Imithombo yamanzi kunye nabantu. Iimpawu, isimo, iingxaki imithombo yamanzi yeli lizwe. Yintoni na amanzi?

Nangona into yokuba ama-70% ye ngaphantsi komhlaba ehlanganiswa ngamanzi, kusenjalo vimba ubaluleke kangaka. Ingakumbi xa kuziwa umgangatho. Yintoni na amanzi? Yintoni yesakhiwo oovimba zehlabathi? Zeziphi iingxaki amanzi kakhulu etsolo ngexesha lethu? Konke oku kuya kuxutyushwa kweli nqaku.

Yintoni na amanzi?

I-geographical emvulophini yoMhlaba, njengokuba sisazi, liqulethe iingingqi ezintlanu: i lithosfere, umoya, bemvelo, zeteknoloji kunye kwehayidrosfere. Yintoni na amanzi? Oku konke amanzi uqulathwe kwi kwehayidrosfere. Kungenxa kule ezilwandle, amachibi kunye nemilambo, kunye namachibi enhla kwikholam komhlaba emoyeni (ngokohlobo umphunga wamanzi).

Malunga ne-70% ngaphantsi komhlaba ligutyungelwe ngamanzi. 2.5 Kuphela% ye umthamo kwenza amanzi acocekileyo ezifunekayo uluntu. In bhunxe - ayikho ngaphantsi kwe million 30 kweekhilomitha cubic, leyo amawaka amaxesha obungaphezu iimfuno impucuko ehlabathini. Kodwa musa ukulibala ukuba uninzi kula zolondolozo siqulethwe kwi "ice cap" ka-Antarctica, Arctic eGreenland. Ukongeza, izibonelelo zamanzi ezikhoyo womntu, isoloko ayanelisi.

Isakhiwo Water zomhlaba

imithombo yamanzi yehlabathi yahlulwa ibe ziindidi ezimbini:

• amanzi olwandle;
• umhlaba Water (okanye ngaphezulu).

Emilanjeni, amachibi, iindawo zokugcina kunye zomkhenkce eziqulathwe umyinge okwisine ekhulwini kuphela woovimba zehlabathi amanzi. Ngaphezu koko, inkoliso yabo (ngokomthamo) lunikezelwa ezihambayo. A "ichibi" inkulu amanzi ngeyona planethi Antarctica. Ngu imithombo yamanzi zehlabathi, kunye nemisinga komhlaba, kodwa uqikelelo lwabo oluninzi ziyahluka kakhulu kwamanani.

Coca amanzi - a ezixabisekileyo lwezibonelelo zendalo ukuba abantu kunye nazo zonke ezinye izinto eziphilayo. ukhuselo Yakhe eyiyo - enye yeengxaki ezinkulu lwesintu langoku okwangoku.

amanzi ukuphuculwa

Ingakumbi imithombo yamanzi kulala ithuba self-yokucoca kunye nokuhlaziywa. Kodwa renewability amanzi kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi, ingakumbi uhlobo lwento andaweni.

Umzekelo, amanzi emilanjeni iyahlaziywa ngokupheleleyo malunga neeveki ezimbini nomgxobhozo - iminyaka emihlanu, kwaye echibini - iminyaka 15-17. Ixesha elide, le nkqubo lwenzeka kwi amaxwebhu ice (nge-avareji ithatha amawaka-10 iminyaka), kwaye ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka - kule biosphere. Xa vivo, amanzi aye umjikelo Ukuvuselela opheleleyo iiyure ezimbalwa.

Ukusasazwa kwemithombo yamanzi phezu macro-imimandla namazwe

Ngokutsho loovimba jikelele kwemithombo yamanzi yehlabathi esa kummandla Asia. Oku kulandela Umzantsi Melika, Intshona Melika naseYurophu. Ihlwempu imithombo yamanzi kwikona planethi - ukuba Australia.

Noko ke, kukho omnye caveat ebalulekileyo. Ngoko ke, ukuba ukubala umthamo imithombo yamanzi ngamnye kwelizwekazi okanye inxalenye yehlabathi, kuvela eny 'into. Indawo yokuqala kule ukubalwa ngaphandle Australia, kodwa Asia phezu yokugqibela. Eyona nto kukuba kwimiphakathi Asia ikhula ngokukhawuleza. Namhlanje, kuye kwafikelelwa imbali abantu gidi ezine.

Yeyiphi amazwe abakwazi nizixhalele amanzi? Ngezantsi kumazwe eziphezulu ezintlanu kunye oovimba inkulu amanzi acocekileyo. Zezi:

1. Brazil (6,950 km ^3).
2. Russia (4,500 km ^3).
3. Canada (2,900 km ^3).
4. China (2,800 km ^3).
5. Indonesia (2530 km ^3).

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukungalingani kwi nonikezelo lwamanzi on Earth. Ngoko, kwi imozulu ethandwa ziingcathu, waze ngaphezu kwemfuneko. Kodwa ekuthiwa-"ebharhileyo" (imozulu emvula sub-esabutropikhi) labemi lifumana kunqongophala nokoyika amanzi anika ubomi.

Water kunye Abantu

imfuno yamanzi kumakhaya, amandla, ishishini, indawo zolonwabo. Ukusebenzisa le resource esinxulunyaniswa ne gesi yayo kumthombo yendalo (umz, ukusuka kumlambo) okanye Kwathi ngaphandle kwalo (umz; ngokuba zothutho amanzi).

Kubathengi inkulu kwemithombo yamanzi - is:

• ezolimo;
• amashishini zoshishino namandla;
• zomasipala.

Komthamo losetyenziso lwamanzi lukamasipala zasekhaya esoloko kuyanda. Ngokutsho koqikelelo lwabemi of ezemvelo, kwindawo enkulu kwimimandla yeedolophu kumazwe umntu omnye usebenzisa yonke imihla hayi kweelitha ngaphantsi kwe 300 kolwelo. Lo mgangatho yokusebenzisa kungakhokelela yokunqongophala yecebo kwixesha elizayo.

LoNgcoliseko kunye nokugqitywa wamanzi ehlabathini

Ungcoliseko Amanzi a yondele kakhulu ingxaki yokusingqongileyo ixesha lethu. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, sele ifikelele yokusebenza ezinkulu kwezinye iingingqi planethi.

qho ngonyaka elwandle ukufumana izigidi iitoni imichiza, i-petroleum kunye petroleum neemveliso, iikhompawundi phosphorus, inkunkuma eqinileyo. ifomu Recent esikhulu ezidadayo kwisiqithi yenkunkuma. Amanzi nePersian Gulf, eMntla kunye noLwandle lweCaribbean na oyile emdaka kakhulu. Malunga ne-3% of phezu North Atlantic igutyungelwe kunye umboniso ioli, nto leyo nempembelelo embi kubume eziphilayo yolwandle.

Ingxaki enkulu ukwehliswa umthamo kwemithombo yamanzi-langa. Noko ke, ukonakala akukho yingozi ngaphantsi komgangatho wamanzi anika ubomi. Ngapha koko, omnye cubic meter inkunkuma amdaka alunyangwanga angangena Umsele komlambo bayayonakalisa amashumi cubic metres yamanzi acocekileyo.

Kumazwe asakhasayo, Ngokwezibalo, wonke umntu wesithathu unesifo amanzi umgangatho okusela amahlwempu. Usebenzela oyena nobangela izifo ezininzi abemi "ummandla ebharhileyo" Afrika kunye Latin America.

Iindidi eziphambili kunye nemithombo ungcoliseko lwamanzi lwehlabathi

Kongcoliseko lwamanzi yokusingqongileyo ukuqonda umda kunene kuvumelekile lamanani izinto eziqulethwe kuzo (iikhompawundi imichiza eyingozi). Kukho kwakhona ikho into zokuncipha kwemithombo yamanzi - ngokonakala komgangatho wamanzi phantsi rhoqo kwempembelelo anthropogenic imisebenzi.

Kukho iindidi ezintathu ezingundoqo ungcoliseko lwamanzi:

• chemical;
• begazi;
• thermal;
• radiation.

Xa indima yokuba ungcoliseko kunokuba nayiphi na into ayidlayo into yoxinzelelo lwamanzi ngenxa yezenzo zabantu. Ngoko ke impahla leyo kakhulu asifanele umgangatho wamanzi zendalo. Enye zingcolisi kakhulu yingozi mihla amafutha kunye nemveliso evela kuyo.

Imithombo kokungcola kuba sisigxina, ngamaxesha okanye ngamaxesha athile. Iiplastiki Indoda-okanye zisenzeka ngokwendalo, kuba ingongoma, yomgama okanye areal.

Lo mthombo inkulu ukungcola ekuthiwa amdaka. Oko kukuthi, abo benziwa ngenxa mveliso, ukwakhiwa okanye umsebenzi zoluntu. Kuvame izinto eziyingozi supersaturated eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo, izinyithi enzima kunye ezincane. Bucala mveliso (kubandakanywa am), ezolimo kunye nezinye zikamasipala iintlobo, amdaka.

Iimpawu kwemithombo yamanzi eRashiya

Russia - lelinye lamazwe kweli hlabathi nto kunengxaki yokunqongophala kwamanzi. imithombo yamanzi lizwe zanamhlanje - million 2.5 imilambo kunye nemisinga, malunga nezigidi ezibini amachibi kunye amakhulu amawaka nemigxobhozo. Intsimi of Russia uhlanjiweyo yi iilwandle elinambini. A isixa esikhulu samanzi acocekileyo ligcinwa zomkhenkce (entabeni ezibandayo).

Ukuphucula ubonelelo lwamanzi kummandla karhulumente yethu wadala amawaka amadama ezahlukeneyo ngobukhulu. Ngokubanzi, ukuba ziqulathe malunga 800 ^km3 amanzi acocekileyo. La maziko bakhonza kuphela amadama njengokuba ngumntu sisibonelelo esinexabiso zendalo, kodwa kwakhona ukulawula urhulumente lwemilambo, ukuthintela izikhukula kunye nezikhukula. Ngenxa yoko, ukubaluleka kwabo ayikwazi babebiza imali.

Phakathi iingxaki eziphambili kwemithombo yamanzi Russia kufuneka kwabiwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi iyasilela;
• Ukonakala kwenye kukulunga amanzi okusela;
• isimo esimaxongo yamanzi kunye nezakhiwo hydraulic.

Ekuphetheni ...

Yintoni na amanzi? Oku konke amanzi uqulathwe kwi kwehayidrosfere. Le oovimba inkulu kwemithombo yamanzi kufuneka amazwe afana ne-Brazil, Russia, Canada, China, Indonesia nase-United States.

Kule imeko yangoku ingxaki longcoliseko nenkunkuma amanzi ehlabathini uba ezingxamisekileyo kakhulu, kwaye kwezinye iingingqi - ingakumbi abukhali. isisombululo sakhe akunakwenzeka ngaphandle ukudityaniswa iinzame onke amazwe ehlabathini kunye nokuphunyezwa ngempumelelo kweeprojekthi ngokubambisana jikelele.