Imbali umzi Ivanovo: umnyaka isiseko, imboni ezinika

Future Ivanovo wavela kwidolophu yamahlwempu encinane kufuphi woonongendi Orthodox ngenkulungwane XVII. Ngokuthe ngcembe, kwilali ukhule Bulelani kuphuhliso noshishino lwempahla eyolukiweyo yasekuhlaleni. Ukususela ngenkulungwane XIX, liziko ezinkulu mveliso kunye esazisa ebalulekileyo yelizwe.

I okuqala

Imbali Ivanovo-ibhalwe yesixeko yaqala ngo-1609, xa yokuhlala okwesihlandlo sokuqala yeembali ezibhaliweyo kuBathathu Emnye-uSergiyo Lavra. Ngokutsho kulo mthombo, idolophu encinane waliseka abalimi obalekayo abashiya sigodlo patrimonial wahlala. Ukuze bhidisa kuyo kunye nezinye iindawo zokuhlala Ivanovo ezinamagama afanayo, ngamanye amaxesha ibizwa ngokuba Ivanovo-Kohomskim (olulandelayo Kohma inqaba).

Sisihlandlo sokuqala lali oxhulumene kwi the Time Iingxaki, xa eRashiya wakhathazwa bemfazwe kunye nongenelelo Polish. abahlaseli baye ada aya kufika Ivanovo. ERussia iphangwe ukwimeko embi, akwabakho umkhosi eyomeleleyo, leyo niziqhekeze bandigxotha aba bahlaseli. Ngowe-1608-1609 gg. elalini yayisetyenziswa njengendawo reference umkhosi leepali, Lithuanians kunye Cossacks abaxhasi False nguDmitry II. Sele kwinkulungwane XX, abembi bafumanisa phakathi iyunifomu isixeko xesha, enziwe kwi imodeli West yaseYurophu. Ngowe-1609-m (kunyaka base Ivanovo) ilali yayincinane, yaye kangangexesha elithile wahlala zokuqhubela. Kodwa ukukhula ngakumbi kwezoqoqosho kuye wayenza neziko elibalulekileyo kwimveliso textile.

Boyar ngezinto zezindlu zooyise

Phambi kokuqalisa iindawo Iingxaki ngeenxa Kokhma yaba nempembelelo Prince Skopin-Shumsky. Kwinkulungwane XVI Pokrovsky weemonki yasungulwa apha. Kukholelwa ukuba inkokeli odumileyo emkhosini uMikhail Skopin-Shumsky wachitha ebuntwaneni bakhe kulo mmandla. Imbali kwisixeko Ivanovo - a Umzekelo wendlela kwilali yamahlwempu kwimiphetho karhulumente Russian. Abantu balapha Sizibandakanye amalaphu yokuvelisa yokudaya evela neflakisi, esetyenziswa ukwenza webs. Ukufuya apha kakubi yaphuhliswa ngenxa kumhlaba nizkoplodorodnyh.

Phantsi Tsar uMikhail Fedorovich yaba ukubala, ulwazi malunga leyo igcinwe imithombo. Ngenxa kula maxwebhu namhlanje kwaye wadlala imbali isixeko Ivanovo. Kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane XVII, kwakukho abangaphezu kwekhulu neemitha, oko kukuthi inani elikhulu indawo ekude enjalo.

yokuhlala Nabo Old

Lo mfula eziphambili umlambo iinqanawa Ivanovo Uvod. Ngenxa yakhe, abahlali lali bakwazi ukuseka ubuhlobo kwezoqoqosho kunye iingingqi ezikufuphi olomeleleyo. Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, umhlaba kule ndawo akavumelekanga ukuba ikhule ingqolowa, kodwa imeko enkulu ukuqokelela isivuno enkulu yeflakisi.

Ngowe-1638, emva kokuba uhlanga Skopin-Shuisky wafa phantsi, kwilali wegqitha kwiinkosana Cherkassky. Nasemva kweminyaka engama-30 abemi Ivanovo wayesele abantu 800, hayi kuquka ulawulo kunye nabefundisi. Ukuqhubeka ukuvela iitempile. Ukuba inani lawo isalathisi engundoqo ukwanda kunye nokwandiswa nayiphi ilali Russian ngelo xesha. Xa lizwe kwakukho kwahlukahlukana, ezinxulumene kunye utshintsho ka uBhishophu Nikon, indawo waphuphuma kunye Amakholwa Old. Le ke Imbali Ivanovo isixeko iye yanxulunyaniswa ngokusondeleyo popovtsev intshukumo. Aba bantu babaleka ukuya kummandla ongaphandle lizwe kude ukusuka kurhulumente kazwelonke, zinganakwa njengabaqhekeki.

Elikomkhulu noshishino lwempahla eyolukiweyo i

Uphuhliso yakhokelela ukuvela ukwaluka apha iinkosi kwilali yase canvases ngelaphu eprintiweyo. Ngale ndlela, isicelo ukuya iipateni impahla elizayo kunye nombala mzekeliso. Ivanovo njenge ingqukuva alukiweyo of Russia kwenzeka kwinkulungwane XVII. impahla Local zithengiselwa kwi ngeendibano kwiingingqi ezahlukeneyo kweli lizwe. Ezi amalaphu zisetyenziswa kwemfuno enkulu phakathi kwabantu ngokubanzi.

Ngcembe Inzuzo ngakumbi nangakumbi kuhlala Ivanovo, iyenza zinemali ngaphezulu. iingcibi Local wasebenza Astrakhan kwaye ngalo kumazwe asempuma - .. wasePersi, neCaucasus, njl Ezi ubudlelwane kwezoqoqosho nempembelelo ubugcisa ngokwayo iitephu. iimveliso Ivanovo baqalisa ukuthwala yamanyala lwenkcubeko wasempuma.

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XVIII, Tsar uPetros I liqalise ngokuhlanganisa noshishino lwempahla eyolukiweyo le. Xa ufumene kwilali indlu amasiko yakhe Ivanovo. abasebenzi balo eziqokelelwe irhafu zorhwebo, apho waya zobuncwane. Noko ke, kukho yagcwala siphinde labasebenzi, yaqala ukuvela kwiindawo ezintsha zoluntu, ezifana pubs. Njengazo zonke ezinye iindawo zokuhlala Russian eli xesha, lali ubunzima ngenxa yemililo rhoqo. Ngokomzekelo, ngowe-1723 ibe ngumlilo iiyadi ngaphezulu kwama-200, eshiya abahlali abaninzi ngaphandle amakhaya kunye nekhusi.

imbonakalo yoqhawulo-phepha

Isimanga, ukubaluleka kwezoqoqosho Ivanovo liye lenyuka ngenxa leMfazwe ka-1812. Xa umkhosi UNapoleon kaThixo ahlasela eMoscow wayenza ngomlilo omkhulu utshiswe ngomlilo, kuquka eMoscow nokuzakhela ngokufaka. Emva koko, Ivanovo mveliso ixesha elide akazange ahlangabezane kokhuphiswano kwiimarike basekhaya angaphandle. Ngentembelo wathabatha yayigcinwa zoqoqosho, nto leyo ke bekungekho mntu umphayo.

Ukuba ngo 1810 intengiso amalaphu Ivanovo bezisa engange million 1, okanye iminyaka 7 kamva eli nani liye landa ngokuphindwe 7. Kwakukho ubukhosi fabrikantskie wengingqi - .. Kuvaeva, Polushina, Garelina njalo imali nje kuphela imveliso yawo, kodwa kwizibonelelo ezidolophini. mveliso Local baqala ukuza nje kuphela kwizixeko ezikufutshane eMoscow, kodwa abavela kwamanye amazwe.

Nakuba kamva wakhala-, kodwa Ivanovo ngenkulungwane XIX liqala revolution mveliso. Abanini Business iqhubekela kude umsebenzi wezandla ukuya mveliso ivula yemveliso imoto. amashishini amatsha kuvumela ukunyusa isantya imveliso kunye nenzuzo evela zorhwebo. Saqala ukuvela mveliso ezintsha engenakuthanani ngokungqalileyo eyolukiweyo, kodwa indima yenkxaso. Yaba acid, zenkcenkce, mechanical kunye cotton lokusila. Kwanangaphambi ukupheliswa serfdom Ivanovo abalimi abaninzi ngenxa yokuba uqoqosho lwayo textile ngentlawulelo ngokuthanda bade babe nabathengi. Ukuze asebenze kwi sakhiwo sitsha amalungiselelo amahlwempu kunye namahlwempu kwiidolophu ezikufutshane. Aba bantu kuhlala Posada, ogama inani kwanda.

Isimo esi sixeko

Ngowe-1872, Tsar Alexander II isalelo malunga nokusekwa isixeko Ivanovo-Voznesensk. Ngesi senzo, oko formalizes a accompli bakwazi. Le lali ikhule ixesha elide, kwaba kukhulu kakhulu amandla yayo kwezoqoqosho kwidolophu encinane zokuqhubela kwiphondo Vladimir. Umzabalazo zokusekwa mzi lwaqhutywa yi abasemagunyeni amashumi eminyaka.

Emva ngo 1853 zokuhlala eziliqela wabonakala ngeenxa kwidolophana, kokuba bamanyane e Voznesensky Posad. labantu balo 3.5 amawaka amagcisa kunye nabasebenzi. Abahlali bendawo baba kabini ezininzi, kodwa ngokoqoqosho ngasemva kakhulu. Le tenements baba ukuhlala burgher Duma, usihlalo okwaba abenzi eziphezulu.

Eli liphulo yabucala ye mveliso umfutho omtsha kuphuhliso Ivanovo. Russia ngo-1860 abanamava iinguqu eziliqela olukhulu. Uqoqosho laqalisa emigceni nkulu mihla. On imali banikwa yabucala Hospital yamiselwa ukuba abasebenzi, isikolo yobugcisa abantwana babo, ngokunjalo kumathala eencwadi. Namhlanje ezi zakhiwo - amangcwaba Ivanovo.

Ngenxa yokuba i-American Civil War eRashiya ziye phantse bayeke ukuzisa apho cotton. Oku kuyehla umxholo ukukhula kwezoqoqosho Ivanovo. Nangona kunjalo, ikomkhulu neyalukiweyo of Russia waqalisa ukukhula ngenxa ukupheliswa serfdom kunye nencindi abalimi le mveliso. Ukuba ukukhula kwamanani oluntu kunye nokwanda kwenani lwamashishini yanyanzela urhulumente kazwelonke ukuba banikele ingqalelo kule lali ayinike status sixeko.

zaqalwa uyazazi

Xa zikhula ngokukhawuleza Ivanovo-Voznesensk zaye Ekufikeni bonke abasebenzi abatsha. Ngenxa inani elikhulu mveliso kunye nendawo eyodwa kuqoqosho isixeko nokuba yaziwa ngokuba "Russian Manchester". Nangona kunjalo, ukwandisa ubunzima ukusebenza kwakhokelela ekwandeni nengxabano ekuhlaleni. Kungenxa yoko le nto ebudeni ekuqaleni revolutions kwenkulungwane XX yonke imimandla Ivanovo izanyazanyiswa uqhanqalazo, ugwayimbo kunye nezinye iintlobo kuqhankqalazo yesigaba namagunya.

Esi sixeko saba liziko nokutsala abaxhasi iingcamango olukhulu kwezopolitiko. Ngowe-1892 kwabonakala kwisangqa yokuqala Marxists, nokuba kusemva kweminyaka 6 kwabakho ikomiti Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party. I-revolution lokuqala Russian ngo-1905 ukuya Ivanovo ziphawulwe lugwayimbo abaninzi. Sagcina iintsuku ezingama-72. Ngokutsho koqikelelo lwabemi ezahlukeneyo, bekhalaza abangama-30 amawaka abasebenzi abagxekayo. izikhalazo zabo eqhelekileyo ngelo xesha - ukuba kuvunyelwane umbundu umvuzo ubuncinane ukungena umhla ukusebenza iiyure ezisibhozo-, etc ...

Abavelisi wala ukwenza umnyinyiva ukuya yabaqhankqalazi. Emva koko ke ukuqhankqalaza kubanjwe unyulo zabo anyulwe abameli 151. Abo wadala Ivanovo-Voznesensky siphela Ibhunga zamasekela wabasebenzi. Yaba umbutho wokuqala ezimbalini zeli lizwe. Phantsi kolawulo yiSoviet, Ivanovo iziganeko ka-1905 kuye kwanikelwa ingqalelo ekhethekileyo. complex yesikhumbuzo "Krasnaya Talka" yasekwa esixekweni. Oku kuquka ezikhumbuzo emininzi Ivanovo, ngomhla kwimbali mbuso. Ngowe-1905, umsebenzi qembu yamaBolshevik uMikhail Frunze oselula. Kamva, wayeza kuba ngomnye iinkokeli waziwayo zomkhosi kunye neenkokeli eSoviet Union. umsebenzi wakhe ncam olululo Ivanovo.

Ukusekwa yamaBolshevik amandla

Emva kokuba shela of uNicholas II e Ivanovo ngamandla ezimbini, nto leyo okufana ezininzi zeli lizwe. Kwicala elinye yaba yiSoviet of yamaSekela Workers ', yaye kwelinye - abameli Provisional kaRhulumente. Okokuqala, lo mzi waba nempembelelo enkulu ye SRs kunye Mensheviks. Xa ihlobo yabanjwa unyulo-kwakhona ezintlanganisweni zamatyala, uninzi lezihlalo lithathe yi kwiBolsheviks. Ngokuba iindaba malunga Oktobha Revolution e Petrograd, babekulungele yaye ngoko nangoko wadala kwikomkhulu olululo. Le mfazwe yamakhaya phantse azichaphazeli kwezi ndawo. Amandla kwiBolsheviks kudlule ngaphandle naliphi na igazi, namhlophe kunye asifikeleli umzi.

Ngowe-1918, iphondo Ivanovo-Voznesenskaya yadalwa. Saba liziko noshishino lwempahla eyolukiweyo ka Soviet Russia. I iiBolsheviks udale isifundo entsha imbumba, ngokusekelwe geqe yakhe yezoqoqosho kunye bodwa evela kumaphondo akufutshane. Iwonga omtsha ngoko nangoko kuboniswa ubomi mzi. Kwaba ukufundisa kunye namaziko Polytechnic ezisekelwe. Yaqala ukubonakala izikolo ezitsha, izibhedlele, iimyuziyam namathala eencwadi. In imi--20. wavula unikezelo wayo amanzi akho, yaye emva kwakhe, ngokohlobo iibhasi zothutho loluntu.

textile mveliso entsha kwisixeko umdla abasebenzi abavela kwiindawo ezikufutshane. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho abafazi abaninzi, aphumeze seamstresses, njl Ngoko, ngexesha eSoviet Ivanovo wafumana igama ethandwa - .. "Isixeko komakoti". abasemagunyeni Local ngokukhawuleza ndalahla yonke into akwazi ukukhumbuza lolawulo yasebukhosini. Ngoko ke, ngo-1932 i-Ivanovo-Voznesensk labizwa ekugqibeleni Ivanovo. Owayesakuba placename abathwele yamanyala lowo wayesakuba yenkolo Orthodox kwaye ndamcaphukisa kwiBolsheviks.

iziko Soviet yengingqi

Ebudeni ezintlanu zokuqala Ivanovo iphumelele iwonga "capital yesigaba yesithathu" emva eMoscow naseLeningrad. Kwakunxibelelene inani elikhulu mveliso namashishini ukuvula. Ngelo xesha, inkokheli eSoviet wayeceba ukususa kwiziko yolawulo RSFSR kuso nasiphi na esinye isixeko, ngoxa uphuma ikomkhulu yiSoviet eMoscow. Phakathi "abaviwa 'isihloko kwaba kunye Ivanovo, nangona zange liphumeze le projekthi.

Kunjalo, oku imi--20-30. isixeko zafumana ukunyuka yayo inkulu. Ivanovo wakhiwe kakhulu. bezakhiwo Soviet ndamgqala njenge yovavanyo imifuniselo zabo. Ngenxa yale namhlanje kwiziko zengingqi kukho izikhumbuzo ezininzi Unxibelelaniso ekuqaleni yobusoshiyali. Ezinye imizi emikhulu mikhulu kwaye unique isikolo circus yelizwe kubantwana intsapho amazwe yobukomanisi (Interdom).

YamaBolshevik ngokutsha Ivanovo iye bayisindisile oluninzi iitempile kunye iicawa kwakhiwa lolawulo czarist. Ngokomzekelo, lachithwa Pokrovsky Monastery, apho ngelo xesha linye, ebumba zokuhlala, apho kamva waba iziko lwengingqi. isakhiwo lwayo sachithwa kwaye endaweni Drama yayo yakhiwe Theatre, elivulwe ngo-1939.

Ngexesha leMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic yaba esiveza angasemva isixeko Ivanovo. Apha izibhedlele ubunzima wavula ukuba amajoni zamajoni babalekiswa. Ngokufuthi anazo kumasango ezikolo kunye nezinye izakhiwo zoluntu. Ngowe-1942, isiseko kuba umoya webutho, French "Normandie-Niemen" wadalwa kwi Ivanovo moya. pilot amazwe walwa kwicala eSoviet Union nxamnye Axis. E Ivanovo, babehlala zokulala ezahlukeneyo.

modernity

Emva kokuphela kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II e Ivanovo baqalisa ukuvula kuphela amashishini eyolukiweyo njengesiqhelo, kodwa izityalo umatshini-sakhiwo. Ukuvela mveliso ezintsha kwakhokelela ekukhuleni ngokukhawuleza lwezindlu ezidolophini-1980. Uninzi lwezi nkampani zisebenze namhlanje.

Isixeko yanamhlanje iye yafakwa iimpawu zonke zaphawula zangaphambili. De kube ngoku, kukho ingxoxo phakathi abemi, nokuba kuyimfuneko ukuba babuyele igama layo nembali Ivanovo Ivanovo-Voznesensk. Eli phulo iphuma abagayi iinkokheli Russian Church Orthodox. Ngaphandle koku, abahlali Ivanovo yanamhlanje bakholelwa ukuba igama langoku laloo mzi efanelekileyo kakhulu endala ngakumbi.

iisimboli omzi

Ngowe-1970 kwaye kwamkelwa ingubo ingalo Ivanovo. peculiarity lwayo usendleleni yokuba akukho sasigcwele yoyilo ezithile Soviet - .. irhengqa, izando nezixholo, inkwenkwezi, njl Endaweni yoko, ukuba zazibonisa uphawu lwe revolution lokuqala Russian - itotshi, kwakunye yomluki nesiphekepheke.

Emva kwale ingubo iingalo Ivanovo itshintshe kanye kuphela. Ngowe-1996 yena wenza umfanekiso ibhinqa eliselula a sundress ebomvu kunye ngesigqubuthelo. Ezandleni zakhe ngevili ojikeleza - Yimbonakaliso amashishini ezininzi eyolukiweyo. umfanekiso Female kwi iingalo - le yenye isiqinisekiso sokuba ubume 'isixeko oomolokazana "wanikwa kuye ngenxa yesizathu. Le dolophu idume abafazi nabaluki yayo ngokufaka. Ivanovo iflegi, yamkelwa ngo-2003, ukuba zifane ingcamango.