Imbali, ingakumbi of Tianwan NPP

Ingxaki ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ehlabathini namhlanje yondele kakhulu. yobutyebi engahlaziyekiyo, ezo ngokwamandulo isetyenziselwa ukubonelela abantu kunye nombane, inyanzelisa oorhulumente abaninzi ukuze bacinge imithombo yamandla. Noko ke, ukungabikho kophuhliso zobugcisa, iindidi iimeko zemozulu neendawo kwenza kube lula ukusebenzisa amandla kwelanga, amanzi kunye nomoya alukho kuzo zonke iingingqi. Kungenxa yoko le nto emva iingozi ezininzi kakhulu kunye nokwanda yokungathembani zoluntu "atom zoxolo" amandla enyukliya usekho ngomnye wemimandla nathembisayo zophuhliso.

amandla enyukliya Republic of China

Atomic Energy of China kwindawo ngoxolo ngalo mzuzu bubonakaliswe ezingamashumi amathathu anesithandathu zamandla, ezicwangciswe izityalo amandla enyukliya elinesine. Olucwangcisiweyo ukwakha enye iyunithi engamashumi amathathu ananye ngamandla, elinambini babo sele ukuphunyezwa inqanaba le projekthi.

ephehla Uninzi nuclear (kubandakanywa Tianwan mveliso amandla enyukliya, leyo yenye inokuthenjwa nekhuselekileyo) zimi kunxweme. Eli lizwe evumela ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi olwandle sokwehlisa ngqo. Yonke indawo efanelekileyo kufutshane imithombo yamanzi ulwandle sele ekhutshelwe lokwakha ngakumbi kweeyunithi ezintsha amandla.

Ngokubanzi, uphuhliso esebenzayo yamandla enyukliya e-China ijolise ekuphuculeni imeko yokusingqongileyo sikarhulumente. uqoqosho lukhula ngokukhawuleza ngaphambili enikwa izityalo amandla amalahle, eziqhuma ezingcolisa ngaphezu kokuba izityalo esebenza kakuhle. Ngenxa yoko, umoya emizini lihlanjelwe, kwaye ngokubanzi ngokubhekiselele kwimeko yendalo amagqabi kangako.

China intsebenziswano, kwaye Russian Federation kummandla amandla enyukliya

Uninzi zamandla kummandla we-Peoples Republic of China akakheki ngaphandle inxaxheba eRashiya. Akukho ngaphandle, kwaye ulwakhiwo Tianwan amandla enyukliya (sikagesi, ngasendleleni, kukho into inkulu zentsebenziswano Russian-Chinese). Promotion lwenziwa ngokwamanqanaba yokuyila amaziko amandla, iiyunithi kanye yokwakha, kubonelelo ngezinto zokwakha, izixhobo, abasebenzi kunye noqeqesho ukwakhiwa abasebenzi Chinese. Le ncwadi umyalelo inkampani "Rosatom" Zakuqukunjelwa iiprojekhthi loomahlulelane Chinese, China, yena, uqinisa ubukho yayo kwimarike Russian: amahlakani eMpuma na abanini kwezabelo ze "Yamal LNG" yaye "Sibur".

Indawo lwezityalo zamandla enyukliya

Tianwan NPP (saseTshayina) ifumaneka kufuphi nedolophu eponymous kunxweme loLwandle Yellow. Abantu balapha tsalela dolophu, ekumgama amashumi yeekhilomitha ukusuka kwisixeko Lianyungang, idolophana encinane okuloba, enyanisweni, isithili ezisezidolophini a abemi ngaphantsi kwezigidi ezihlanu kancinane. Indawo Lianyungang - kuphela esixhenxe enesiqingatha ezikwere zeekhilomitha.

Le ifoto ngasentla iboniswe indawo Tianwan samandla enyukliya zezityalo kwimephu China.

Ubalo yeprojekthi

Ukwakhiwa kwe-mveliso wenyukliya kufuphi i "kwilali lokuloba" Lianyungang waqalisa (ukuba sithethe ngayo ekuqaleni yokusebenzisana) ngo-1992. Ke phakathi inkampani zobunjineli "Atomstroyexport" lo unokontraka, oorhulumente ne-Peoples Republic of China kunye Russian Federation utyikitye isivumelwano kwintsebenziswano. Isivumelwano ubonelela ngokuyilwa le Tianwan amandla enyukliya, nangoncedo izixhobo eziyimfuneko kunye nezinto, umsebenzi wofakelo, intshayelelo yokusebenza amandla enyukliya kunye noqeqesho lwabasebenzi kwixesha elizayo le abaqeshwe kwisibonelelo eneji.

Enyanisweni, ukuvulwa kweyunithi yokuqala Tianwan amandla kwenzeka ngo-2005. Emva konyaka, uthungelwano amandla kazwelonke China iquka into entsha - i Tianwan NPP. Imbali yeprojekthi kuqala nje. Iyunithi mveliso ezimbini amandla enyukliya emyala ekuqaleni ngo-2007. Le nto yaba waranti, kwiminyaka emibini elandelayo.

Ngo-2010, China Energy Corporation wangena kwisivumelwano esitsha kunye "Atomstroyexport 'Russian. Ngeli xesha, isivumelwano ikhankanya iimeko ukwakha iiyunithi yesithathu neyesine. Uphuhliso Project sagqitywa ngowe-2012 ngenxa wesithathu, kwaye ngo-2013 ukwenzela izitena amandla yesine, oko aphawula ukuqala isiseko amisiweyo eziphathekayo. Kulindeleke ukuba iiyunithi amandla yesithathu neyesine Tianwan amandla enyukliya ziza kugunyaziswa ngo-2018.

Imibutho inxaxheba ukwakhiwa izityalo amandla

Ukwakhiwa kwe-mveliso wenyukliya akukho kuphela ukwenza inkampani zobunjineli "Atomstroyexport". Ngeeyunithi yayo Inqanaba lokuqala projekthi iinkampani nemibutho ilandelayo bathabatha inxaxheba kwi kwisityalo Tianwan amandla enyukliya:

• ulawulo lwenzululwazi eyenziwa Kurchatov Institute;
• inkqubo reactor yaphuhliswa kuyilo lokuhlola "fracturing" Bureau;
• ukuveliswa kwezityalo samandla senyukliya operation elawulwa ngunokontraka jikelele - inkampani "Atomtekhenergo";
• umyili jikelele wayedlala i St. Petersburg "AEP";
• Isixhobo engundoqo wenziwa kwi "Izhora Plants";
• umbane umphunga olunikwe izityalo umatshini-isakhiwo "ZiO-Podolsk";
• automated system ulawulo lwezityalo amandla enyukliya yathengwa kwi inkxalabo German Siemens.

Xa iyonke, uphuhliso kunye nokuphunyezwa kweprojekthi inxaxheba iinkampani malunga 150 kunye nemibutho, ukongeza, inani kwezixhobo elalenziwe ngamashishini Chinese.

Kukufaka isityalo samandla senyukliya ukusebenza

Ukuqaliswa ngempumelelo kwale projekthi lokugunyazisa kwangethuba iiyunithi zokuqala komyalelo baba isiganeko yimbalasane kushishino amandla enyukliya eTshayina, kwakunye kubakhi Russian, abaphuhlisi. pre-delivery umsebenzi protocol yaye zisayinwe yintloko 'Atomstroyexport "kunye kwicala Russian kunye noMlawuli JNPC (Jiangsu Nuclear Power Corporation) kunye Chinese. Status Action Tianwan NPP (bona ifoto. Ngezantsi) lafumana Agasti 16, 2007.

Yingxenye ebalulekile

Xa kwakusakhiwa amandla enyukliya basebenzisa kakhulu ngelo xesha izigqibo. Imbambano ebalulekileyo zemibutho kunye iinkampani inxaxheba kuphuhliso prowujekthi ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka Tianwan NPP. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ixabiso amandla yenye izityalo zamandla enyukliya likhuselekileyo ehlabathini.

Ukuphumeza yoko enjalo Bulelani kunokwenzeka ukuba isisombululo ekhethekileyo, nto leyo inkalo ebalulekileyo yeprojekthi amandla enyukliya. Isibakala sokuba ulwakhiwo lwesikhululo ebizwa njalo-imigibe eziliqela wabeka. lamagumbi cone-ezibusazinge yenzelwe ukuba ambambe engundoqo. Ngoko, xa kunokwenzeka izinto ingozi otyhidiweyo koyilo yokwakha luzalise imigibe eziya kunqandwe ukutshatyalaliswa yonke sakhiwo.

izicwangciso ngakumbi intsebenziswano phakathi China kunye Russian Federation

Ukugqitywa ngempumelelo kweprojekthi aqinisekiswe iikontraki Russian yaqhubekeka nentsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe. Kokugunyaziswa kwiziko joint banela omabini ngo-2007. Isivumelwano esitsha ubonelela iimeko zophuhliso projekthi, ukwakhiwa kunye kokugunyaziswa iiyunithi yesibini-order (yesibini neyesithathu) usayinwe phantse nangoko emva kwethuba inkonzo iwaranti Tianwan NPP.

Olucwangcisiweyo zokwakha ehlanganyelwayo aseleyo iiyunithi amandla izityalo senyukliya China. Kucetywa ukuba ukusebenza iiyunithi ezisibhozo Tianwan amandla enyukliya, kodwa ixesha le projekthi nangoku ayaziwa. Kwakhona le ntetho kuxoxwe ithuba yokusebenzisana ekwakhiweni omnye mveliso. Indawo entsha iya kwakhelwa kwisixeko Harbin,-mpuma China.

izitishi zamandla zenyukliya ukuba bakhelwe msebenzi

Kuyilo kwezityalo zamandla enyukliya ekhuselekileyo nomdla States ezininzi. Okwangoku, ukwakhiwa namacandelo ezongezelelweyo izibatha yinto isisombululo ezintsha, kodwa kunokuba uyilo yeprojekthi entsonkothileyo kunye nokwakhiwa kweendawo amandla.

Ngokutsho iprojekthi NPP-2006 (phambili NPP-91, apho eyakhiwa Tianwan NPP) inika ukhuseleko eliphezulu kwaye nokuthembeka, kungokunje wakha izityalo ezintlanu amandla enyukliya. Ezintathu zazo zifumaneka kwi kwintsimi Russian Federation:

• Baltic NPP kummandla Kaliningrad;
• Leningrad NPP-2 e Sosnovy Janai, 68 km ukusuka St Petersburg;
• Novovoronezh NPP-2 Voronezh.

Izikhululo ezimbini ezishiyekileyo kwimigangatho yokhuseleko yenyukliya 2006 zakhiwa e Belarus (kummandla Grodno) ne India. Le mveliso wenyukliya lokugqibela awuhambisani ngokupheleleyo uyilo.

Kwixa elizayo ukwakhiwa izityalo ezintlanu amandla enyukliya ngaphezulu:

• e Russia - Seversk NPP kummandla Tomsk, Kursk NPP-2, Nizhny Novgorod NPP;
• amazwe - mveliso amandla enyukliya eTurkey Bangladesh.

isizukulwana esitsha izityalo zamandla enyukliya ukunciphisa iziphumo iingozi ezinokubakho. uncoma ukuba uphuhliso kunye nokuphunyezwa kwamaphulo njengoko isityalo amandla enyukliya ikhuselekileyo yi Russian Federation wayenza ehlabathini.