Terrain - kunzima ukususa indawo

Terrain - kuba yinxalenye Umhlaba komhlaba kunye nemiqathango nzima ukuhamba. Isihloko, ekuqaleni, oko zanelisa inkcazo, okanye akazange ngokuchanileyo ubeluphawu kwintsimi enjalo. Ruggedness Eli gama lisetyenziswa apha elithetha "ISITENXO" ye kumphezulu womhlaba yi ngamathumba ezahlukeneyo. Bathi ukudala Izitenxo, yaye oku akunyanzelekanga ukuba kuthethe lekhefu. Ngokuseka nga usuke ngaphezu komhlaba.

Village: definition kunye neempawu

Imilambo, amachibi, iinduli neentaba, zamahlathi nakwimimmandla emanzi - konke oku kutshintsha imilo ngaphantsi komhlaba. Terrain - ingqiqo ethetha into kanye kuluphawu ummandla efanayo. Esi sichazi-magama yesenzi "umnqamlezo" libonisa ukuba kweli binzana lisetyenziswa kwi ixabiso onefuthe esemgangathweni okanye iimpawu inxalenye ethile. Ngenye indlela, sinokuthi kule ndawo kumphezulu womhlaba lo zisikwe yi izinto ezahlukeneyo isiqabu.

Enendawo kuthetha ukuba indawo yi-20% okanye iintlobo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo nemiqobo, leyo indlela kuyakukuqhwalelisa intshukumo lula. Basenokuba ngokwendalo wenzeka okanye zamntu izinto. Ukuba miqobo ngaphantsi kwe-20%, kulisiko ukuthetha malunga crossovers ezincinane.

Roads, iibhulurho, imijelo yaye iindawo zokuhlala zakhiwa ngabo umntu, kwaye iinkalo zezifundo. Kwaye yonke loo indalo wadala, kuthiwa isiqabu. Odlula Science esifunda ezi zinto ngamnye, ukuhlanganiswa kwabo, kwakunye neendlela ukubonisa kuzo kwimephu.

Ngenxa yoko, phantsi ezithile namageduka ukuyiqonda mhlaba ezikhoyo izitenxo yayo umgangatho izinto zendalo kunye esidalwe ngumntu (izinto). Ukuba ngaphantsi kwe-10%, ngoko le ndawo kucingwa ukuba non-ekudibaneni. Ngaphezu kwama-30% - ubungqina umnqamlezo olomeleleyo.

Permeability - ipropati kwintsimi efanayo, enika malunga lula okanye ubunzima zeentshukumo zakhe. Apha ke into ephambili kukuba ubukho okanye ukungabikho kothungelwano lwendlela. Kucacile ukuba ubukho ezingxingweni, imilambo, amahlathi okanye imigxobhozo kunciphisa permeability. Ukuyandisa, kuyimfuneko ukuba enze umsebenzi engineering.

Ngoko ke, indawo yonke ngaphandle indlela ngokuqhelekileyo emnqamlezweni. degree yayo ixhomekeke kubukho okanye ukungabikho imiqobo kuyo njengepesenti. Yaba iinxalenye Easy kwaye kunzima, kwakunye neendawo apho kungekho amathuba intshukumo.

iimpawu

Sezwe (photo ithunyelwe ngeposi kwinqaku) yahlulwe ngokuxhomekeke ukubukela amathuba. Kuyinto evulekileyo, ukuba indawo sibonakala lula ukuya kwi-75% kuzo zonke iindlela. Xa ujonga isidanga ngaphantsi sithethe kuyimfihlo. Ixabiso eliphakathi kufuneka luphawulwa bewela eziqhelekileyo. Le yeyona iphambili kule meko phambi amahlathi, imiyezo, iinduli, iindawo zokuhlala kunye nezibonelelo, zinciphise ukubonakala.

Umhlaba kunye nohlaza kuyo uze wenze utshintsho. Kuxhomekeka kwiindawo zabo uhlobo na entlango, emathafeni, ehlathini, kumathafa, imigxobhozo kunye neendidi zotshintsho. Elimi kunokuba bahambe ezindulini, iflethi okanye ezintabeni. Kuba kumphezulu othe tyaba iphawulwa ukuphakama m 300 ngentla komgangatho wolwandle enemiqathango. Namageduka - ikakhulu intsimi esentabeni kunye nzima ngakumbi enendawo. iindawo ezisezintabeni zohlulwa ngokwendidi ezintathu ngokuxhomekeke eziphakamileyo ezikhoyo :. Phantsi - ku-1000 m, avareji - ukuya ku-2000 iimitha eliphezulu - iimitha ngaphezu kwama 2,000 zazihamba uzimisele ezisezintabeni ukuya m 500.

Okukodwa

Amageduka ichaphazela yezitshixo kunye nendawo zokuhlala kuthungelwano lwendlela. Ukusuka ku othile zixhomekeke kwiimpawu zemozulu lommandla. Umhlaba kwezi ndawo ngokufuthi ezithile. Oku kuchaphazela uhlaza, amanqanaba amanzi aphantsi komhlaba kunye namathuba ukusetyenziswa kwabo iimfuno zabantu kunye Ukutyala yenkcubeko Oomatshini.

Umhlaba omnyama kakhulu otyebileyo ndakubona abasondeleyo kubo imihlaba nezompleyini. Kodwa kuba iindlela zegrabile ngelixa ngobuninzi imvula ingaphantsi efanelekileyo. Eyona eqhelekileyo semi-Sandy obambe kunye netyuwa nezimbuku. Kwenziwa, ngokungafaniyo umhlaba (echumayo maleko phezulu) ziluncedo kakhulu ukwakhiwa. Le nto ke yohlulwe enamatye, loose kunye intermediates.

Objects ndawo, kuye ngenjongo, indawo, imilo kunye imvelaphi lungohlulwa lube iintlobo:

• zokuhlala;
• ezakhiwe kwishishini, ezolimo kunye nenkcubeko;
• network zendlela zezithuthi yonxibelelwano;
• imigca unxibelelwano namandla;
• uhlaza;
• izinto lokuhlola amanzi (imilambo, amachweba) kunye neempawu namanzi kunye nabo (kumazibuko, marinas, piers).

izinto zokunceda

Terrain - it lazo, nokumisela uhlobo kunye nohlobo kumphezulu womhlaba. Zahlula-hlulwe iintlobo isiqabu. Mandulo - i intaba angqukuva okanye etsobhileyo. Inxalenye ephezulu inokuba ifomu etsolo (incopho) okanye ukuba moya (ihewu). Mount isiseko kuthiwa kuphela kunye icala lijongene - iindlovu. Ukuba ukuphakama ukuyilwa ukuya kwi-200 m, kuyinto eqhelekileyo ukuba ukubiza kuyo induli. Ukuba eyenziwe ngumntu, ngaba udonga. ezisezintabeni emininzi ezicwangciswe kwicala elinye ukwenza enamathambeka.

Ukwehlisa omqengqelezi ndidandatheke isitya-elibizwa ivalekile-isitya. Ukuba incinane, yinto umngxuma. UDell wabiza indawo ukuncitshiswa ngokuqaphelekayo kwicala elifanayo ngokucacileyo uxinezeleko buqapheleke. Ukuba ukubunjwa okunjalo elintlangothi amqengqelezi kumathambeka, ibizwa ngokuba kumwonyo. Phakathi iincopho ezimbini okufuphi kummango bazikhanda ukuwa. Loo ukubunjwa kuthiwa isali.

Abahamba phezu ezimbi

Complex namageduka nemiqobo ukuhamba kwimo yesiqhelo akafanelanga kakhulu. Ukuba kufuneka uye kungena kule ndawo, kungcono ukukhetha owaziwayo isilwanyana umkhondo, emigodini kunye izinto ukholosile elele phantsi. Ukuze kuphakanyiswe yokukhwela intaba kuyacetyiswa ukuba asebenzise izixhobo abangabancedani kunye nezincedisi. Ingakumbi ubutyobo esiyingozi, ekubeni abanokwenza rockfall.

Movement iinxalenye tyaba inokwenziwa walinganisa ukuhamba ezinesingqi okanye ephunyezwayo (njengomtyibilizi). Imiqobo yenza isantya ukuba bawajonge ngenyameko ezinyaweni zakhe, khon 'ukuze ukujika unyawo okanye enyelisa. Forest, kumgxobhozo, ematyholweni, isanti okanye ikhephu - konke oku kufuna ukuphuhliswa amanyathelo ezithile.

Ukufumaneka imithwalo ngasemva, kwithambeka okanye umnika ephinde iimfuno ezongezelelweyo. Ukwehla ngamanye amaxesha kucetyiswa ukuba wenze "yeNyoka". Xa uyithobele umlenze engumnqantsa ukuze babeke kuzo zonke unyawo okanye wozibeka "herringbone", esasaza iikawusi esandleni, yaye umzimba ibheke kancinci phambili.

gymkhana

Terrain - indawo efanelekileyo kolu khuphiswano. Zingakotshwa zicwangciswe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ezingama phezu intsimi, snaring, ukubaleka isuti, Ukuskiya, iibhayisekile, izithuthuthu kunye neemoto. -Cross kwilizwe inxalenye esinye sezifundo lwecala. Ukhuphiswano lokuqala kulo mdlalo (cross-lizwe) ziye zabanjwa ngowe-1837. World Championship ebibanjwe ngo-1973. ukhuphiswano esemthethweni ngokuqhelekileyo ekwindla nasebusika emva kokugqitywa engundoqo endleleni nasebaleni lonyaka.

-Cross lizwe isemgangathweni isebenza kuzo zonke izihlunu kunye neenkqubo zomzimba. Ingoma lidla ibekwe kwindawo ehlathini okanye kwiindawo ezivulekileyo. Ubude kusenokuba, kuxhomekeke kubunzima kwicandelo ukusuka km-3 ukuya ku-12. iimeko zendalo khuphiswano ayiphazamiseki. izizwe badla kuqhubeka yimvula, ikhephu kunye nemimoya enamandla.

-Cross lizwe uqeqesha ngaphandle amandla izihlunu unyamezelo, someleza amalungu nemisipha, apholise inkqubo intliziyo olujikeleza. Layisha kwi ekoyiseni imiqobo ngempumelelo ndinciphise uxinezeleko nokusebenza igunya namandla.