Ukwakhiwa kwetroniki yamandla enyukliya e-Bushehr e-Iran

I-Bushehr iNPP iyisityalo sokuqala samandla enyukliya e-Iran naseMiddle East, engekho kude nomzi waseBushehr. Ukwakhiwa kwesi sakhiwo kubangele amabango amaninzi kwi-Iran kwezinye iindawo, kodwa okwangoku iprojekthi ye-NPP igqityiwe ngempumelelo, kwaye isityalo salo senziwa ngokusebenza.

Imbali yendalo

Isiseko sekamva lamandla enyukliya sasibekwe ngowe-1975, kodwa emva kwexesha lwakhiwa isityalo samandla enyukliya. Kwaphela emva kweminyaka engamashumi amane nesithandathu.

Inkontileka yokwakha yasayinwa phakathi kwe-Iran neJamani enye yamasebe e-Siemens Corporation. Nangona kunjalo, emva kokutshatyalaliswa kwamagunya aseMerika ngokumelene ne-Iran, i-West Germany yaxhasa ngokuqinisekileyo imibutho yabasebenzi kwaye yavalwa ngokukhawuleza yonke imisebenzi eyayiqalisiwe ukwakha isikhululo.

Emva kokusayinwa kwesivumelwano ngokubambisana nokusetyenziswa kwezityalo zamandla enyukliya ngokwenjongo zoxolo phakathi kweRussian Federation ne-Iran ngo-1992, iingcali zaseRashiya zenze umsebenzi wokwakha. Iikontraki zase-Iranian, kunye nenkxaso yabasayinisi baseRussia kunye nabaqeqeshi abafakekileyo abafake izicelo, baye benza ukuba bakwazi ukulungiselela isiteshini sokuqaliswa ngo-2007. Ngelo xesha, isivumelwano esitsha sasayinwa phakathi kwamazwe amabini, ngeli xesha kwixesha elide lokunikezela kwepetroli evela eNosibsibirsk kwisikhululo samandla enyukliya. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yeengxaki zezoqoqosho nezopolitiko, isityalo senyukliya seBushehr saqala kwakhona.

Ekugqibeleni, ngowama-2009, inani elifunekayo lepetroli linikezelwe kwisixhobo samandla enyukliya kwaye sithwalwe, kwaye i-reactor yavavanywa yokhuseleko.

Ukuqaliswa kwetyukliya yamandla enyukliya eBushehr

Emva kokuvavanywa okungapheliyo ngasekupheleni kwehlobo le-2012, isigaba sokugqibela sokuthunyelwa kwe-NPP sifikile. Emva koko i-reactor ihoxiswe kwiprojekthi yamandla evunyiweyo eyi-100%. Kodwa ekuqaleni komsebenzi isikhululo sasingenasiphelo:

• Kwiinyanga ezintathu emva kokuqaliswa, ukusetyenziswa kwesityalo samandla enyukliya kwamiswa ngenxa yokujova kweengxenye zepom kwi-reactor;
• Ingozi ngoFebhuwari 2013 yamisa i-reactor ngenxa yokuphazamiseka kwe-generator turbine, kodwa ngo-June Bushehr NPP sele sele isebenza.

Ukubaluleka kwezityalo zamandla enyukliya

Ngokwezibalo zango-2006, i-Iran yayidla umthamo omkhulu wombane - i-136.2 yezigidigidi kW / h, ivelisa malunga ne-170 billion kW / h.

Inxalenye enkulu yemveliso yombane e-Iran (93%) yenziwa ngamanzi ashushu osebenza kwimveliso yeoli kunye negesi. I-7% eseleyo isabelo sezikhululo zamandla kagesi. Kwakungekho ezinye iindlela zokufumana umbane (okunye) ngo-2006 kweli lizwe.

Ngenxa yokunqongophala kwamandla okucwangciswa kwemveliso yeoli, i-Iran kufuneka ifake umbane ongekho ngokubanzi. Le ngxaki yayicacile ngakumbi ngo-2007, xa, ngenxa yokungabi namandla kweli lizwe, kwanomda wokubekwa kwe-petroli kubantu. Ukwangoku, urhulumente uye wavelisa inkqubo yokwandisa ukuveliswa kombane, ngoko ukuqaliswa kwamanyathelo amandla enyukliya amaninzi kuza kunceda ukuxazulula ingxaki yokunqongophala kwamandla kanye kunye.

Abakhuseli kunye nabachasi bezakhiwo zeNPP

Ngokuchasene nokwakhiwa nokuqaliswa kwe-reactor reactor, ngaphambili, u-Israel kunye ne-United States bathethe ngaphambili. Isikhalazo esikhulu sikarhulumente bala mazwe kukuba i-Iran ayithembekanga ngokupheleleyo kuluntu jikelele kwaye ifuna ukusebenzisa amandla e-athomu kwiminqweno yempi. Ngokukodwa, ukuqaliswa kwezixhobo zenukliya kumacandelo okhuselo karhulumente.

Iziganeko zavela ngenxa yokuba i-Iranian yayingeyona iindibano yehlabathi ekukhuseleni kwenyukliya ngexesha lokwakha kwayo. Ngokumalunga nala mabango kude kube-2000, iincwadana zivame ukuphakamisa isihloko somsebenzi wemikhosi olwaseMelika kunye nemikhosi yase-United States yaseMelika.

Iyunithi yesitulo samandla esibini

Xa isityalo saseBushehr sakhiwa, iRashiya yaba yinkampani enomsebenzi onobuninzi beengcali eziphakamileyo ezithe zasebenzisa ngempumelelo izixhobo zaseNtshona ezithengelwe ukwakhiwa okwakungagqitywa ngo-1975.

Ukukhuphisana kwimakethe yamandla enyukliya iRashiya inokubonga ngenxa yexabiso eliphezulu loqoqosho, ukuthembeka nokukhuseleko kwezisombululo zobugcisa kunye nokukwazi ukusebenza kumatyala. Ezi zezizathu ezibangela ukuba uhulumeni wase-Iranian aqhubeke esebenza neRashiya kwisigaba sokwakhiwa kweyunithi yesitulo sesibini.

NgoNovemba 2014 yaphawulwa ngokusayinwa kwesivumelwano phakathi kwamazwe okwakhiwa kwesigaba sesibini senkunkuma. Ngokutsho kwentloko ye-Atomic Energy Organization yase-Iran u-Ali Akbar Salehi, i-reactor entsha iya kuvumela urhulumente ukuba alondoloze malunga neemitha ezili-11 zeoli ngonyaka. Isiqalo sokuqala kweyunithi ye-NPP yesibini yayinguSeptemba 2016.

Iintsuku zanamhlanje

Ukwakhiwa kwetroniki yamandla enyukliya e-Bushehr-2 okwangoku okwangoku kwinqanaba lokuphuhliswa kunye nokuvunyelwa kwawo onke amaxwebhu afanelekileyo kule projekthi. Okona kutshanje-Septemba 10, 2016 - ukwakha sele kufinyelele kwizinga elitsha. Kwakulolu suku ukuba isiseko sebhloko yesibini ye-Bushehr isisombane samandla enyukliya sabanjwa ngokubambisana kwala mabini mabandla. Iifoto ezisuka kumcimbi sele zivele zijikeleze ngehlabathi. "I-Rosatom" sele isenzile ukuphuhlisa iphrojekthi yangoku, kwakunye neyunithi yesithathu yesitishi. Umhla wokugqibela wokuhambisa amaxwebhu aphuhlisiwe kule projekthi ngowokuqala kwehlobo le-2019. Iindleko zophuhliso ziya kuba yi-1.78 billion ruble.

Ama-reactors afakwe kwi-unit yesibili yesithathu yesitishi kufuneka ahlangane nazo zonke iimfuno zokuphepha zanamhlanje. Ngako oko, abaqulunqi baye baqulunqa ukufakwa kwezixhobo zobugcisa obuphezulu eziqwalasela amava asebenzayo ahlanganiswe ngabaphuhlisi behlabathi. Ngokutsho kwamaxwebhu anamhlanje, le projekthi icwangciselwe ukuphunyezwa kwiminyaka elishumi. Ukuqala kokuqala kunye nokuthunyelwa kwe-NPP ye-Bushehr-2 kufuneka ukuba kwenzeke ekwindla ka-2024, kwaye uhlolo lwe-Bushehr-3 lucwangciselwe entwasahlobo ka-2026.

Iibakala ezibalulekileyo

Amandla e-atom namhlanje avumela nayiphi na ilizwe ukuba lingaxhomekeke kwimveliso yegesi kunye neoli. I-NPP ayingcolisi imo, i-economically consumed fuel and ngexesha elifanayo inegunya eliphezulu. Ukungalungi okuyiyo naziphi na izityalo zamandla enyukliya ziyimiphumo emibi yengozi, nangona ukuba amathuba abo aphantsi.

Ukongezelela, amandla enyukliya namhlanje anikezela nayiphi na ilizwe ngokuthembeka kwindlela yamandla, kwaye isizukulwana senyukliya yindlela enobungakanani bendalo yokuvelisa umbane emva kwemithombo efanelekileyo usebenzisa umoya, ilanga kunye namanye amandla njengamafutha. Imveliso yombane esebenzisa izityalo zamandla enyukliya ayithengi, evumela ukuba nayiphi na ilizwe lizithengise iimveliso zalo ngeenzuzo ezilungileyo. Ukongezelela, izityalo zamandla zivumela nayiphi na ilizwe ukugcina izibonelelo zendalo ezifana neemethane, ioli kunye nabanye.

Ngokuphathelele iBushehr AER, isiseko sebhloko lesithathu kufuneka siphumezwe ngo-2018, kwaye iiprojekthi zangexesha elide zifuna ukwakhiwa kweeyunithi zamandla ezisibhozo zityalo zenyukliya.