Imbali zophononongo lwe-Afrika. Uphando lwabahambi Russian e-Afrika

Afrika - izwekazi elikude yaye kungakholeleki, apho wavula sisifa ukuba abeLungu kutshanje. De eminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, bekungekho iimephu iinkcukacha, nkqu kunye nomfanekiso lwamazwe ezingaqhelekanga yetropika ase-Afrika. Imbali isifundo kwelizwekazi izele iziganeko umdla kunye neenkcukacha esingaqhelekanga bafanelwe ingqalelo. Table (Afrika uphando olwenziwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo) zingenziwa ukuba baqonde. Ngoko ungenza ufumane uluvo jikelele owayendifundisa lizwekazi, kwaye sizigqale Ufundo ngakumbi.

Ukuhamba East Africa

Ngenkulungwane elinesixhenxe, baseYurophu akazange wawo wonke ulwazi oluyimfuneko eendawo. ingakumbi izifundo Afrika, ezinxulumene kumazwe iMeditera kuphela. Ngoko ke, abaphandi abaninzi baye bafuna belizwekazi ingcaciso engaphezulu. Ekupheleni elinesixhenxe ugqirha French kwinkulungwane ogama Charles Zhak Ponse Ethiopia waseka ikhonkco yoLwandle iMeditera (eyayisakubizwa ngokuba isiPhuthukezi waya kuphela Olubomvu). Kunye nale mission wamaJesuit, ISAZINZULU wenyuka umNayile, awela intlango Nubian yaye baphelela kwikomkhulu, apho isigulane iye wamphilisa noMlawuli Ieyasu kuqala. uhambo wayo ozakube usaqhutywa wathunyelwa eLwandle oluBomvu, apho wenza uhambo rhoqo kwi-Portuguese Lower eYiputa, yaye ukusuka apho wabuyela eFransi.

Emva umphengululi abafunqulayo ukufundisisa Afrika, waba yaseScotland Dzheyms Bryus. Okubangel 'umdla ukuba ugqirha, ngokunjalo Ponce. Wafunda indlela ukusuka Alexandria ukuba Ethiopia, beyiqhuba umkhoko entlango Arabhu, watyelela lalikunxweme eLwandle oluBomvu, ukubhalwa nesiqwenga unxweme. Ekuhambeni yezonyango, naye etyelela Lake Tana. Ibali lakhe lobuqu kwafunyanwa Afrika ichazwe kwincwadi ethi "Ukuya ukuvula umthombo Nile ngo-1768-1773 gg.", Yiyiphi yapapashwa ngowe-1790. Inkangeleko yalo msebenzi kwatsala ingqalelo zejografi kwilizwekazi kwaye isiqalo ukuba inani lezifundo ezintsha.

Study of the White Nile

Ibhanki lasekhohlo Bahr-el-Abyad elide baseYurophu baye "kwilizwe twisiseni." Belyy Nil iye yanxulunyaniswa ezahlukeneyo iindlela zorhwebo Ethiopia kaThixo. Lokuqala European ophumelele omnye kubo, yaba eliNgesi, uWilliam Dzhordzh Braun. Wayefuna ukuphonononga Darfur, kodwa umlawuli lizwe wamalela ukuba enze njalo. Kwikomkhulu, phantsi igama El-Fasher zakudala kwanyanzeleka ukuba bachithe iminyaka emithathu njengoko Sultan akazange avumele ukuba babuyele eYiputa. Nangona ezinjalo kwizifundo Afrika, Brown waqokelela eninzi data oluxabisekileyo le ngxelo. Kude eko zenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, inkcazelo yakhe eDarfur, ibekwe kummandla Sudan mihla, kwaba kuphela.

West Africa

Ide kweyeshumi elinesibhozo, baseYurophu babewazi nje inxalenye olungqonge swimming pool ye-Gambia River. Indawo Geographical kunye nesifundo Afrika sasingumba umdla Stibsa eliNgesi uBhartolomeyu, owathi ngo-1723 kulandelwa km 500 ngakumbi bafunda phambi kwimimandla waza wafika entabeni massif ka Fouta Djallon. Wafumanisa ukuba Gambia ayikho enxulumene Niger iqala kwenye indawo ekufutshane. Emva ngohambo lwakhe amagosa British Smith & Leach, alicanda kwaye kusetyenzwe uququzelelo ngqo omlambo ngo-1732. negalelo elibonakalayo isiFrentshi ekhohlo. Uphando zabo Afrika Senegal sokuhlambela, apho baye bafunda ngokweenkcukacha yamakoloni. Iimpawu ezibonisa Andre Bru, umlawuli owayesakuba inkampani leyo. Wafunda unxweme Atlantic waza waba ngowokuqala European oqale kwinzame ukungena kuwo kwinxalenye engaphakathi belizwekazi kwisiseko mhlathi. iingxelo zakhe ngayo wevangeli Zhan Batist Laba, owabhala incwadi ngokusekelwe zabo "incazelo omtsha kwiNtshona Afrika." Lo msebenzi yapapashwa ngo-1728 kwaye iye yaba yinto mthombo obalulekileyo ulwazi malunga ndawo.

Ukuvela Association African

Uninzi kwimimandla embindini ilizwekazi wahlala unexplored nkqu kwisiqingatha sesibini kweyeshumi elinesibhozo. Ukuze aqhubeke nesifundo yeAfrika, oko yasekwa Association of Joseph Banks. Kwakufuneka ukuba ukusombulula ezininzi iingxaki. Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukuba ufumane imithombo ye-White Nile. Okwesibini, ongaziwa uququzelelo ngqo eNiger River. Okwesithathu, yagqabhuka unexplored Congo kunye Zambezi. Okokugqibela, kubalulekile ukuba bahlole imijelo emilambo Afrika enkulu ukubona okungenzeka. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukwenza ukujongana nakummandla ongqonge eNiger. Ngoko ke, i-Association African wathumela zobuntlola ezininzi apho. Zonke iinzame yaphela ukufa abakhenkethi okanye nje ilothe nto. Scot mungo Park wamenyelwa yophando. Yena waya empuma zikhwele emahasheni, kunye nabakhonzi Afrika. Impumelelo ngohambo lwakhe mungo linyanzelekile ukuba ukulandela ingcamango kwiindawo uAkenzelwanga ekule Muslims. Ngoko ke waba nako ukufikelela eNiger. Ukubuyela eNgilani, wapapasha incwadi ethi "Journey nzulu Afrika ngo-1795-1797 gg.", Kodwa ezinye iindawo baye bahlala ezingaziwayo kuye.

igalelo Portuguese

Uluhlu lwabantu abathe bafunda mpumalanga, kuquka abantu abavela kumazwe awahlukeneyo. Uphononongo lwaqhutywa kwi-Afrika kunye isiPhuthukezi. iinzame zabo ziye ekufumaneka nezitya of the Congo River, i-CPA kunye Cuango. Ngaphezu koko, wabancina isixeko Portuguese of Angola - Benguela kunye Luanda. Ethatha inxaxheba kuphando kunye nabashumayeli, capuchins. Bavunyelwa ukuba bahambe ukumkani Portuguese. Omnye Capuchins, i-Italian Giovanni Antonio Kavatstsi, wafundela lonke Angola, emva koko yapapasha inqaku echanekileyo. Asiphumelelanga ngaphantsi isiPhuthukezi wahlola Zambezi sokuhlambela, apho asebenza ababefuna igolide. amakhadi abo liyavunyelwa ukuba ukuqonda kakuhle eli lizwekazi.

Emazantsi kwelizwekazi

yimbali izovela kunye nophando kwi-Afrika kummandla we-Cape of Good Hope enxulumene Dutch. Apho afumana ilali, ngoku eyaziwa ngokuba Kapa. Kwaye kwakukho uhambo ezinkulu kwimimandla zinzulu belizwekazi. Phakathi kwenkulungwane elinesibhozo i Dutch yakwazi mephu wonke ummandla oselunxwemeni. Ingakumbi woku hambo ka-Frederick Augustus Beutler, wenza ukuba i-Great Kei River. Olifants River yavulwa ngu Jan Dantkartom kunye Orange wafumana uYakobi Coetzee. Ukuya emantla Dutch wafumanisa engaziwayo ngaphambili Namkavalend uhlawule ngaphezulu, kodwa ke akazange avunyelwe ukuba ubushushu.

Madagascar

kuba imbali yokuphanda Afrika akaphelelanga ngaphandle lokuhlola siqithi. Wavula French wakhe. Etienne Flakur wenza amaphulo aliqela eziphumelelayo besiza yesiqithi, yaye ngowe-1658 wapapasha "I History of isiqithi Omkhulu eMadagascar," apho inkcazelo eneenkcukacha zonke wafundela ngaphambili. Olu xwebhu kubalulekile, nto leyo kuseyinto ukuba ibaluleke kakhulu. Ngenxa yesiphumo zobuntlola isiFrentshi yakwazi ukuseka kakubi siqithi, yaye Madagascar waba ithanga esemthethweni.

igalelo Russian

Amazwe amaninzi bathunyelwa kwilizwekazi hambo twisiseka. Akuzange ngaphandle, kwaye Empire Russian. Studies Afrika bahambi Russian kwakubangelwa ukuya kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. imimandla Central wafunda Kovalevsky, ngubani wamenywa ukuba kumbiwa kwimigodi igolide umlawuli waseYiputa. Waye e Cairo, i Nubian Intlango, Berbera kunye Khartoum, wafundela Pool Tumat waza wafikelela kufikelela ayo aphezulu, waba yaseYurophu wokuqala zihambile ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Enye nzulu esidumileyo waba Tsenkovsky, oye wafunda Valley umNayile. Wamngenisa an amazing nemiboniso yesayensi yemvelo Russian. Afrika Kwakukuhle kunye odumileyo Maclay, ngubani oye wafunda Sudan ne-Eritrea, enxuseneyo liqhuba uphando umyezo. Okokugqibela, kufanelekile ukuba sikhankanye Juncker nokukhenketha yakhe njengenxenye zemvula. Wayephila iminyaka eliqela ezizweni zasendle waza wafumana inkcazelo malunga nabantu basekuhlaleni, leyo ufunda imbali Afrika wayengazi nokuba ngaphambili okanye emva.