Ulwazi olusisiseko malunga isakhiwo atom: iimpawu kunye awohluke zefomula

Ingaphezulu le - le isuntswana incinane into acid, uyakwazi ukugcina iimpahla zazo. Igama elithi "atom 'sisuka« atomos »isiGrike, gama elo elithetha" sonke ". . Kuxhomekeka yimalini kwaye olunjani amasuntswana kukuba kwi-atom, sinako ukubona element imichiza.

Ngokufutshane malunga isakhiwo atom

Njani ngokufutshane zikho ulwazi olusisiseko malunga isakhiwo atom? Atom kukho isuntswana kunye inucleus zithi kakuhle ityala. Around zecebo zilahlwa kakubi icala ilifu electron. ingaphezulu ngamnye karhulumente yayo oluqhelekileyo cala. Ubungakanani Amasuntswana ngokupheleleyo kumiselwa ubungakanani ilifu electron ojikeleze engundoqo.

I kernel ngokwayo, yena, liquka amasuntswana ezincinane - protons kunye neutron. Protons ezi kakuhle ityala. Neutron musa nayiphi na intlawulo. Nangona kunjalo, le protons kunye neutron kunye zidibene ube ngumasipala omnye woDidi yaye yaziwa ngokuba nucleons. . Ukuba ufuna ingcaciso malunga nesakhiwo atom ngokufutshane, olu lwazi isenokupheleliselwa ukuya data kuluhlu.

Ulwazi lokuqala malunga atom

Malunga efanayo, ukuba lombandela wakhiwe amasuntswana amancinane, eko yi amaGrike amandulo. Ayekholelwa ukuba yonke into ikhona yakhiwa athom. Noko ke, le mbono yaba kuphela yentanda ngokwendalo kwaye ayikwazi lichazwe ngokwenzululwazi.

Ulwazi lokuqala olusisiseko malunga isakhiwo atom yaba sesayensi IsiNgesi Dzhon wayeseDalton. Lilawula umphandi ukufumana ukuba izinto ezimbini ngamachiza alwa ngawona ezahlukeneyo, emasikwini ukuhlanganiswa nganye iya kuba into entsha. Ngokomzekelo, ezisibhozo izinto amalungu ioksijini generate igesi గుర్తులు ibhaloni. Iinxalenye ezine ioksijini - carbon monoxide.

Ngowe-1803, wayeseDalton wafumanisa ekuthiwa-mthetho siswele ezininzi in chemistry. . Ngokwemilinganiso ngqo (ukusukela akukho atom ngoko ayikwazanga zinokujongwa phantsi ngoko iimikroskopu) Daltons wagqiba ukuba ubunzima isalamane-athom.

ucwaningo Rutherford

Phantse nenkulungwane kamva, ulwazi olusisiseko malunga isakhiwo athom yaye ndaqiniseka ngomnye yemichiza IsiNgesi - Ernest Rutherford. Le Isazinzulu ecetywayo umfuziselo electron iqokobhe amasuntswana zincinane.

Ngelo xesha, uRutherford ngokuba "umfuziselo langa ye atom" wayengomnye awona manyathelo abaluleke kakhulu ukuba angenza chemistry. ulwazi olusisiseko malunga nesakhiwo atom wabonisa ukuba efanayo kwisistim solar: jikelele ngumongo omise kakuhle echazwe zijikeleza elektroni amasuntswana, kanye njengoko enze iiplanethi.

athom istili Electronic kunye atom ngezinto eekhemikhali formula

Electron iqokobhe atom nganye iqulethe kanye electron ezininzi njengoko protons yaseburhulumenteni. Ngako oko ke i-atom cala. Ngowe-1913, enye ingcali yenzululwazi wafumana ingcaciso esisiseko malunga isakhiwo atom. ifomula Niels Bohr wayeza efana umntu lowo Rutherford. Ngokutsho ingqiqo, njengoko electron ngeenxa ngumongo, nto leyo ibekwe embindini. Bohr ukulungiswa kwethiyori uRutherford, wenza nemvisiswano izinto zayo.

Nditsho ke, formula ezinye imichiza zenziwa. Umzekelo, isakhiwo oganogram i-atom nitrogen luchazwa njengoko 1s 2 ^{2 2} 2p ^3, isakhiwo oluvakaliswe formula ye-sodium atom ² 2 1 ² 2p ⁶ 3 ^1. Ngokusebenzisa le fomyula zingabonakala, ubungakanani elektroni benze orbitals ngamnye imichiza ethile.

model Schrödinger

Kodwa ke, le modeli atom iphelelwe. ulwazi olusisiseko malunga isakhiwo-atom, nesayensi namhlanje, ngandlela abaninzi baye babe Bulelani zifumaneke yophando yamachiza Austria Schroedinger.

Wacela imodeli entsha lwesakhiwo wayo - igagasi. Ngelo xesha, izazinzulu ziye zabonisa ukuba electron sinikezwe kuphela uhlobo kwisuntswana, kodwa unezixhobo ngeempawu ngamaza.

Noko ke, imodeli Schrödinger kunye Rutherford kukho amalungiselelo jikelele. Ukuba ziyafana kwithiyori ukuba zikho electron kumanqanaba athile.

amanqanaba entswelan zibizwa kwakhona maleko elektroniki. Ngoncedo inombolo kwinqanaba wabonakalisa amandla electron. Ukuba uphakamile umaleko, amandla kokukhona anazo. Onke amanqanaba zithathwa ukusuka ezantsi ukuya phezulu, ngoko ke inani inqanaba ingqamana amandla alo. Ngalinye zomaleko kwi electron iqokobhe atom iye sub-amanqanaba alo. Ngaloo kwinqanaba lokuqala babe sublayer omnye, lo wesibini - ezimbini, eyesithathu - (., Khangela ngentla ifomula nitrogen ngekhompyutha kunye sodium) amathathu kwaye njalo njalo.

Nkqu amagaqa amancinci

Kweli nqanaba, Kakade ke, amasuntswana zibonakale nokuba incinane electron, Proton kunye neutron. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba Proton sakhiwe quarks. Kukho amasuntswana kakhulu iphela - ezifana neutrinos, nto ubukhulu izihlandlo ezilikhulu elingaphantsi quark kunye billion elingaphantsi Proton.

Neutrino - ilungu encinane kangangokuba septillionov ngaphantsi kwe, 10 amaxesha umzekelo, Tyrannosaurus. Tyrannosaurus ngokwalo izihlandlo ezininzi incinane yonke indalo ebonakalayo.

ulwazi olusisiseko malunga isakhiwo atom: yemisebe

Kwaba njalo eyaziwayo ukuba akukho nanye indlela kwemichiza akunakujika element ukuya kwenye. Kodwa inkqubo radiation yenzeka izenzekele.

Imisebe kukuba nako eziba atomic ukuba akuguquki kwezinye nuclei - womelele ngakumbi. Xa abantu befumana ulwazi olusisiseko malunga isakhiwo athom, izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo, ukusa kumkhamo othile kusenokuba ngumfuziselo amaphupha abenzi bamachiza ephakathi.

Xa inkqubo kuwohloka izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo ezintweni radiation eqhumayo. Okwesihlandlo sokuqala into enjalo yafunyanwa ngama Becquerel. Uhlobo ezingundoqo imitha - yeyona ukubola alpha. Xa kukho yazingcolisa ngamasuntswana alpha. Kukho kwakhona ukubola beta, apho olungundoqo betekisi ukusuka-atom, ngokulandelelana, yamasuntswana beta.

izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo yendalo neyenziweyo

Okwangoku siyazi of izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo zendalo 40. Abaninzi kubo ibekwe ngokweendidi ezi ntathu: neyuranium-Radium, thorium kunye actinium. Zonke ezi izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo zifumaneka kwindalo - ematyeni, umhlaba, umoya. Kodwa ngaphandle kubo, akwabizwa malunga namawaka izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo nase ziveliswa zamandla zenyukliya. . Uninzi lwezi izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo kusetyenziswa amayeza, ingakumbi uxilongo.

Ukuphambana ngaphakathi atom

Ukuba ubona atom, ubukhulu apho aya kuthelekiseka ukuya ubungakanani kwibala lemidlalo ngamazwe, ngoko unga abangaboniyo ufumane olinganise zilandelayo. Electron ye atom kwi "yezemidlalo" ezinjalo ziza ingabekwa phezulu le nqwelo. Ngamnye kubo kuya kuba ubukhulu elingaphantsi kwentloko kanotaka. Ngoko ke kernel iya kuba embindini endle, akuyi kuba inkulu ngaphezu ubungakanani-ertyisi ubukhulu bayo.

Ngamanye amaxesha abantu ukubuza umbuzo, enyanisweni kubonakala atom. Enyanisweni, yena ngokoqobo ayikhangeleki nangayiphi na indlela - hayi ngenxa yezizathu inzululwazi ebilindelekile iimikroskopu elungileyo. Imilinganiselo ye atom kubakho ngaloo ndawo apho ingqiqo ka "ukubonakala" nje ayikho.

Athom ziziinkalo ezincinane kakhulu. Kodwa indlela encinane ngokwenyani le milinganiselo? Inyaniso yeyokuba uninzi encinane, ngokulambisa ebonakalayo ukuba abantu iliso okuziinkozo yetyuwa iqulethe malunga omnye atom quintillion.

Ukuba ubona atom elilingana kuvumelana isandla, ngoko ecaleni kuyo ukubhaqa iintsholongwane ubude imitha-300. Le ntsholongwane kuya kuba ubude 3 km, nezinyuko kwe nonwele lomntu ukuba ulingana km 150. Kwindawo lisalele, wakwazi ukuya ngaphaya ojikeleze umhlaba. Kwaye ukuba loo mlinganiselo ngawelixa, iinwele womuntu ubude kufika inyanga. Apha ezifana ngayo atom ezinzima umdla, leyo ufunda izazinzulu ziyaqhubeka ukwenza le namhla.