Indela Shvarts Bertold - le Umsunguli kwazo

Kubuhlungu, kodwa izinto ezininzi kunye ezifunyaniswe ukuba ahambise uluntu malunga inkqubela, ifumana isicelo ngokuyintloko kwinkalo wamajoni, kwakukho nje intshabalalo abantu, kungekhona ukuze baphucule ubomi babo. .Eli xhala kunye kwazo. Emva eyasungulwa ithathe phantse ezintandathu kwiinkulungwane phambi abantu baqaphela ukuba amandla yakhululwa uqhushumbo, unako ukukhonza iinjongo ngoxolo.

Chinese, Arabhu amaGrike?

Phakathi izazinzulu awanqandi ngokucalula ngubani na umenzi lokwenene kwazo. Imibono wahlukene. Ngokutsho kwenye inguqulelo ixhaphakileyo, elo wonga fanele ukuba amaTshayina, wathi ngaphambi kwexesha lethu bakwazile ukwenza impucuko ephuhliswe kakhulu kwaye nokuqonda ezininzi ezizodwa.

Abaxhasi olunye uluvo bakholelwa ukuba kokwenziwa yaziswa okokuqala kwi yokugcina Arabhu, sele kwindawo yokulahla kudala iteknoloji ephucukileyo ngokusekelwe phambili elo xesha inventions. Ukongeza, ezikhumbuzo zembali ezazixhaphakile kukhankanywa ebizwa ngokuba umlilo yamaGrike , esetyenziswa ukuba imikhumbi yotshaba. Ngenxa yoko, kule mpikiswano malunga ceba wompu, kwaye wabhekisela Greece yamandulo.

abagxeki

Nangona kunjalo, ingxoxo ezinzulu kubeka mbuzo yomithathu le mibuzo yokuba hypothesis ngasentla, ngaba ukuntsonkotha kwemichiza ukwakhiwa kumgubo lowo wodongwe. Nkqu kwinguqulelo ezininzi ezingundoqo, oko kufuneka ibandakanye isalfure, wamalahle saltpeter, enxulumene kusenziwa ngokwemilinganiselo echazwe ngokungqongqo. Ukuba iinxalenye ezimbini zokuqala nangoku zifumaneka kwindalo, lo nitrate oko kumlungele na kwimveliso iziqhushumbisi, zingafunyanwa kuphela kwilebhu.

Witch wemithi Order Franciscan

Abaqambi lokuqala wompu, ogama ziye zabhala imisebenzi, i imonki isiJamani Bertold Shvarts, owayephila kwinkulungwane XIV yaye elilungu umyalelo Franciscan. Malunga umphefumlo le ndoda yaqhubeka inkcazelo ngamandla kakhulu. Yinto eyaziwa igama lakhe lokwenyani - Constantine Anklittsen, kodwa umhla wokuzalwa kungacacanga kakhulu - ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIII.

inkanuko impilo yakhe chemistry, kodwa ngenxa yokuba ngelo xesha akazange abone umahluko phakathi zezenzululwazi kunye wemilingo, ngoko lo msebenzi umzisele kwiinkathazo ezininzi, yaye kanye kwade kwakhokelela entolongweni, apho betyholwa ngobugqwirha.

Umkhonzi kaThixo, bafunda ukubulala

Hi ndlela leyi, imbali we igama, leyo enxibe Shvarts Bertold. Ukuba candelo inxalenye yakhe yesibini sele inikwe kwi ukhakhayi, owokuqala ukuba igama elisisiqhulo mazigqithiselwe Isijamani Isichazi "black", wafumana kuphela ethandabuzekayo zabo ukusuka kwindawo umbono abanye, ingqesho.

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba ngoxa entolongweni, wakwazi ukuqhubeka nezifundo zakhe, yaye apho wenza indlela yakhe enkulu, nto leyo wavumela abantu ukuba babulale omnye ngokukhawuleza ngakumbi kwaye kukuninzi. Njani le mibhalo emishini ziyahambelana nemigaqo zothando zamaKristu nobuntu - umxholo incoko ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo.

Yintlantsi ezabangela ukuba ukuvulwa

Malunga ezo meko apho Shvarts Bertold kuqala yazuza umonakalo, asimazi thina na iirekhodi ingcali yenzululwazi, kwaye nebali lihlile ukusuka kumaxesha amandulo. Ukuba kwintolongo Nuremberg (ngolunye uhlobo - e Cologne), yena, siye sathi njengoko, wayenza imifuniselo yemichiza kanye oxutywe ngesingqusho kunye nesalfure kanye, wamalahle saltpetre.

Yaba kwemini, yaye kwigumbi, apho wayesebenza, kwaba mnyama. Ukuze alumeke isibane, mna mbanjwa wathabatha ugwayimbo umlilo - imidlalo zange ayikho, kwaye yintlantsi ngengozi ziwela ngqo kwi ibumba, isiqingatha zigqutyuthelwe yi lilitye. Ngesiquphe, noku elikhulu yaye ilitye uphoswe bucala. Ngethamsanqa, lo experimenter ngokwakhe abalimele.

Nodaka, yajika yaba umpu

Xa uloyiko lokuqala (ukuba kakhulu bobuntu kwimeko enjalo) sele udlule, kwaye umsi wakususa, Shvarts Bertold egcwaliswe ezidla udaka, ukuba ithwalwe olinganise amahasa amacandelo. Kwaye kwakhona ilandelwe yi-dubulo. Ngoko kwabakho kwazo. Esi siganeko senzeke ngo-1330, kwaye nalo ixesha kompu, ngaphambili ayaziwa, kungekuphela eYurophu kodwa ehlabathini. Hi ndlela leyi, uphuhliso iisampulu yayo yokuqala bafunda isenguye esisuka Shvarts Bertold.

Ngubani na bagxothwa emva kokuba ukuhlasela entolongweni baza yeempembelelo nempumelelo, ngoko nangoko wazama ukufumana umxube wakhe wesihogo isicelo pfunaka. ingcamango Creative wamxelela ukuba nodaka ukwenza ubungakanani enkulu, yizalise ngomxube ilitye, nithabathe iyileyo indoda onesidima, kunokubangela kwiinkathazo elutshabeni, sijike isakhiwo yonke ngaphambili kwicala lakhe.

Ukuqala ngexesha kompu

Izixhobo yokuqala ngokwenene yayifana yabhukuqa eceleni ngodaka. Bade waziwa ngokuba mortars (ukusuka mortarium Latin - «udaka"). Ekuhambeni kwexesha, uyilo lwabo bandiselwa yaye wamkela kucacile eziqhelekileyo kuthi ukususela ebuntwaneni sekhe yamandulo amatye endaweni nuclei zentsimbi.

izixhobo Military ngawo onke amaxesha ibe phambili inkqubela. Kungekudala izixhobo ezinzima kangaka guided uphuhliso yayo kwingcamango yokudala ukukhanya, side ubangelwa ngeendonga ezingcakacileyo, ukuba akwazi ukubamba ezandleni zabo ijoni ngeenyawo. Ngoko izixhobo wemikhosi abaMhlophe muskets kunye arquebuses, nto leyo eyaba kwase kweenkqubo mihla lwezixhobo ezincinane.

ubungqina obubhaliweyo malunga ceba kwazo

Ukuba iimeko ezithile Berthold Schwarz Ukufunyanwa wompu eyenziweyo phantsi apho, ibe umngeni, iya wazo ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo. Le nyaniso kukho eziliqela ubungqina obubhaliweyo. Enye yazo ingxelo, ezifumaneka kumathala zomzi eGhent, yaye ngo-1343. Ithi phantsi iindonga sixeko kwindawo komdlalo notshaba kusetyenziswa imipu, nto leyo wasungula indela Shvarts Bertold.

Igama-Umsunguli seal naye okhankanywe ummiselo French uKumkani John II Good, epapashwe ngoMeyi 1354. Kulo mlawuli imiyalelo ngokunxulumene kokusungulwa seal German Bertolda Schvartsa, umlomo ukuthunyelwa ubhedu ubukumkani uyisebenzise kuphela ekubunjweni imipu.

Ubomi igcina ingaziwa

Yinto eyaziwayo kwaye iqela ubungqina aphakathi ukuba Umsunguli wompu nto kanye Bertold Shvarts. Biography of lo mntu xa ewonke kunokuba usithe, kodwa enyanisweni, ngexesha lokufunyanwa eyenziwe nguye ayinakuphikiswa. Umhla wokufa umntu ephethe ngesandla ukukhanya okanye umhlobo wakhe waba uzipapashe cannonade, eyaziwa ngokunjalo, kwakunye iimeko apho washiya ubomi.

Asazi nokuba yaba kukufa yendalo, okanye ukuba baqhubeke experiment, i umphengululi benelungelo ngaxa lithile, abazange ukubala isigxina kunye nelungelo onokuthandabuza ukuba Minesweeper, iye inikwe kuphela kanye. Ekubeni yonke yokufa kwale ndoda ligutyungelwe imfihlakalo, kwaye kwafunyaniswa eyenziwa likratshi lesizwe, izixeko ezininzi eJamani ukuba ibango ilungelo lokuba azalelwa kuyo. Le Cologne and Dortmund kunye Freiburg, apho kuloo dolophu square oqingqiweyo Berthold Schwarz.