Ion crystal ngekroba

Eziqinileyo ezikhoyo crystalline kwaye amorphous yaye ngokukhethekayo babe isakhiwo crystalline. Eyahluke indawo elichanekileyo Amasuntswana amanqaku azichazwa ngqo, esibonakala ukuphinda ngamaxesha athile xa sibala ngokomthamo, isithuba-ntathu. Ukuba engqondweni ukudibanisa ezi ngongoma iqonde - ukufumana isakhelo space, ekuthiwa crystal ngekroba. Igama elithi "emkhusaneni crystalline" libhekisela ngokomfuziselo zejometri leyo ichaza periodicity-ntathu sibeke molekyuli (athom, ion) kwindawo njengekristale.

ezibizwa amanqaku indawo kwiindawo ngekroba. Ngaphakathi isakhelo kukho unxibelelwano phakathi node. Uhlobo nohlobo therebetween amasuntswana zonxibelelwano: molekyuli athom, ion - ukuqinisekisa ukuba uhlobo yikristale ngekroba. Xa iyonke kukho ezine ezi ntlobo: ionic, atom, ezinto eziphilayo nentsimbi.

Ukuba amanqaku emkhusaneni amalungiselelo ion (amasuntswana nentlawulo negative okanye positive), oku ion crystal emkhusaneni, luphawulwa unxibelelwano kwegama elifanayo.

La makhonkco beqine kunene kwaye bezinzile. Ngenxa yoko, ii-arhente kunye olu hlobo lwesakhiwo abe lukhuni sezingeni eliphezulu nokuxinana, non-eguqukayo kwaye eliyinjubaqa. Kumaqondo obushushu asezantsi, benza njengoko insulators. Noko ke, phezu ukunyibilika iikhompawundi ezifana kwaphulwa geometrically echanekileyo ion crystal emkhusaneni (ion indawo) nokuncipha uqhagamshelo namandla.

Kubushushu kufutshane lobushushu yokunyibilika beqela ziikristale ngemixokelelwane ionic sele akwazi ukwenza ombane. iikhompawundi ezifana kulula enyibilikayo emanzini kunye nezinye izinto, nto leyo iqanjwa iimolekyuli polar.

Ion crystal emkhusaneni uphawu zonke izinto ngemixokelelwane ionic - iityuwa, hydroxides zesinyithi, metal iikhompawundi yokubini kunye nonmetals. bond Ionic ayinayo directivity kwisithuba kuba ion nganye lu dityanisiwe ion counter eziliqela, amandla yentsebenziswano kuxhomekeke kumgama phakathi kwabo (umthetho Coulomb kaThixo). zithako ezinxulumene-Ion ukuba isakhiwo non-eziphilayo, ukuba eziqinileyo kunye ezikrobeni ionic, polar kakhulu, ukunyibilika aphezulu amaqondo okubila, xa isisombululo zolwelo, oko kagesi conductive. Zithako ngemixokelelwane ionic kwifomu yayo enyulu phantse ayifumanekanga.

Ion crystal emkhusaneni uphawu ezinye oxides eziphambili kunye hydroxides zesinyithi, iityuwa, ngamanye amazwi, Substances i ionic gqithisela.

Ukongeza kukho ngokuzikhanyeza, ebuntsimbi, eziphilayo covalent iibhondi ionic kwi njengekristale.

Ziikristale ukuba ibhondi covalent, ngaba semiconductors okanye insulators. yimizekelo ephawulekayo ziikristale zilibhude diamond, lesilicon kunye germanium.

Diamond - ngezimbiwa cc allotropic loguqulelo (ifom) of carbon. Lokusebenzisa emkhusaneni diamond - enyukliya, inzima kakhulu. Le yindawo a athom emkhusaneni enjengale amaqhina oqhagamshelwano nge obusenyongweni kakhulu covalent. Diamond ubunjwe athom carbon ezahlukeneyo ibekwe omnye embindini a tetrahedron, ogama eziphezulu ezi ezine atom elikufutshane. Loo efestileni luphawulwa FCC unit iseli, nto leyo yokuqaqadeka ubuninzi diamond nendawo eliphezulu yokunyibilika. In emkhusaneni diamond akukho molekyuli - kwaye crystal zingathathwa njengomnye molecule bale.

Ukongeza, i-atom yikristale emkhusaneni uphawu lesilicon, boron eziqinileyo, germanium kunye iikhompawundi lweziqalelo ngamnye kunye lesilicon kunye carbon (dust, zwi, mica, isanti umlambo, lesilicon khabhayithi). Ngokubanzi, abameli of eziqinileyo crystalline kunye emkhusaneni atomic ambalwa.