Umda - yintoni na le nto? intsingiselo

Le mbono "umda" uye waba Ngenxa ekuphuhliseni inkcubeko kunye ukuvela yeziko likarhulumente zibe nokusetyenziswa. была линия, отделявшая территории разных правителей. Yaba umgca olwahlula ummandla abalawuli ezahlukeneyo. Wonke nokumkani ukukhusela bakhusele ummandla ngomnye wabantu bakhe. не были определенными и четкими. Kumaxesha amandulo imida sesizwe zingazange ecacisiweyo ecacileyo. Bona ke kaninzi ngokutsha ekupheleni impi. и транзит по территории государства. Le meko emva kokuba ukuqaliswa imisebenzi amasiko ukuthutha iimpahla lonke umda kunye sendleleni nje emdeni karhulumente.

Sebenzisa eli gama kulwimi Russian

Kwizixhobo yasekhaya kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane XIV. uqale ukusebenzisa ingqiqo entsha - "wezwe". Le nkcazelo yayisetyenziswa yokuqala maxwebhu yesivumelwano zisayinwa Livonian Order Novgorod January 28, 1323 Ngelo xesha, ukuba semthethweni lwengqiqo kwenzeka kamva - ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-18 - kwenkulungwane ye-19. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XVIII. UYayiro kwamiswa, isigama ethile enxulumene amalungiselelo eziko ukwenzela ukukhusela emdeni. Phakathi iikhonsepthi ezazisetyenziswa baba "unogada", "abalaleli", "qaphela", "yenza", "izithethe", "indawo". Ngowe-1847, xa Dictionary of the Church Slavonic nolwimi Russian kwachazwa ukuba umda onjalo. Eli gama evakalayo njengomda, umda ukwahlula ummandla omnye komnye.

khona

государствами представляет собой линию, а также проходящую по ней вертикальную поверхность, определяющую пределы соседствующих территорий и их суверенитета. Umda phakathi ekubiza umgca, ngokunjalo ukwandisa kumphezulu wayo nkqo esicacisa imida yemimandla ezikufuphi nobukhosi. Science ukuba ufunda imida, ebizwa limology. Le yenye yezona iinkalo yejografi kwezopolitiko. imida National kungaba ichibi, umlambo, ulwandle, umoya kunye nomhlaba. Laba kumgca ezohlula emdeni namazwe angabamelwane. Bona kuchaziwe kumazwe ngokwawo ngokuqhelekileyo qho zezivumelwano. Ngokuhambelana kunye izivumelwano ezisayiniweyo phesheya ifakiwe ngqo emhlabeni. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba okwangoku kukho amazwe abangenazo nayiphi na imida okanye amasiko. Enye yezi ithi na seLizwe Monaco.

существуют? Ziziphi imingcele apho?

umda Orographic - umgca esukelwa kuthathelwe ingqalelo izithintelo zendalo. Ngabo, umzekelo, inokuba umlambo, ichibi, iintaba, ulwandle, njalo-njalo. imida zejiyometri akhiwa zokwenza imigca ethe ngqo adibanayo iingongoma ezimbini. Cinga ngendlela imida banokuba sikarhulumente. Lake nemida emlanjeni ibekwe ngendlela efanayo kwilizwe - ngokungqinelana imvumelwano. Ngu umda flow iinqanawa kudla udlula anzongonzongo ubuninzi okanye ngexesha kwemijelo engundoqo. Kwi kwemilambo non-iinqanawa, kunye nemisinga kumgca bunikwa embindini ukuhamba okanye isebe engundoqo. Kufuneka ke ukuba imida ezinjalo kuxhomekeke kutshintsho zendalo. Xa ekusekeni imida mzuzu maxa wambi thethwana ngokwahlukeneyo. States kwakhona ukrwele umgca, nokuba naluphi na utshintsho. Umgca umoya lo moya nkqo. Udlula emanzini kunye nomhlaba imida. Okwangoku akukho nenkcazelo ecacileyo imida eziphakamileyo. ixabiso layo iyahluka ukusuka km 90 ukuya 110.

imida bamazwe

Bona efakwe okanye isenzo yangaphakathi kweli lizwe, okanye ngesivumelwano kunye eziphikisayo / umda karhulumente. Ngelo xesha, yaye enyanisweni, yaye kwelinye icala, amaxwebhu kufuneka luhambelane nemigangatho zomthetho ngamazwe. amanzi ukuze ububanzi ezahlukeneyo. Okwangoku, oko isusela ukususela-3 ukuya ku-12 iimayile ezisetyenziswa elwandle. Le Okungumahluko amanzi cala. Ezi ziquka, ingakumbi, aquka wesithili. IDanube, i IsiNgesi Channel, Gibraltar, Magellan, Panama imijelo, Suez, eKorinte, Kiel, imbali Hudson Bay kunye Varanger Fjord.

Ukuseka imigca

государства, проводят демаркацию и делимитацию. Ukuze ubone apho umda karhulumente, wenziwe kwemida kunye kwemida. Le yokugqibela yinkqubo wokuchaza sicatshulwa legophe nokusebenzisa umgca esisigxina kwimaphu. Ukuba amaqela ekuvunyelwene kwemida imigaqo engundoqo ukuchaza ukuchaza imida. Oku kuthatha ingqalelo iinjongo efanayo, ukuba ukubonisa intlonelo integrity, vzaimoustupchivost nokuqonda. I kwemida kufuneka luhambelane nemigangatho yezizwe ngezizwe, amaxwebhu geographical, izithethe zembali. Emva kokuba iintetho, amaqela bagqibe kwisivumelwano kwi ndiwela umda. Ukuze kube isicelo Mapping. izivumelwano ezinjalo Ngokuqhelekileyo abantu elingunaphakade kubo.

Imida

Kuliwa emva kokuphela ukwahlulwa - imigca ukubhaliswa ngokusemthethweni. Xa ixesha nemida womda lichazwa ngqo emhlabeni. Ngokukodwa, kubalinganiswa ezikhethekileyo emhlabeni phantsi, phezu kwamanzi - eYafo kunye buoys. Demarcation kwenziwa yikomiti edibeneyo, equka abameli namazwe angabamelwane. Zakuba zigqityiwe ukuzaliswa, esayinwe protocol. Lichaza Umda kunye nemimiselo kunye neemephu ukuba uphawu iseti nganye. La maxwebhu kwakhona ezihamba nesivumelwano ongundoqo. Ngamaxesha athile, amaqela aya khangela umgca lwabafowunelwa, endaweni imiqondiso lixesha nezonakeleyo xa kuyimfuneko. Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba kwakhona kwemida.

siwugcine

Xa umthetho domestic karhulumente nganye kukho isenzo olumisiweyo elawula imibuzo imida umxholo, ukunqumla izithuthi zabo abemi, usonjululo lwempixano nokuba njalo. kumazwe angabamelwane ungakwazi atyikitye isivumelwano yokuseka umda egqiba lula. Ngokomzekelo, abantu ngokusisigxina okanye ngamaxesha ukusebenza, ukufunda kuloo ntsimi osecaleni, ukuze ingakhutshwa abapase ezizodwa. La maxwebhu kwakhona utsalelekile kwabo kutyelela indawo yokungcwaba, idibana rhoqo kunye nezalamane, izithethe zonqulo, njalo-njalo.

line of kwemida

Kufuneka zingahlukaniswa emdeni. Imigca ye kwemida zibangelwa ungquzulwano kunye ukuxolelana ezayo. Kwinkulungwane lokugqibela kwakukho umgca, ngokomzekelo, ngowe-1949 e-Korea, yaye ngowe-1954 e Vietnam. Noba iqela umnombo kwemida akuxhomekekanga iphathwa njenge umda karhulumente. Ufana nje amaqela imbambano. Therealong bamthwala safuduselwa.

kumda fancy

Vatican and San Marino singqongwe ngobume Italy amazwe. Umda Vatican - yinto ngodonga oluphakamileyo ephakathi. Ubude bayo ngu 3.2 km. Eludongeni kukho emasangweni eziliqela, nto leyo isoloko ivaliwe ngenxa ubusuku. umda San Marino inikwa ngendlela i arch imasti yaye amagama athi "Wamkelekile kwilizwe lamandulo inkululeko."

izinto ezimbi

Ezinye milestones akazange aphelele nje urhulumente kodwa komzi. Loo meko, umzekelo, ngo eBerlin. Kwiimeko ezininzi, osahluleyo waphula indlela eqhelekileyo yobomi kunye nemisebenzi yezoqoqosho. Oku kungenxa yokuba kaninzi imizi, abantu inkqubo yezothutho, umthombo wamanzi, ngezidingo jikelele. Ekwenzeni imida ezi izinto amaxhoba, ukudala ngenkxamleko kuluntu.

Ekumda Estonia kunye Latvia kuyinto of ewisa / Cutting. Esi sixeko enye isiseko yawo (ukususela 1286). lwabemi beli baseLatvia kunye Estonia. Ngo-1920, umzi yahlukana, yaye ke kwakhona kwixesha yiSoviet, idityanisiwe, yaye ke kwakhona ecandwe 1991

Narva - Ekuveleni i-Estonian kunye Russian njengoko isixeko efanayo apho. Ngomhla yingxenye Russia ibizwa ngokuba Ivangorod. Umda enqamleza embindini kwedama. Oku kudala ubunzima kwinkonzo yawo eqhelekileyo.

Abaphumelela dam kunye nomda waseTurkmenistan kunye Uzbekistan. Phakathi behlupheka West iJamani wabaleka umgca ayikho nje umzi Eisenstein / intsimbi, kodwa isikhululo kuphela apha.

Uzbekistan kunye Kyrgyzstan emva eSoviet Union wahlula kwidolophu Kara-Suu. Umda yolula ngokusebenzisa Bazaar, ibekwe kumacala omabini ijelo.

imida evulekileyo

Uninzi amazwe EU ezibandakanywe kummandla Schengen. Ngaphakathi abemi bayo inkululeko epheleleyo intshukumo. IsiVumelwano Schengen inikwa ngokohlobo maxwebhu mabini. Okokuqala irhoxisiwe ulawulo visa emideni zangaphakathi, le yesibini - le Convention - igqiba idlela lokungena kwesi sivumelwano ukusebenza. La maxwebhu ziye esebenzayo ngo-1995

Imida isiqwenga somhlaba

Okwangoku, abaninzi abantu kule ubunini izindlu. Ezi ziquka kuquka iziza nomhlaba. Sokubhalisa amalungelo kubo kufuneka bangenele inkqubo yobhaliso mandatory karhulumente. Kulo mzekelo, kuyimfuneko rhoqo ukuseka indawo umda. Ukwenza njalo, ukunika amaxwebhu ezithile kwabasemagunyeni abanobuchule. Oku kuquka:

1. uxwebhu yesazisi.
2. Iphepha for Izakhiwo ezingezizo zokuhlala kunye zokuhlala ibekwe ngaphakathi isabelo.
3. iingxelo ezimbini. Lokuqala UGRTSKK, owesibini ufundwa UFGRP.
4. Ikopi yesicwangciso cadastral yommandla ngaphakathi apho kwambatha.
5. YeZenzo, ngokungqinelana ne apho isahlulo umda kwavunyelwana.
6. Kucatshulwe ukusuka yokundwendwela cadastral.

Inkqubo kubunjwa imigca

indawo Umda icaciswe yi-Ofisi ye-inventri engundoqo Federal olunye uphawu nemephu. Entity uthumele isicelo, faka endaweni ukuze enze umsebenzi lobuchwepheshe. Lolawulo lweengingqi kufuneka athathe ikopi yesicwangciso intsimi Holdings. Inika engineer cadastral. Ukungqinelana isicwangciso yenziwa ziingcali kunye ikhadi ukumakisha ikhutshwe. Ukongeza, i zophando-nzulu ngobume bendawo olwenziwe. Njengoko ichaza ethile indawo kuthelekiswa isabelo ezikufutshane. Ukongeza, kuyimfuneko ukuba ukukhumbula isibophelelo bavumelane kwindawo umda nabamelwane yawo yonke. amaxwebhu ezifunyenweyo ziya ezingqinisisiweyo kumasipala. Amaphepha eziqokelelweyo ziyafumaneka kwi igunya yobhaliso. Apha ilizwe yagwetyelwa ubhaliso cadastral kwaye ufumane inombolo ekhethekileyo. Emva kwenyanga 1 uza kufumana i oyiNgcwele ubumnini.

lokubanga

Ngokufuthi, abamelwane akakwazi ukuza kwimvumelwano mutual malunga imida yelizwe labo. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, imbambano oluqhutywa enkundleni. Abachaphazelekayo ecala kunye neemfuneko ezifanelekileyo. Inkundla unelungelo lokuseka iinkqubo ukusetyenziswa komhlaba. Xa oku uviwo luqhutywa, okhethwe imida ye izabelo.

isiphelo

Le mbono "umda" lisetyenziswa kwiinkalo ezahlukahlukeneyo zobomi. Ngoko ke, wabeka kumgca ezohlula urhulumente, iingingqi kunye nemizi. Imimandla ibekwe ngaphakathi kwabo banokuba kwindawo eyahlukileyo. Ukutshintsha imida lwenziwa ngokwenkqubo lezowiso-mthetho elisekwe. Ingaba kuthathwa, ingakumbi, izenzo phezu kumanqanaba kazwelonke nawengingqi.

Umzekelo, liphuhlise imaphu, njengako elathi laseka imida omtsha eMoscow ngo-2017 Intsimi isixeko iya kwandiswa ngokuvakalayo, kumafa yayo iya kuquka iindawo ezininzi, ezidibanayo kwendlela kunye nezinye iziseko.

Imida kumazwe, njengokuba Ngumthetho, akukho ntlawulo zinokutshintshwa. Le ngaphandle kuxa elinye ilizwe ugqiba ukuba nenye. Le nkqubo kufuneka yenziwe ngokuhambelana nemigangatho yezizwe ngezizwe. Ngokomzekelo, ngowe-2014 kummandla Russia banda ngokunxulumene ngokungena nesakhiwo sayo peninsula of eCrimea. Ukwandisa imida kwenziwe ngokungqinelana neziphumo lwezimvo egcinwe lo zwe. Ngokubanzi, imephu neAfrika ayikatshintshi kakhulu ukususela ekupheleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Phakathi phantse onke amazwe kwisivumelwano ukumiselwa kwemida kunye nemithetho lolawulo lofikelelo.