisa iindwendwe ye bar ukusuka 'Guinness "kunye nezinye abathandi utywala, kunye nenguqulelo yokuqala eshicilelwe, hayi kuphela ukwazisa nokusombulula iingxabano iimeko abalandeli imivalo ezemidlalo, kodwa ngenxa ukuzonwabisa, ngoko ke wasuka funny iirekhodi.

Utshwala, iincwadi umyalelo, yaye andizange ndicinge le yodumo, kodwa isibini sokuqala kweenyanga, intengiso zafikelela 5000, yaye ekuqaleni '56 kwinkulungwane yama-20 iye wathengisa million 5 iirekhodi nkongozelo.

Qaphela. incwadi Records ichaza nje impumelelo yabantu, kodwa ibonisa ifoto iirekhodi zabo, kodwa ukuba abavakalisi baye bacinga iirekhodi yokubhala aqhelekileyo, ngoko ke imbali lwecala iza kuboniswa. Isishwankathelo sazo zonke iziganeko bekuya wavumela abantu ukuba ukulandelela ukuthandwa kwezemidlalo, kodwa namhlanje ezi data akukho elide ithandwa kangaka, kuba Internet kubonisa zonke impumelelo ngexesha real kufuphi.

Kuyabonakala ukuba, ngenxa yokuba iRussia kunokuba kade (ngo-1955) waqalisa kuvela kwinqanaba lehlabathi ukhuphiswano emidlalo kwaye sibonise umdla kangako (nangona wabonisa iziphumo ezigqwesileyo), Book of Records sele iguqulelwe kulwimi Russian kuphela ngo-1989.

Emva koko, ukuthandwa athi enyuka ngokunyuka, nto leyo ngenxa yokunqongophala kwemali iinkcukacha rhoqo noluchanekileyo ngelo xesha, yaye le ncwadi - ingqokelela yazo zonke impumelelo zezemidlalo kwindawo enye. Ekugqibeleni, ukuba bangene uluhlu ziintshatsheli ezifunekayo nje ukuba ndimaphule kwirekhodi, okanye wenze into emangalisayo, ukuba akukho namnye wenza kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo kunye, ngokubanzi, asinguye wonk 'umntu kuza kugqitywa kulo.

Ngamafutshane, imbali i Guinness Book of Records akuxhomekekanga nje ezinxulumene nemidlalo, eqala ukuba ngokuncama ezo imidlalo na ethandwa kakhulu phakathi kwabantu, uze kuphela baqalisa niphumle, kwezinye iimeko, Uyageza, iingxelo zabantu kunye izakhono zabo.

Athletics in the 21st Century

Imidlalo Olimpiki namhlanje isiganeko olukhulu onke amazwe ehlabathi, uninzi lwabo bazama ukufumana intembeko abaququzeleli kwaye bachitha le mihla ezibalulekileyo kwizitediyamu emizini yabo. Noko ke, abaninzi abaqapheli ingozi kukhuphiswano uthathela ingqalelo kwezoqoqosho imbono kunye Umzekelo woku - lezemidlalo Abenzi bemeko - kwanamaGrike. I Imidlalo yeOlimpiki eGrisi, wakhokela ilizwe ukuba leswaku yeni amaGrike zonke iimali ukubeka izwe zikwimeko embi kakhulu, ukusuka apho kuvele iminyaka embalwa kwaye nangoku nokuphola iindleko zoqoqosho.

Athletics kunye nawuphi na umdlalo kufika kuloo namhlanje kunzima ukuyibetha iirekhodi iqela, kwaye uninzi abaphumeleleyo awukwazi ukuphinda impumelelo yabo. Isixelela ngobunzima elafika imidlalo yeembaleki. Ukutsiba, ukubaleka, izinto yokujula neminye imidlalo iirekhodi oversaturated, abantu bazalwa ngamanyathelo ezinkulu, inkqubela akakhawulezi kangangokuba abantu abaqhelekileyo abanalo ixesha ukukhangela iteknoloji ngokwayo, kodwa izazinzulu wenze into entsha. Zonke iziganeko ukuqinisekisa kuphela hypothesis ukuba kungekudala kuza kubakho irekhodi ezinokuthi ukubetha, yaye abantu baya kuza kwincopho amakhono abo omzimba.

Ngokomzekelo, into yokuba abantu xa umda amandla, unako ukukhonza njengendlela ukuchonga abaphumeleleyo, nto leyo eyenza ukusetyenziswa kakhulu yeembaleki. Amafoto - kuphela ukhetho yokuqingqa uphumeleleyo, kuba namhlanje Bena ukhuphiswano kakhulu kwaye akukho neembaleki abanezo phezu abachasi-2, 3, kunye imizuzwana ngaphezu kwama-5, yaye umzabalazo yeshumi kwaye maxa wambi nkqu hundredths yomzuzwana.