Ijele laseStanford Uvavanye uFilipu Zimbardo: ukuhlaziywa, ukuhlalutya, izigqibo

Kuthekani ngexesha Linga Prison Stanford, uyazi? Ndiqinisekile abaninzi kuni baye beva ngayo. Sekunjalo, emva eStanford ngo-1971, omnye yemifuniselo edume kakhulu kwinkulungwane yama-20 yaqhutywa. Kwesakhiwo isebe wezengqondo iveki enye wajika entolongweni nabo bonke ububi. Kutheni abaveleli kakubi kangaka? Ngubani wagqiba ukuba ukuthatha inxaxheba kolu phononongo? Yintoni na ke isiphelo abaququzeleli balo nxaxheba? Konke oku uya kufunda ngokufunda nqaku.

Stanford Prison yoLingelo - eyaziwa ukufunda lwentlalo-psychological olwenziwa phantsi kolwalathiso Filippa Zimbardo, ngengqondo yaseMelika. In Ukulinganisa bume entolongweni uye wafunda impembelelo lweendima "ibanjwa" yaye "Umphathi". Kule ndima abayabelwe zazivelela. nxaxheba Study wadlala kubo malunga ngeveki.

"Zakule 'ukuba sibandakanywe bume, kwakunye kwisiqulatho" amabanjwa "emva kwezitshixo wayephethe inkululeko elithile. Amavolontiya owavumayo iimeko zovavanyo, ezahlukeneyo ukumelana nemingeni ntshikilelo. Ukuziphatha kwe omabini maqela zarekhodwa zihlalutywe.

Ukukhethwa-nxaxheba nokuhlola

Prison Stanford yoLingelo - isifundo apho amadoda 22 inxaxheba. Baye kukhethwa 75 asabela wentengiso ndaba. Ukuze inxaxheba inikeza ukuhlawula $ 15 ngosuku. Ekuthethwe nabo kwafuneka ukuba bagcwalise iphepha lemibuzo, nto leyo ibandakanya imibuzo malunga ntsapho zempilo yengqondo neyomzimba, ulwalamano, amava obomi, ozikhethayo kunye propensities. Oku kwenza abaphandi ngaphandle abantu ingxelo zolwaphulo-mthetho okanye psychopathology. Enye okanye ezimbini experimenter sithetha umviwa ngamnye. Ngenxa yoko, babamba abantu-24, nto leyo zibonakala izinzile engqondweni nasemzimbeni, eyona oqolileyo, yaye ubuncinane ekwaziyo ukuziphatha anti-zentlalo. Abantu abaliqela, ngenxa yaso nasiphi na isizathu, balile inxaxheba nokuhlola. Abanye yahlukana kukhethwa ngokungacwangciswanga ngokuyinika isiqingatha sabo indima 'amabanjwa' kwaye esinye isiqingatha - "abalindi".

Izifundo - abafundi abangamakhwenkwe ehlotyeni eStanford, okanye kufutshane nayo. Bona ke ubukhulu becala kakuhle-to-amhlophe (ngaphandle omnye Asia). Babengazi sazana inxaxheba nokuhlola.

Indima 'ibanjwa "yaye" umveleli "

Prison Stanford yoLingelo efanisiweyo iimeko entolongweni - 'amabanjwa' imini nobusuku entolongweni. Uqhubukusha nabo kusiwa egumbini, iyileyo ngabantu 3. "Abalindi" sisebenza shift iiyure ezisibhozo, kuba thina sobathathu. Baba entolongweni ngexesha shift, yaye ngamanye amaxesha ukwenza ushishino njengesiqhelo.

Ukuze "abalindi" benze njengoko inyaniso esisabela ngayo iimeko entolongweni lo, baye banikwa ulwalathiso encinci. Noko ke, ukusebenzisa isohlwayo ebonakalayo owalelweyo ngokungqongqo.

indawo Prison

Ezi zifundo, babeza kugqitywa, ngequbuliso baye 'babanjwa "kumakhaya abo. Bathi ingxelo ukuba bavalelwa esolwa inkunzi okanye nokuqhekezwa, aziswe ngayo amalungelo abo, Wagquthagqutha, uRian kwaye zisiwe kwisikhululo samapolisa. Apha badlula inkqubo yokungena kwi iifayile fingerprinting. yebanjwa ngalinye emva kokuba bafike entlanganisweni zentolongo waba nqunu, uze emva koko ziphathwe nge "iintwala" ezizodwa (deodorant zesiqhelo) kwaye washiywa elithile yedwa benganxibanga. Emva koko, wanikwa iimpahla ezikhethekileyo, isithombe ibekwe egumbini.

"Senior Warden" funda "ibanjwa" imithetho, ekufuneka awuthwale ngaphandle. Ukuze kulungiswe nganye depersonalization le "mthetho" kufanele kuphela imilo inani elithile.

meko yentolongo

"Amabanjwa" wafumana izidlo ezithathu ngosuku, kathathu ngemini phantsi kweliso ntolongo akwazi ukuya kwindlu yangasese iiyure ezimbini elabelwe ukubhala iileta okanye ukufunda. Utyelelo-2 ngeveki yavunyelwa, kwakunye banikwe ilungelo lokwenza umthambo emzimbeni kwaye ukubukela iimovie.

"Call Roll" yokuqala yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba kukho zonke "amabanjwa", ukukhangela ulwazi lwabo kwigumbi labo kunye nemimiselo. Ifowuni umqulu wokuqala kwaqhubeka malunga-10 imizuzu, kodwa yonke imihla ngexesha labo banda, yaye ekugqibeleni abanye babo yathatha iiyure eziliqela. "Oonogada" itshintshwe okanye irhoxisiwe ezininzi izinto ze-ajenda kude, pre-ifakiwe. Ukongeza, ngexesha experiment, amanye amalungelo abo lulibele ngabasebenzi.

Ijele ngokukhawuleza kwaba mnyama yaye emdaka. Ilungelo yokwenza ilungelo ihlanjwe, yaye ngokufuthi wakhanyela. Ukongeza, ezinye i 'amabanjwa' de kwanyanzeleka ukuba ukucoca zangasese ngezandla zabo ebalelelwe lilanga. Oomatrasi zasuswa "embi" ikhamera, yaye amabanjwa kwanyanzeleka ukuba balale kumgangatho eziphathekayo. Amaninzi sisohlwayo ngentaba ukutya.

Ngosuku lokuqala thile, kodwa uqhushululu yesibini. Ukuvimbela "abalindi" weza ngokuzithandela ixesha. Bona wahlaselwa zokucima umlilo "amabanjwa." Emva kwesi siganeko, "noonogada beentolongo" bazama ukudlala off "amabanjwa 'omnye komnye, ukwabelana ngazo, ukuze sicinge ukuba ezinye zazo" ulwazi ". It nempembelelo yayo, yaye ngakumbi ukuphazamiseka ezinkulu ezifana kwenzeka.

iziphumo

Prison Stanford yoLingelo yabonisa ukuba iimeko ukuvalelwa kufuneka ibe nempembelelo enkulu kurhulumente ngokweemvakalelo zombini abalindi kunye nezaphuli, ngokunjalo zenzeka phakathi kwamaqela kunye kwiinkqubo nabanye abantu.

Xa "amabanjwa" kunye "nabalindi" jikelele kwakukho umkhwa ngokukhawuleza ukubethelela iimvakalelo ezingakhiyo. Bonke baba Outlook mnyama ngayo ebomini. "Amabanjwa 'apha ekuhambeni olu lingelo kaninzi wabonisa ndlongo. Omabini la maqela yehle ukuzithemba njengoko nokwenziwa of "entolongweni" yokuziphatha.

ukuziphatha lwangaphandle ngokubanzi kungqamane imo kunye zobuqu self-iingxelo zezifundo. "Isiphelo" yaye "nabalindi" iseti iintlobo ezahlukeneyo yentsebenziswano (thabatha, okanye dibanisa, ekhubekisayo okanye isekela), kodwa umlinganiselo lwabo omnye komnye waba eneneni ekhubekisayo, elwayo, akanalo abantu.

Phantse nangoko, "izaphuli-mthetho" waqonda nomsa ubukhulu becala kwisixando sokwenziwa. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, oonogada wabonisa kuzo zonke iintengiselwano umsebenzi kunye phulo omkhulu. ukuziphatha kwabo ngomlomo kunomda ikakhulu kumaqela ke engenabuntu kakhulu. "Amabanjwa" Siyazi ukuba ubundlobongela emzimbeni akayi kuvumela kubo, kodwa wathi, ngakumbi ngakwicala iisuphavayiza, ukuziphatha silwe. Ukuhlukunyezwa ngamazwi indawo bubundlobongela emzimbeni kwaye waba ngomnye ntlobo zixhaphakileyo zokunxibelelana "abalindi" ngazo emva kwezitshixo.

"Ngok"

A ibonisa ngokucacileyo indlela iimeko ezichaphazela abantu, la abasabela ngayo "amabanjwa" ezintlanu, inxaxheba Prison Stanford yoLingelo Filippa Zimbardo. kwafuneka ukuba Ngenxa ukudandatheka, ukukhathazeka okukhulu kunye umsindo 'simahla. " izifundo ezine neempawu ezifanayo, waza waqalisa ukuvela sele ngomhla ye2 kwisigqibo. Omnye wakhululwa emva kokuba umzimba kwakhe nerhashalala luvo.

Ukuziphatha kwe abalindi

Prison Stanford yoLingelo Filippa Zimbardo yapheliswa ngaphambi kwexesha emveni kweentsuku ezintandathu kuphela, kodwa wayeza kuhlala iiveki ezimbini. "Amabanjwa" eseleyo bavuya kakhulu kuyo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, i "abalindi" eyayigcwele badane. Kubonakala ukuba nako ukungena ngokupheleleyo indima. "Abaveleli 'injabulo enkulu amandla ababenabo, yaye ke, besabelana nalo kabuhlungu kakhulu. Noko ke, omnye wabo wathi ukumqumbisa, iintlungu 'amabanjwa', nokuba wayefuna ukubuza abaququzeleli ukuba bamenze namnye kubo, kodwa zange ndadibana. Qaphela ukuba i "oonogada" weza ukusebenza ngexesha, yaye izihlandlo ezininzi wayesebenza kude ngokuzithandela ixesha ngaphandle kokufumana intlawulo eyongezelelweyo.

umahluko ngamnye ukuziphatha nxaxheba

abasabela yezifo ukuba luyaphucuka omabini amaqela, ithi ngamandla amabutho entlalo lisebenza phezu kwethu. Kodwa Zimbardo experiment entolongweni wabonisa ubukho umahluko ngamnye nendlela abantu ukulawula ukumelana meko ezingaqhelekanga, ukuba njani kakuhle zokuphila nayo. umoya ngxelo imbi kakhulu ubomi entolongweni amabanjwa isiqingatha wema. Asizizo zonke izikhulu nobutshaba i "mthetho." Abanye abantu badlale yimithetho, ngoko kwakukho kakhulu kodwa fair. Kodwa ke, amanye amagosa waya phesheya indima yabo ukuphathwa kakubi nenkohlakalo ukuba amabanjwa.

Ngokubanzi, iintsuku ezi-6, isiqingatha nxaxheba zasiwa isiphelo sengqondo ngokungenabuntu. "Abalindi" intlekisa "izaphuli" ayengavumelekanga kwindlu yangasese, ayivumelekanga ukuba balale. Amanye amabanjwa bawela hysterics, abanye bazama ukuvukela. Xa Zimbardo experiment entolongweni waphuma kolawulo, abaphandi baye baqhubeka ukuba bagcine kwenzeka ntoni gama njengomnye 'amabanjwa' ngokuphandle akazange khange lucacise uluvo.

uvavanyo olungumxube wokulinga

Zimbardo ngenxa umfuniselo wakhe waba ihlabathi odumileyo. Uphando lwakhe iye yabangela umdla omkhulu zoluntu. Noko ke, izazinzulu ezininzi walibeka Zimbardo ukuba ukucikideka lwaqhutywa ngaphandle ngokuphathelele imilinganiselo yokuziphatha ukuba ayikwazi kubekwa phantsi kweemeko ezinzima ezifana zabantu abatsha. Noko ke, Stanford iKomiti kwezoluntu yamkele isifundo, kwaye Zimbardo wathi akukho namnye unako ukuqikelela ukuba amagosa aya kuba ngokungenabuntu njalo.

I-American Psychological Association ngo-1973 kuqinisekiswa ukuthotyelwa kunye nemigangatho yezikhulu nokuhlola. Nangona kunjalo, esi sigqibo ingene kule minyaka ilandelayo. Ukuze ukuba kukho kufuneka wenziwe akukho yokufunda efanayo zokuziphatha kwabantu kwixesha elizayo, ndavuma Zimbardo ngokwakhe.

Yomzamo, iidotyhumentari, iincwadi ezibhaliweyo, kunye punk enye band ukhankanywe emva kwakhe. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, siyayazi into yokuba imbambano, phakathi kwamalungu ayo bangaphambili.

Uhlaziyo nokuhlola Filippa Zimbardo

Philip Zimbardo wathi Injongo experiment kukufundela abasabela ngayo abantu ukuba inkululeko. Waba nomdla yokuziphatha "amabanjwa" kakhulu ngakumbi kunokuba "iisuphavayiza". Ekupheleni kosuku lokuqala Zimbardo ithi, wacinga ukuba "abalindi" kwakukho abantu abacinga anti-ngegqudu. Noko ke, emva kokuba "amabanjwa" waqalisa ukuvukela kancinane, baqalisa ukuba aziphathe ngakumbi nangakumbi ngobundlobongela, silibale ukuba kuphela Prison Stanford yoLingelo Filippa Zimbardo. Photo of uFilipu uchazwe apha ngasentla.

Indima edlalwe yi-Christina Maslakh

Christina ioli, umfazi Zimbardo, omnye abaphandi. Yaba yena wacela uFilipu ukuba ayeke nokuhlola. UChristine waphawula ukuba lokuqala akayi inxaxheba kolu phando. Akazange isaziso naluphi na utshintsho Zimbardo de de waya ongaphantsi yentolongo. Christina ayikwazanga ukuqonda indlela UFilipu akazange aqonde ukuba lishologu wajika uphando lwakhe. Yavuma kwiminyaka emininzi kamva, loo mbono ayikho kangako nxaxheba kwayenza ifuna ukuyeka olu lingelo, njengoko abantu indlela abaziphatha, lowo wayeza ukutshata kungekudala. Christina waqonda ukuba ekuthinjweni ngamandla nanto imeko ukufumanisa ukuba ibe ngulowo nalowo ukuve-. It Zimbardo kwakufuneka kakhulu kwinto yokuba yakhe "ukupela". Lovers akazange athi ngathi ngaloo mini. Christina wakwenza kwacaca ukuba ubuncinane omnye ukuze siqhubeke yomzamo, ize ingakwazi abathandana olukhethileyo. Ngosuku olulandelayo wayeka Stanford kwiNtolongo yoLingelo Zimbardo, izigqibo kuzo mixed kangaka.

Hi ndlela leyi, Christina kulo nyaka nangoku watshata uFilipu. Usapho wazalelwa amantombazana-2. uyise Young ngokwenene waba nomdla kwezemfundo. UFilipu nisithimbile umxholo, kude experiment entolongweni: indlela yokukhulisa abantwana, ukuze bangabi eneentloni. Le Isazinzulu liphuhlise indlela olugqibeleleyo yokulwa ziintloni ngokugqithisileyo kuwo umntwana, yena yaziwa kulo lonke ihlabathi.

I "umveleli" kakhulu ndikhohlakele

I "umveleli" kakhulu enzima Dave Eshelman, lowo ke waba umnini weshishini yemali in Saragote. Ke wakhumbula ukuba bafuna nje ukuba ixesha okuyingxenye for ehlotyeni, yaye ngaloo ndlela waba inxaxheba Linga Prison Stanford ngo-1971 Dave wabumba sicwangciso iza kuxhomekeka kukuba kunyanzelekile ukuba i "isenzo esithile" ukuqinisekisa ukuba abaphandi kungako ukubhala sihloko. Ngoko Eshelman ngeso iba rhabaxa, ukuzama ukwenza umdla kwiNtolongo Stanford Linga ngo-1971. Reincarnate akuzange kube nzima, kuba wayefunda kwisikolo idrama yaye amava abanzi olibambela. Dave uthi na ongathi, kuqhutywa ngaxeshanye nokuhlola. Eshelman wayefuna ukufumana phandle indlela uvunyelwe phambi kokuba isigqibo ukumisa ukufunda. Noko ke, loo nto ayizange wama ubundlobongela.

Ijongwe kwakhona nguYohane Marko

Enye "umveleli", Dzhon uMarko, ngubani wafunda yabantu eStanford, baneembono ezahlukeneyo kancinane kwi Linga Prison Stanford. Iziphelo yena weza, ukwazi kakhulu. Wayefuna ukuba 'amabanjwa ", kodwa akazange" umveleli. " UYohane wabonisa ukuba nto labafowuni kwemini akuzange kwenzeke, Noko ke, Zimbardo usokoliswa ukwenza ngezikhondo zamehlo meko. Emva kokuba "abalindi" waqalisa bavuke "amabanjwa" ebusuku, kwabonakala kuye ukuba oku phesheya kuba luthuthu. Mark ngokwakhe akazange ungathanda bavuke baze bafune amanani zabo umnxeba. UYohane wathi akazange acinge i Stanford eksperimenti Zimbardo into enzulu, enxulumene sebaleni. Ngokuba kuye, ukuthatha inxaxheba kuyo kwakungekho ngaphezu stints. Emva nokuhlola, uYohane wayesebenzela ukuguqula inkampani zonyango.

Ngokutsho ku uRichard Jaakko

Richard Yakko kwakufuneka ahambe umgama omde elibanjwa. Emva kokuthabatha inxaxheba experiment, wayesebenza kamabonakude kunye nerediyo, wafundisa kwisikolo esiphakamileyo. Thina uchaze imbono yakhe Linga Prison Stanford. Uhlalutyo inxaxheba lakhe kuyo nayo umdla kakhulu. URichard waphawula ukuba into yokuqala unkqonkqozile uPetros kuye, bamthulule, kukuba i "amabanjwa" kuthintela ukulala. Xa Ndivuke okokuqala, uRichard wayengazi ukuba bekusoloko 4:00. Amabanjwa ukuba ukwenza imithambo, uze emva koko avunyelwe ukuya. Kwaye ngoko kuphela Jaakko waqonda ukuba oko kucingelwa eziphazamisana umjikelo ngokulala ubuthongo.

URichard uthi yena akabi sayikhumbula ngqo xa "amabanjwa" waqalisa ukuvukela. Wala ukuba ingenise umphathi, ukuqonda ukuba ngenxa yale nto ke idluliselwe yedwa. Solidarity "amabanjwa" kuba kunye kuphela sixhathise ngandlel 'kwaye nzima umsebenzi "kulinda".

Xa uRichard wabuza okuya kwenziwa kuye akhululwe ngaphambi kwexesha, abaphandi bathi, ukuba wavuma ukuba athathe inxaxheba, ngoko kufuneka uhlale kude kube sekupheleni. Kungelo xesha awathi Richard wayevakalelwa ukuba entolongweni.

Nakuba kunjalo, kodwa wakhululwa ngosuku phambi kokuphela kwesifundo. Commission ngexesha Linga Prison Stanford wayevakalelwa kukuba noRichard wayeza kuphumelela. Ngokwakhe njengoko wayevakalelwa ukuba kude edandathekileyo.

limsulwa nokuhlola, ukusetyenziswa iziphumo

Qaphela ukuba abantu ababandakanyekayo kule Linga Prison Stanford, ingxelo washiywa antsonkothileyo. Abahlaselwe nguye sengqondo ku Zimbardo kunye Cristina ufumane Heroine nomsindisi. Noko ke, yena ngokwakhe qiniseka akazange enze nantoni na ekhethekileyo - wanceda nje arcade zakhe ndizibona evela ngaphandle.

Iziphumo zovavanyo zaye zalunga osetyenziswayo ukubonisa ukuthobeka kunye receptivity abantu xa kukho ixhaswa ngurhulumente kunye noluntu ukuzithethelela ideology. Ukongeza, bakhonza umzekeliso iingcamango ezimbini: impembelelo amagunya karhulumente dissonance kwengqondo.

Ngoko ke, sanixelela ngenxa malunga Prison Stanford yoLingelo Professor Zimbardo. umsebenzi wakho - ukugqiba ukuba inyangwa njani. Xa ndiqukumbela, sidibanisa ukuba sisekelwe Mario UGIORDANO, ngumbhali Italian, ngowe-1999, wadala ibali ebizwa ngokuba "Black Box". Lo msebenzi kamva kwabonakala films ezimbini. Ngowe-2001 waba shot "experiment", German umboniso, kwaye ngo-2010 wabonakala igama elifanayo American film.