Iintsapho zomthetho, ingqiqo kunye neempawu zazo

Ekunene - le yinto efunekayo apho ukwakha amagunya ehlabathi yonke into. Le thesis iye ethunyelwe zobulumko mihla amaxesha xesha. Ayekholelwa ukuba urhulumente - akukho zezopolitiko, kodwa isakhiwo ezisemthethweni kuphela. Ngaloo ndlela, amaziko lasekunene nabalawuli yobudlelwane bentlalo, ngaphandle apho nje akunakwenzeka ukuba kwakhiwe isakhiwo karhulumente. Ukuphunyezwa kula maziko kwenziwa ngokudala ulawulo ethile - ulawulo lomthetho, nto leyo evumela ukuba ukuqaqambisa iinkalo ezibalulekileyo iyunifomu. iimpawu ezifanayo kanye apho kwilizwe ngalinye. imbonakalo yazo kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi: inkqubo zembali, indawo, sengqondo abantu, namasiko, njalo-njalo .. Imfundiso karhulumente kunye nomthetho systematization labaphandi abanjwe iingongoma okuqhelekileyo olwahlukeneyo umthetho karhulumente yonke ehlabathini. Oku kwakhokelela yokumanya iinkqubo zomthetho kakhulu ezifana yonke intsapho.

Inkqubo yomthetho - usapho esemthethweni i element esisiseko

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba umthetho usapho isekelwe phezu wedwa kunye uthelekiso iinkqubo zomthetho amazwe ezahlukeneyo. Kwinkqubo nganye enjalo, izazinzulu ziye zabelwa ezona zinto ezifanayo nezahlukileyo eyayinceda wenze umahluko jikelele. Inkqubo yomthetho kuthiwa isakhiwo element ezintathu-kuqulethe kwenkqubo yomthetho, inkcubeko ezisemthethweni pravorealizatsii. Kwelinye icala, nganye kwezi zinto yahlulwe kumacandelo eziliqela, ezifana:

1. Le nkqubo kwamalungelo iquka sub-amacandelo oshishino, amaziko kunye nezithethe.

2. Culture Legal - .. izimvo zomthetho, izenzo, amaziko, njalo-njalo engundoqo yolawulo ngokusemthethweni indawo inkcubeko ezingqondweni esemthethweni yabemi, nto leyo kubonakaliswe kwinqanaba ngaphantsi komthetho nocwangco ukwamkeleka.

3. Ukusetyenziswa kwamalungelo - ukusetyenziswa, ukuthobela, ukusebenza.

Ngenxa ngesakhiwo lwangaphakathi kunye nezinye iimpawu ziquka izazinzulu ezivela kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zomthetho emthethweni yosapho. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba imfundiso iintsapho zomthetho wabonakala Renaissance, kodwa ephakeme kunazo yophuhliso yaqala ngenkulungwane XX.

Ingcamango usapho zomthetho

UMthetho Family - njengoluhlu lwezixokelelwano osemthethweni kumazwe ahlukeneyo, abo bamanyene ngenxa zokugweba ezithile. Ithiyori iye yaphakanyiswa ngo-1667 yi-nzulu German Leibniz. Wathi lo ilungelo kwamanye amazwe likuvumela ukuba ukuhlanganisa kubo kumaqela ahlukeneyo. Ngamnye kubo uya kusekelwa phezu iimfano neeyantlukwano kwinkqubo yophuhliso ithi ngamnye. Ngenxa yale lethiyori nayenza ingqiqo mihla intsapho ngokusemthethweni. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iindlela ezingundoqo kokwahlulwa iintsapho:

- imithombo komthetho;

- terminological, isiseko methodological yenkqubo yezomthetho;

- ingakumbi kwinkqubo yomthetho;

- isici yembali karhulumente;

- indima yeenkundla;

- uphuhliso kunye nemvelaphi yenkqubo yezomthetho.

Kakade ke, nayiphi na inkqubo yomthetho iyodwa, kodwa izazinzulu ngokwesiseko kule milinganiselo elapha ngasentla baye bafunda ukuba ukwaba izinto ezifanayo. Uphuhliso imfundiso iintsapho ezisemthethweni ezinefuthe kuphuhliso lolwazi lwenzululwazi kwinkalo yesifundo ithi. Ukongeza, kukho ithuba ngokwenene ukufunda urhulumente nobudlelwane phakathi kwabo nabanye.

Ukwahlukanisa iintsapho zomthetho

Zonke iintsapho zomthetho kuye kwasekwa ngenkulungwane XX, kodwa kukho iindlela ezininzi yokuhlelwa kwazo, nganye ethe ubeke phambili iimfundiso ezithile. "Lena" kwi umthetho othelekiso yanguDavide, walibumba ulwahlulohlulo zilandelayo 60s:

1) Roman kwisiJamani, Anglo-Saxon, angamatshantliziyo namasoshiyali usapho zomthetho;

2) zonqulo, amaHindu kunye East Far.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, oluhlobo iphelelwe kakhulu. Ngapha koko, uDavide wathabatha njengesiseko kuphela into zembali. A ngenye indlela phezu iingxaki yokuhlelwa kweentsapho bafunda igama Ketts. Uthe ngaphandle iintsapho zilandelayo:

1) romance;

2) i German;

3) yaseScandinavia;

4) i Anglo-Saxon;

5) Kude m. P.

Ukongeza, kucalulo eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo abatyunjiweyo oosonzululwazi kunye Behrouz Osakwe. Xa ingcamango mihla karhulumente kunye nomthetho zezi zilandelayo iintsapho ezinkulu zomthetho:

1. Romano-zesiJamani.

2. Anglo-Saxon.

3. Isakhiwo.

4. Traditional.

5. East Far.

Ukongeza izinto zembali, ulwahlulohlulo isekelwe phezu nkcukacha ze ubuchule ngokusemthethweni, nto leyo kakhulu ngumba obalulekileyo kwihlabathi lanamhlanje.

usapho Romano-lwesiJamani

Khumbula ukuba kusoloko kukho isizathu esisemthethweni abangabembewu naluphi na uhlobo, nokuba lwesikhokelo indawo. It luqokelelane evela kwimithombo eziphembelele uphuhliso usapho osemthethweni xa lilonke. inkqubo yomthetho Civil ke lonke yezwekazi Europe. umthombo wayo - nangokwamkela komthetho zabucala wamaRoma. Umthetho olumisiweyo iya kuba mthombo uphambili umthetho uthi entsapho elisemthethweni Romano-zesiJamani. Onke amasebe zomthetho zibandakanyiwe ngamaqela amabini: umthetho karhulumente kunye nawabucala. Oku kukuvumela ukuba ngokuchanekileyo nangobuchule nokulawula ubudlelwane ekuhlaleni. Abaninzi zamazwe le nkqubo kufuneka ukuba ubhale iifom siseko. Xa usapho elisemthethweni Romano-esiJamani kukho inani "amasebe", ezo akhiwe kuthathelwa ingqalelo iyantlukwano zenkqubo yezembali kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo yezwekazi Europe. Ngenxa yoko, izazi ziye esezantsi, iqela entsatsheni zomthetho Romano-zesiJamani.

Nomnye entsapho Romano-lwesiJamani

Izazinzulu ziye kude kangaka wabuyisa ezingama subgroups ezinkulu ezintathu:

1. Iqela Romanesque zomthetho, equka iinkqubo zomthetho lamazwe zilandelayo: Belgium, eFransi, eSpeyin kunye Romania, owayesakuba koloni French.

2. Phantsi komthetho German kuquka iinkqubo zomthetho waseJamani, Greece, Monaco, Ukraine, Czech Republic kunye neSwitzerland.

3. iqela lezomthetho yaseScandinavia imelwe kumazwe afana Denmark, Norway, Sweden kunye Iceland.

Njengoko ubona, uphawu iintsapho zomthetho uhlobo Romano-esiJamani lwaqhutywa ngokusekelwe indawo, iimpawu yophuhliso kwimbali nenkcubeko, kwakunye iinkalo ezikhethekileyo kwinkqubo yomthetho. Kunjalo, zonke-amaqela sub usapho yomthetho yamaRoma kwisiJamani, yaye ukhetho lwabo nje engephi.

Umthetho Common - usapho elisemthethweni Anglo-American

usapho zomthetho Anglo-American, okanye umthetho woluntu, esoyisayo kwi UK kunye amathanga zayo zangaphambili, eUnited States, eKhanada, New Zealand njalo njalo. N. An ngukhokho kwisistim ebizwa eNgilani, ngokuba amasiko beli lizwe eliphethwe isiNgesi usapho american zomthetho. isandulela yezeeJaji - isiseko somthetho yentsapho uhlobo Anglo-American. Ngokungafaniyo amazwe Romanesque ezisixhenxe umzekelo eNgilani kunye namanye amazwe gaspodstvuyuschaya kufana eyabelwe indima. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba umzekelo igqalwa ngokwemvumelwano eqhelekileyo. Lidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yophuhliso kunye nokusekwa amalungelo abantu kumazwe intsapho Anglo-American. Ngenxa yoko, iinkundla, enyanisweni, uMenzi ekunene. Njengoko sisazi, ezintendelezweni usapho Romano-esiJamani kudlala pravorealizatsii indima. Kunjalo, indima wolawulo kwi-UK kunye namanye amazwe intsapho iye yenyuka kakhulu kule minyaka yakutsha nje. Ezinye izazinzulu namhlanje wambeka phezu ngebande elinye kunye umzekelo yenkundla, ufuna le umba nangoku uhlala impikiswano.

inkolo

enkolo yakubo - ingqokelela iinkqubo zomthetho, apho mthombo uphambili lokuqulunqa nokuphuhlisa umthetho unqulo ngohlobo yezibhalo ezingcwele. Oku kulandela ukuba imo yomthetho uhlobo usapho zonqulo nezithethe zenkolo ojongene ngqo. Family inkolo ngomzuzu yaphuhliswa ithi Islamic abangamaYuda, nangona mkhwa yokuchonga unqulo kunye nomthetho kwiminyaka yakutshanje lunciphe. Kumazwe aseYurophu, ilungelo zonqulo zange bendelisele iingcambu nkqu kumaXesha Aphakathi, kuba ibandla amandla kuphela yomoya.

umthetho yemveli Family

usapho esemthethweni yakwaNtu endala kakhulu kwaye eseyiphantse ukungabikho kwaphela. Oku kunjalo kwamanye amazwe Central, South Africa, kwaye Asia and Oceania. Ezinye izizwe Australian ubomi ngokungqinelana nemigangatho yomthetho yemveli.

Undoqo kule ntsapho esemthethweni ubudlelwane ibalulekileyo karhulumente ilawulwa amasiko, kwasekwa ekuhlaleni yesizwe.
Kulo mzekelo, ummiselo, owawuza eyenkundla neminye imithombo umthetho musani ukudlala indima ebalulekileyo. Ubukhulu becala ke lilungelo ayinyani. Njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili, usapho yomthetho yemveli yeyona mandulo kwaye phantse extinct uhlobo mihla wesi yokuziphatha ekuhlaleni.

usapho zomthetho kude Eastern

Namhlanje, izazinzulu ezininzi bathi ukuba azikho iintsapho ezinjalo, ukususela kwiinkqubo zomthetho yamazwe amaninzi Far Eastern sele libusebenzisa ubuninzi bezi amaziko yaseYurophu. Noko ke, imiba emininzi yenkcubeko esemthethweni China, Japan kunye namanye amazwe akwingingqi yawo banyanzeleka ukuba bacinge malunga ubukho usapho ngokusemthethweni Far Eastern. Pravovoye Iinkqubo zesizwe kumazwe ezisekelwe indima enkulu kusapho kunye nentloko yayo, izithethe pochetanii, nemimiselo yokuziphatha , njalo njalo. N. Kulo mzekelo, naziphi na iimbambano athathiweyo ukusombulula ngaphakathi kusapho okanye kuluntu, nokunceda imibutho yoluntu ukubhenela kwityala kakhulu kakhulu. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba injongo isibheno igunya ukhuseleko ngokwasemthethweni usapho kwaye hayi umntu. Ulawulo lomthetho kula mazwe kubonwa njengendlela yokuqinisekisa nemvisiswano eluntwini.

isiphelo

Ngoko ke, kweli nqaku kwathiwa thaca iintsapho eziphambili osemthethweni leyo idla kwithiyori komthetho namhlanje. Estetsvenno, ezinye abaphengululi iquka phambi kwezinye iintlobo, ezifana, ngokomzekelo, usapho esemthethweni bentlalo kwicala yali. Noko ke, umbuzo bobukho yabo eninzi ingxoxo nezesayensi.