Imbali neendidi nasemazweni

Kweli hlabathi lanamhlanje Republican uhlobo urhulumente, mhlawumbi ethandwa kukarhulumente zamazwe zomhlaba. Kodwa kanye kanye ntoni amele? Ziziphi iindidi ziiriphabliki? Zama ukuqonda.

Iindidi republic kwimbali

Igama elithi ngokwayo livela imililo igama Latin (into) kunye publica (ngokubanzi). oko kukuthi ngokoqobo oko kuthetha iyonke yetyala (yoluntu). E Greece yamandulo neRoma, emva kwethuba elithile ubukho yabo eqhelekileyo luhlobo karhulumente. Enyanisweni, sele kusenziwa oko kwabonisa ukuba le ngcamango republic sinokuba iimilo ezahlukeneyo, ihonjiswe kwiintlobo ezithile ze republic. Ngoko, kwakukho lobeko yayo yedemokhrasi kwisixeko Greek. Oku kwakuthetha ukuba bonke abemi ezipheleleyo polis (abantu abaye bafikelela ekuvuthweni abahlala ukususela ekuzalweni kwintsimi wayo), bafanelekile ukuba bavote kwiintlanganiso uhlanga-ububanzi (ekklesia), nto leyo wathetha imiba ebalulekileyo olulodwa anyulwe nebhunga lolawulo lesikolo - kwiBhodi archons.

ERoma urhulumente efanayo yayikhona ekuthiwa-siseko weRiphabhliki yeengcungcu apho kuphela basebukhosini (patricians) walawula ibhola. Emva kokuwa impucuko yamandulo kwaye ukuyilwa yezikumkani ngumbharbhari yale fomu kwezixhobo amandla akukho bayinzala nqanaba imbali, nangona kude Undityhale Wamakhosi, yaye kamva - kukuzibophelela neNgonyama.

Iintlobo ngeentlobo ziiriphabliki eyayikho e Venice, Genoa, amanye amazwe waseJamani. Xa Novgorod Rus zokuxhathisa ezibalulekileyo amandla kwakukho izinduna, lingena kwimvumelwano kunye nezikhulu. Isinxibelelanisi kwakhona badla ngokuba Cossack republic. Kodwa imvuselelo ngokwenene ngokupheleleyo uhlobo republic urhulumente kwenzeka emva kokuba Renaissance.

iimbono Modern akhiwa phantsi kwempembelelo lootitshala abadumileyo: Locke, Rousseau, Hobbes. Enye indawo ebalulekileyo yile ingcamango kwesivumelwano ekuhlaleni ekuthiwa-, nto leyo evakalisa ingcamango yokuba kanye phezu ixesha ngokuzithandela abantu wancama amanye amalungelo abo ubabalo karhulumente. Noko ke, oku kuthetha ukuba imbopheleleko karhulumente ebantwini kunye nelungelo nevuthisayo ukuvukela ukuba urhulumente udlula sikhokelo esemthethweni. XIX kunye kwekhulu XX yaba lixesha nokuwa kolawulo monarchical kunye nokusekwa kwe lulawulo lwedemokhrasi - yokuqala eYurophu yaye ke wonke.

Republic mihla: ingqiqo, iimpawu, iintlobo

Kwihlabathi lanamhlanje, isixhobo enjalo ibandakanya iimpawu ezingundoqo ilandelayo:

• Ukwahlukana kwamagunya ithatha nokudalwa ezininzi amasebe (ezizimeleyo enye kwenye kunye amagunya ezahlukeneyo). Le ndawo idinga simiso njengenyathelo eyongezelelweyo yokhuseleko ngokuchasene usurpation kwamandla kunokwenzeka ngumntu omnye okanye iqela labantu-nye nonke. Amaninzi, kukho amasebe amathathu: imithetho (ipalamente), isigqeba esilawulayo (uMongameli neKhabhinethi yaBaphathiswa) kunye neenkundla (enyanisweni, inkqubo yeenkundla), kodwa kukho ezongezelelweyo (kweliso, zoviwo, njl) kwamanye amazwe.
• unyulo olugunyazisiweyo rhoqo abasemagunyeni otshatsheleyo nguMongameli kunye nePalamente (kwezinye iimeko kufuneka kunyulwe uMongameli ngokungathanga ngqo ePalamente).
• KoMgaqo-siseko kwinkqubo yezomthetho karhulumente. uxanduva Legal phambi kokuba amagosa komthetho.

Republic ukuze lepalamente lukamongameli, ngokuxhomekeke intsalela amagunya phakathi amaziko. Ngokomzekelo, eUnited States abantu umongameli yakudala, apho ukuyilwa phulo likarhulumente bobabo kuMongameli. Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo republic umongameli imelwe kumazwe amaninzi Latin America kunye Afrika. E Italy (kwaye phantse yonke eYurophu), kwelinye icala, umongameli ezonyuliweyo yiPalamente, nto leyo ithetha ukuba njengesixhobo sempembelelo enkulu yokugqibela.