Imisebe lomhlaba kunye neziphumo zalo

ntliziyo zabantu rhoqo kakhulu echaphazela ngokungalunganga emhlabeni ziyaphila kunye nohlobo ezingaphiliyo. Uphuhliso olukhawulezileyo kushishino, ezolimo ngamandla, iingxaki ulawulo lwenkunkuma - konke oku nzulu kusongela izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni. Kunye nophuhliso lwamandla enyukliya kunye nokuphuculwa kwezixhobo zenyukliya kukho enye ingxaki - nokungcoliswa imihlaba, amanzi, umoya.

Ukuchaza ingxaki

imisebe zomhlaba - oko kwagqithiswa kuyo boxinzelelo radionuclide kwizibonakalisi yereyithi avumelekile ubuninzi ngenxa yezenzo zabantu.

iindawo ezingcolisekileyo luphawulwa amathamo ezibalulekileyo ezingaphezu sesichengeni lwangaphandle nangaphakathi. Ibhekisela imimiselo ye ionizing ukumphilisa International Commission of Protection Radiation (ICRP), i-avareji ithamo ngonyaka radiation iye yaziswa ukuba imihlaba kunye nasemaweni microsieverts 0.25-0.5 ngonyaka ngamnye (mSv / y). Lo mgangatho ichaza ubungakanani radiation ikhuselekile ukuba impilo yabantu kwaye amaxesha amaninzi ngaphantsi oko kuya kubangela ukufa esiphilayo okwelinye iintsuku ezingama-30.

izizathu

Njani na ezinokosulela zomhlaba? Imithombo zongcoliseko - amaqela amabini atom:

• ezenziwe ngumntu;
• zendalo.

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba umhlaba iqulethe atom zendalo. Noko ke, ingqalelo yandiswa ngokubonakalayo ngenxa ukuveliswa, ukugcinwa izinto zendalo ekrwada, ukusetyenzwa, ukufaka isichumiso, ukwenziwa kwazo, amalahle yokutsha nothuthu ukusetyenziswa njengendlela izityalo ukutyebisa okanye kwenziwe ezinye izinto zokwakha, njl

Ngenxa imveliso ngokukhawuleza kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezichumiso ngonyaka ngamnye imali kwimihlaba radioactively ingcolisekile uchatha. Umzekelo, umba zingaqondwa kakuhle yokwandisa lwee- atom emhlabeni ngenxa yokusetyenziswa of potash kunye phosphate nezichumiso.

atom Artificial kukuninzi eyele iinxalenye onokuphila-langa ngenxa udubulo zenyukliya.

Ngoko ke, ezona zizathu ezibangela kungcoliseko lomhlaba zezi:

• uphuhliso olumandla imihlaba emikhulu yezolimo;
• imboni enzima;
• imigodi lwezixhobo zokusebenza zendalo;
• inkunkuma eqhumayo;
• ezikhutshwayo kwimitha yenyukliya;
• test yenyukliya.

imisebe zomhlaba: imiphumela kwamagciwane

Kukho iziphumo ezininzi ezimbi yongcoliseko lomhlaba:

• ifuthe ngqo elibi kwezinto radioactive kwizilwanyana, izityalo kunye nabantu;
• kwesithintelo ebonakalayo yethuba ukusebenzisa izinto zomhlaba ukulungiselela iinjongo zezolimo. Emva kokuba yonke imveliso leyo ifunyenwe kwiyelenqe enjalo ngaphezu kwenqanaba eqhelekileyo abasuka radioactive materials ngenxa ukungcoliswa amadama ezivulekileyo kunye komhlaba, umhlaba yakuhlamba iikhompawundi apho yingozi. Ungcoliseko ezimandundu kungakhokelela ekungakwazini ukusebenzisa amanzi aphilileyo nje ukusela kunye ukupheka, kodwa kwakhona kwi imfuyo desoldering okanye ukunkcenkceshela lomhlaba wezolimo.

Abaphengululi abaninzi bathi ngokoyiswa bume yemisebe medium kukhokelela ukugqiba ukulahleka biogeotsionozov kunye nabantu. Oku kwenzeka xa amanqanaba aphezulu ungcoliseko. iindawo ezinjalo iyalungiswa kummandla yeendawo eziphambili apho kwakukho kukhululwe radiation kwaye, ngenxa yoko, nokungcoliswa komhlaba. Chernobyl - izowuni exclusion emva kwengozi. Ke amakhulu eehektare bafumene idosi womeleleyo radiation, ngenxa leyo isuswe ngokupheleleyo kwizinto ezenziwa ngabantu.

iinkqubo bha

Umhlaba zikwazi iintlobo ezintsonkothileyo kwezinto radioactive. Ukongeza, igcina nabo ixesha elide.

Atom emhlabeni luphawulwa:

• iimpawu zezinto eziphilayo afana esebenzayo;
• iimpawu kunye nokwakhiwa umhlaba ngokwawo;
• iimpawu atom yesi simo;
• sezulu iparameters;
• iimpawu ze landscape.

Atom wondla phezu komhlaba kuhlanganiselo ulwelo, iiminerali, amafutha kwamaqondo eparticulate, njl Inxalenye enkulu zamaqhezu zabo enyibilikayo weyantlukwano yehlabathi 30-90%. Lo mzobo liphezulu ukususela atom kunye kwiteksti. Indlela baziphathe atom kwixesha elizayo - akukho bani owaziyo. lizama Dynamic kwanda ngokunciphisa ukunyibilika depositions zabo. Soil nezinto ezinyibilikayo organic kunye muncu eyodwa yokusingqongileyo echaphazela ukwanda yokufuduka atom osetyenziswa injongo zokuhlanjululwa yayo.

Ukuhamba kwazo imisebe lixhomekeke:

• kuqamba mineralogical;
• nokufumaneka kwayo izithintelo geochemical emhlabeni;
• distribution ubukhulu bamagaqa ;
• iipropati wamatye;
• basabela esiphakathi.

ngokutsha tyaba atom

Ukuqikelela imiphumo ukungcoliseka komhlaba kunokwenzeka kubaluleke kakhulu ukwazi iimpawu yokufuduka atom.

ukwabiwa atom emhlabeni lwenzeka kwi imiyalelo tye kunye nkqo ngendlela yemvelo yaye ngenxa yezizathu bemisebenzi yabantu.

yokufudukela oxwesileyo ngenxa yokuba:

• izithuthi aeolian (igama livela igama lothixo Aeolus umoya);
• ukuchitheka ezikhukhula ebangela ukungcoliseka nisin kakhulu kunye nemigxobhozo;
• inkunkuma yezilwanyana (yimisundululu, iihagu zasendle, abamenzelayo kunye nezinye "ukumba");
• izithuthi;
• evuna ukudla uhlaza kwi amadlelo ezingcolisekileyo;
• imililo ehlathini, ezo izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo ezinamandla kakhulu ukudlulisa factor.

Ubuncinane oxwesileyo yokufudukela waphawula kwi coenoses ehlathini; kwaye ubuninzi - in agrocenoses kwimihlaba ukukhanya. ngokutsha oxwesileyo, kwelinye icala, kunciphisa inqanaba ukungcoliseka komhlaba kunye kweenyuklayidi lwemitha, kwelinye - ukwandisa ummandla usasazo.

yokufudukela tye

Ngokumalunga ngokutsha nkqo, ngoko kuzo zonke iintlobo zemihlaba, oko kade. isantya yomgama yenkqubo ivela iikhilogram ezimbalwa ukuya iisentimitha ezimbini ngonyaka ngamnye. Umhlaba kule meko isebenza njengesithintelo biogeochemical. Studies e Chernobyl kummandla yabonisa ukuba uninzi atom kwi iintsalela ngaphakathi umaleko phezulu womhlaba (malunga ne-10 cm) ixesha elide. Kwaye imithi yalo mmandla izinto radioactive amaninzi inkunkuma (amagqabi, iinaliti) kunye umaleko ophantsi komhlaba (malunga 1-2 cm).

ukufuduka nkqo ye atom kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezifana:

• mlilo;
• imvula, amanzi transfer ukufuma kwamanzi;
• ukudluliselwa kweenkqubo plant ingcambu;
• nemisebenzi yabantu - elima, yokunkcenkceshela.

Le ndawo ziintsholongwane ehlabathini

Kwi emhlabeni, kukho amakhulu kwiindawo radioactively ingcolisekile. Ingozi enkulu ngummandla hanford kwi kwiphondo Washington, USA. Apha isakhiwo omkhulu, ubekwa kwindawo yokuqala ehlabathini kuphuhliso yenyukliya yakhiwa phakathi kwinkulungwane yokugqibela. Ngenxa yemisebenzi yayo kule zingcoliswe indawo 518 square metres. km.

Imihlaba e Somalia ziye zasetyenziswa ukuze kulahlwe okungekho mthethweni kwenkunkuma yenyukliya. site Semipalatnsky e Kazakhstan apho uvavanyo zenyukliya bathwalwa phandle, yenye yeendawo ezininzi radiation-yingozi ehlabathini. Kwidolophu Maili-Suu, Kyrgyzstan, imigodi uranium sele ilungiswe apha naphaya kwi-Union isikali, nto leyo kungomlinganiselo eliphezulu kakhulu labantu izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo radioactive kwimigodi kwisithili.

IChernobyl Indawo ezaziwayo-kakuhle - indawo ofileyo, apho kwenzekayo amakhulu ezininzi eekhilomitha ukungcoliseka komhlaba. Chernobyl - alikho ehlabathini kuphela isikhululo senyukliya samandla, apho kwakukho intlekele enyukliya wonke. Kwenzeka okufanayo Fukushima, Japan. Apha, inyikima itsunami ngoMatshi 2011 wabangela ingozi kwi kwisityalo, nto leyo eye ubunzima ngenxa kwintsimi enkulu.

complex Industrial "Mayak" eRashiya kwisixeko secret "eChelyabinsk-40" kufutshane nedolophu Kyshtym abachatshazelwa yi ngozi 1957. nemiphumela waba imisebe ka-25 000 eehektare zomhlaba olimekayo. Isimo esinjalo ezinkulu malunga OJSC Siberian Chemical Dibanisa e Tomsk Oblast, eRashiya.

Iimpawu ukusetyenziswa kweendawo angcolile

Kumhlaba angemi ikakhulu atom kunye enesiqingatha ubude ukubola: promethium-147, Cerro-144, atom-137, Ruthenium-106 no 103, kwiteksti-90. Kuyingozi kakhulu ukuba izinto eziphilayo kwiteksti-90. Ngoko ke, emadlelweni abanentsholongwane radiation, ihambo agrochemical, agro-technical kunye neminye imisebenzi, ezinako ukukulumkisela ukunciphisa ukududulelwa iikhompawundi eziyingozi ukusuka emhlabeni ukuya kwizityalo. Ukulungiselela le njongo kumnqumla ongaphezulu kunye ukungcwatywa.

Isilinganiso ngempumelelo lo imbewu ezinye iintlobo zezityalo neentlobo, obubonakala ngokuba yincwadi evuliweyo kwinqanaba ubuncinane sokuzuza radionuclide. Wonke umntu uyazi ukuba ngokuzityebisa yezilwanyana, sebenzisa ifidi acocekileyo kuphela. Sorbents zisetyenziswa ongeziweyo ezizodwa zinqanda sicatshulwa kwezinto radioactive kwi ubisi.

umsebenzi wokusindisa ejoliswe ekunciphiseni ukuthathwa atom zibe izityalo. Ukwenza oku kwenza i sorbents zomhlaba, ezifana vermiculite, zeolite, izimbiwa kunye nezongezelelo organic, ikalika. Kwezolimo nciphisa sokuzuza izityalo kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa izenzo atom zolimo. Chithani elima plantage, kunye ingeniso kumiswa. Le ndlela yokulima ikhokelela kukuqiniswa nokungcoliswa radioactive. Ngenxa kule nokwanda kwezinto izityalo kuncitshiswa izihlandlo ezingama-24. Kwezolimo, kufuneka ukutshintsha isakhiwo crop rotation. Kubhetele ukuba uqale ukukhula izityalo kwimizi ezingasetyenziswayo ukutya.

Enye indlela yokusebenzisa le ndawo yonakaliswe ke akhutshwe nawuphi na isiphumo esithile. Umzekelo, ungenza oovimba ezizodwa. Xa okuphawulekayo radiation yangasemva kwindawo losulelo watyala ehlathini, ikakhulu pine.

amanyathelo okhuseleko

amanyathelo Ukhuseleko kwiindawo apho kukho imisebe komhlaba, ezilungiselelwe ukunciphisa imiphumela emibi radiation. Yenziwe izenzo ezinjalo:

• qhinga sophuhliso ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwemveliso kunye kwintsimi kwinqanaba likazwelonke okanye ngamazwe, kuxhomekeke kubungakanani longcoliseko kunye ingozi iyilwe imimandla ezingqongileyo;
• ukutshiswa elwandle, amanyathelo agro-technical;
• kwamagciwane chemical;
• sebenzisa of sorbents;
• kobudala bemisebenzi yabantu;
• wokwazisa uluntu malunga nobungozi kunokwenzeka;
• ukunciphisa ukuthunyelwa nayiphi na imveliso ukusuka kwindawo eyingozi.

Ixesha lolwamkeleko ezi zithintelo ixhomekeke ubukhulu becala lexinene yongcoliseko. Ukongeza, ahlawule ingqalelo sesichengeni ithamo kwemitha. Eli xesha unokuthatha ukusuka kwiiveki eziliqela ukuya kumashumi eminyaka. Ngoko zemvelo ukunciphisa ungcoliseko lomhlaba kunye neziphumo zalo.