Iintaba ukuphakama Sayan. Ingongoma eliphezulu le Sayan Mountains

Mhlawumbi, abaninzi abahambi mihla ubuncinane kanye ebomini wacinga yintoni na ukuphakama Sayan Iintaba. Kutheni ukuze babe nomdla? Ngokuqhelekileyo, kukho ingcaciso ngaphezu kwesinye, eyona ibaluleke ngakumbi kuzo nako kuqwalaselwa ukwazi eqhelekileyo nomnqweno esisuka ukuba atyelele iphezulu kuzo zonke iingongoma kunokwenzeka, ukuba kungekhona elimiweyo liphela, ilizwe lethu ubuncinane.

Eli nqaku lijonge ukuba ndinixelele ngale ndawo geographical emangalisayo eli lizwe, njengoko Sayan kwiiNtaba. Umfundi uza kufunda ulwazi oluninzi luncedo ngale inxalenye ukutsho ilizwe lethu enkulukazi.

ulwazi jikelele

Sayan Iintaba photo, leyo inokufunyanwa phantse nasiphi na isikhokelo mimandla Russian Federation, eyenziwe kweenkqubo ezimbini ezinxityelelanisiweyo ntaba engasezantsi eSiberia phakathi kweNqila Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk Territory, Republic of Tyva, Khakassia kunye Buryatia, kwakunye kwimimandla esemantla Mongolia agudle Republic of yaseTuva kunye Buryatia.

Iintaba zahlulwe indawo zibe Koloni naseMpuma Sayan, nganye eneyazo eziliqela iimpawu ezizodwa zayo.

Ngokomzekelo, inxalenye entshona ilungelelaniswe kwaye sisinge nasentshonalanga ngaphandle glaciations, nto leyo ifumaneka phakathi isitya intermountain. Kuba kwinxalenye esempuma kwiincopho Mid-ekuso kunye ezihambayo.

Sayan Iintaba asenabo emilambo akwi i Yenisei River isitya.

Kumathambeka anxibé hlathi weentaba, bedlula kwi tundra esiluhlaza. Phakathi kweenkqubo esentabeni ezininzi misinga ngokwemilo ezahlukeneyo kunye nobunzulu. Enye edumileyo - Minusinsk Basin, apho kukho inani elikhulu leendawo zakudala. Ngokubanzi kokuba kuqwalaselwe ukuba awo avareji eziphakamileyo Eastern Sayan yahluke kakhulu ukusuka isalathisi efana lwamawa yasentshona.

Apho igama

Izazinzulu zithi ukuba igama kwezi ndawo bahlala imbeko wesizwe eponymous zamaTurkic eyayihlala eSiberia, xa efikelela kuyo Yenisei River kunye Oka.

kamva Sayan ihlanganiswe kunye nezinye izizwe endulini, waza waba yinxalenye Republic of yaseTuva zabantu. Iqela elifanayo kakhulu uhlanga yaba izizwe Samoyed, kunye nabameli bakhe iintaba "Kegmen", ngoxa Buryats ndibanike nzima ngakumbi endlebeni yomntu igama mihla - "Sardyk".

Ngale sizwe yeziKronike zabo waxelela Russian Cossacks Tyumenets kunye Petrov, ehambele ngo-1615 kwi-yokuzalwa Altyn Khan. Ukongeza kwiingxelo zokuhamba Russian wabubala sele iintaba phantsi kwegama Sayani, indawo eliphezulu abafunyaniswe kamva, nto 3491 m.

Iimpawu zemfundo

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ukusuka kwindawo wejoloji lwembono, yinto iintaba eselula, apho, ngokutsho izazinzulu, kwakukho malunga nama-400 yezigidi. Kwiminyaka eyadlulayo.

Bona wabumba yamatye bamandulo ukuba kuquka imvelaphi mlilo. Phambi ukuyilwa kuluhlu entabeni apho ulwandle, njengoko oko kungqinwa iintsalela bafumana lisiza iifosili.

Formation of a isiqabu ntaba kwenzeka phantsi kwempembelelo kwemozulu. Phakathi kweentaba yamandulo glacial zagutyungelwa yi zomkhenkce ukuba Shift zitshintshiwe ngaphantsi komhlaba, ukwakha iincopho ezibaziweyo neentlambo kunye kumathambeka. Emva ukufudumala zomkhenkce zanyibilika, ukugcwalisa sizizifanya eliqela misinga isiqabu - kukho amachibi imvelaphi glacial.

indawo okuyo

Abantu abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba ukuphakama Sayan eeNtaba ayikho nje ebalulekileyo, yaye ngenxa yoko akukho bafanelwe ingqalelo ekhethekileyo. Makhe sibone ukuba oku eneneni, bazane ngakumbi iimpawu zabo eendawo.

Ngokubanzi, oku kokuqhubekayo intaba zokhahlamba Altaiskaya ukukhonza umda phakathi China naseRashiya.

Iintaba luqulathe ntaba parallel chain lweendawo ezihambelanayo. Nge Altaiskaya zokhahlamba Sayans ezinxulumene lomqolo Shabin davan. Ukuya emantla kumntla-ntshona nangabo Kaltanovsky Ridge leyo hlaza Itemsky Ridge, osuka empumalanga ukuya kumzantsi-ntshona le Yenisei River uviko. Emzantsi Kaltanovsky Ridge kanga esihlanjeni Omaytura. Kwicala lasempuma ukusuka kummango Shabin davan Sayans yahlulwe ngamatyathanga amabini. Northern Sayan eyaziwa ngokuba Cours-hlathi and South - Tuna-hlathi.

Ukusuka northern Sayan emantla Sosnovka kunye Kyzyn-sous isuka kusabela intaba eyahlula Kantegir River kunye Yenisei. Ngaphezu koko, nge Yenisei iintaba Sayan ithatha amatyathanga eziliqela emntla-mpuma.

umlambo, bubuqaqawuli obubalaseleyo Yenisei eSiberia uhamba iqala kwintaba uluhlu, ngokuba Sayan Western, oyinxalenye iseti nezinyuko.

Phezu kodonga lasekunene Yenisey ntaba lihamba kakuhle emaqeleni kwisithili Minusinsk. iisekethe isebe Sayan amagama ahlukeneyo. Eduze beziza Yenissey Kyzyrsuksky Ridge ekudaleni sicatshulwa elimxinwa kunye engxangxasi enamandla ekuthiwa embundwini amakhulu. Ngaphezu igqitha phakathi imilambo Kyzyr-Suk kunye Big Ou ukuya kunxweme Yenissei apho Biryusinsk beesekethe uvikivwa kubude kweenyawo 1600.

Ukongeza masebe mabini ukuba Sayan zokhahlamba eyahlula komlambo Kazyr Kizira. Okulandelayo Agul ntaba iya emntla kumntla-ntshona kunye sabela komlambo kunye Tagul Agul.

Njani liphezulu entabeni Sayan: iintsomi kunye namabali ye Sayan Mountains

Amandla nezinkulu, phantse nabo banqumle ezulwini, njalo injongo wempembelelo kunye nentlonipho ethile ezizweni abahlala kule mimandla. Kungenxa yoko le nto intsomi ye basekuhlaleni uyakwazi ukuhlangabezana yamabali amaninzi kangaka azinikele nje esi sihloko. Makhe uqhelane namanye nabo.

Kumaxesha amandulo, izithixo zasezulwini wathuma unyana wakhe Gesar emhlabeni ukuze ulwe ububi. Ngaloo mihla, bonke oothixo namaqhawe wahlala ezintabeni, yaye itrone Gesar yaba entabeni kakhulu. hero waseZulwini lokuphelisa sikweni kunye izilo, wenza kuzo abaninzi. namagorha akhe aba ngamatye waza wajika ezintabeni. Ngoku ibizwa ngokuba Sayan, yaye liphezulu kubo, leyo itrone yakhe - Munch-Sardyk. Iincopho Sayan Iintaba ezinamagama bamandulo igcwele iintsomi. Abaninzi kubo yakhiwa ngamatye kwaye ifake ebizwa ngokuba "inkathalo", okanye indawo yonqulo idini koothixo.

Ngokubanzi, Geser - wasentsomini, waqubuda phantse zonke iintlanga Central Asia. Ilivo izithixo iqulethe imijikelo esibalisayo ezininzi kwaye isebenzisa imigca nama-22 000. Olu fundonzulu luye lwaqhubeka lo amaqhawe iminyaka emakhulu, kodwa kusekho akukho data ngokwenene. Abanye bakholelwa ukuba Geser Ungumlinganiswa etsomo, ngoxa abanye noluvo lokuba lo amaqhawe lunikezelwa Genghis Khan. Kananjalo kunokwenzeka ukuba Gesar na inguqulelo wamaRoma "uKesare" isihloko (Caesar). Buryat Geseriade uhlola ingcamango yokuba epics wavela ngaphambi kokuba azalwe. Kodwa ke abaninzi oyikholelwayo ukuba isithethe Geser ubalisa ibali benkokeli yasemkhosini ababehlala kuloo XI-XII iinkulungwane.

Iimfihlelo kunye neemfihlelo igama

Okhokho Tuvan mihla a Soyots isizwe zamaTurkic eyayihlala ngaphambili kweentaba efikelela kuyo imilambo Yenisei kunye Oka. Ngokutsho nenhlalo, "Soyot" libhekisela isininzi elithi "Ngoko yeon", ngoko ke olu hlanga wababiza ke yeon. Kamva ilizwi iziguqule ibe Sayan. Izizwe ebizwa entabeni "Kegmen", gama elo elithetha "umqobo yasezulwini". Buryats ezi zintaba ebizwa "Sardyk", Oko kuthetha "Isakare".

Kuba okokuqala kwi Sayan Iintaba wamxelela Russian Cossacks kunye Tyumenets Petrov, ngubani wayetyelele ngowe-1615 e-Altyn-Khan. Sayan waba moyisi yokuqala uMkomishinala Pester ekuhloleni umgca womda kwi ezintabeni kunye nesigxina ezibekwa kunye namanqaku kwi-1778-1780 biennium. Uphando Sayan yaqala ngenkulungwane XIX.

neznye

West Sayan has isakhiwo esongiweyo kwaye iyinxenye Caledonian nibhinqe ummandla Paleozoic zeAltai-Sayan. Ibanga ukusuka emazantsi-ntshona ukuya emntla-mpuma ngohlobo an ellipse, nto leyo inomda macala zonke iimpazamo. Isakhiwo lwangaphakathi ngenxa ezintsonkothileyo cover-sharyazhnym uhlobo isakhiwo.

Ukuba ibonisa ngumcimbi onobuzaza kakhulu yaye ezininzi, njengoko ubude Sayan Mountains, ndingasathethi ukuba inkqubo intaba osentshona yohlulwe imimandla eliqela ziitectonic plates (North-Sayan, Tsentralnosayanskuyu, Boruss kunye Kurtushubinskuyu). E North Sayansky ibhanti iquka neetyuwa volcanosedimentary rocks Vendian-Cambrian kunye nemimandla mélange compound ophiolite.

Kuba imimandla Kurtushibinskogo kunye Boruss ngokuqhelekileyo quartzites Lower Paleozoic kunye diabase nodongwe-siliceous shale kunye ultramafic nasemaweni. Ezi namawa basonta kwimixube entsonkothileyo ziitectonic plates kunye ludaka. Tsentralnosayansky ngebhanti iquka oluntsonkothileyo kwiziseko volcanogenic flyschoid inyengane Early Paleozoic ngeengcamba ezininzi. Ngokuba lo zone luphawulwa amaqela ziitectonic plates kunye notshintsho rhoqo ilitye lentlenga. Kwakhona ngamanye amaxesha zodwa ngokwahlukileyo Dzhebashskuyu ummandla kokuba yamandulo ngakumbi (Riphean) imvelaphi ibekwe ecaleni kwinxalenye esemantla West Sayans. It esilawulwa iidipozithi etshintshiweyo mlilo flysch.

Eastern Sayan yahlulwe kuxhomekeke kubudala bayo. Inxalenye kumntla-mpuma, esasayame wasemzantsi-ntshona eqongeni eSiberia, woba kwi (Precambrian) uhlobo kakhulu yamandulo, kwaye kuhle emazantsi-ntshona - kwencinane (Caledonian) ukuchwetheza. Eyokuqala ibandakanya emaweni Precambrian lingatshitshi, eziquka gneisses bamandulo amphibolites. Central Derbinskoj anticline na isakhiwo omncane rocks - schist, ezimbejembeje amphibolite. Ntshonalanga Sayans inxalenye ubunjwe mlilo kunye ludaka. Emantla nentshona eMpuma Sayan misinga orogenic wabumba, eziquka mlilo zeengxondorha clastic.

ezintabeni nezimbiwa

Ukuqwalasela ngakumbi umba ephakamileyo, Sayan Awukwazi ukumelwa njenge mnye-sifuba into neznye. Kutheni? Eyona nto kukuba inxalenye yawo nempuma yeli ixesha elide kwaye ngaphezu entshonalanga. Umzekelo, kwincopho inxalenye yokuqala omzimba lunyuke ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle ukuya 3.491 m (indawo eliphezulu le Sayan Iintaba - Munch-Sardyk), ngoxa yesibini -. 3.12.1 kuphela m Ewe, kwaye ubude basempumalanga km 400 ngaphezu ngasentshona.

Noko ke, nangona ezi mahluko, ixabiso nokubaluleka kwalo uluhlu ukuze uqoqosho lwelizwe lethu kunzima ukuba zazi. Isibakala sokuba inani iintlobo luncedo eqhubeka ulandelelwano zabo, enomtsalane ngokwenene.

Kwi-West Sayan, kukho iidipozithi yentsimbi, copper, igolide, asbestos chrysotile, molybdenum kunye Tungsten ores. Eyona Ubutyebi kwemigodi ekuphononongeni izimbiwa - zentsimbi kunye chrysotile asbestos. Intsimbi ekrwada iphathelele udidi metasomatic hydrothermally ezinxulumene gabbroides anda basicity kunye granites. asbestos Chrysotile lu dityanisiwe ultrabasites Cambrian.

Eastern Sayan Mountains, ukuphakama egunyileyo, iidiphozithi ezaziwayo ngegolide, intsimbi, i-aluminiyamu, titanium esikrwada kunye nezinye zesinyithi ezinqabileyo, mifanekiso, mica, Magnesite. Iidipozithi yentsimbi amela quartzite ferruginous, mlilo-sedimentary hematite-magnetite kunye magnetite ores. ores aluminiyamu thaca webauxite, sillimanite kunye shales Proterozoic urtite. Ngu agroores ezi phosphate eziziisekondari. Kananjalo apha kukho iidipozithi ezincinane qha-metasomatic phlogopite kunye pegmatite muscovite. Kule ndawo loovimba zwi zifunyanwa, mifanekiso, jade, asbestos chrysotile, lekalika kunye zokwakha.

Western Sayan

Le ndawo yolula ukuya emntla-mpuma ukuya eMpuma Sayan, ukususela umthombo emlanjeni Small Abakan ukuya ziimbaxa yemilambo Kazyr kunye Uda. Ingongoma zeenduli kummango ithathwa Kyzyl hlathi (3120 m) oyinxalenye Sayansky Balani ephakeme.

Intaba landscape obabuthandwa ngengingqi wasezintabeni kunye kumathambeka kunye placers amatye olubanzi. incopho Intaba kwiindawo eziphakamileyo west kufikelela ukuya ku 3000 m, ukuya ngasempuma, ukuba ehlile ukuya 2000 m. Unyawo kwamathambeka zizele ompayina avuthulukayo amahlathi, zaphezulu inguqu kwi hlathi emnyama coniferous.

kwakubalulekile eliphezulu ezinobude ka 2000 m zezi hlathi entabeni kunye namachibi glacial, cirques kunye moraines. Ngomhla kummandla Sayan Koloni i Sayano-Shushenskaya Reserve.

Eastern Sayan Mountains

Phezulu kwindawo wayifulela lasebusika ze zinyibilike. Ingongoma eliphezulu aseMpuma kunye Sayans ngokwabo iintaba Sayan, njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, intaba-Sardyk Munch (3490 m), nto leyo adjoined enkangala Okinskiy. Ithafa apha ligutyungelwe esinendawo zasezintabeni, amahlathi ezinamagqabi avuthulukayo kumathafa entabeni, kukho kwakhona ibhungane iindawo enamatye. Inxalenye engundoqo ukhandwa isikhungu kumaqondo eziliqela, lo ngowona ephakeme (peak A grand) lunobude ka-2980 m.

Topographers peak (3044 m) yabelwa incopho yesibini ngobukhulu. ezihambayo ezinkulu ibekwe iincopho ezinkulu. Ukongeza, eMpuma Sayan Iintaba kukho "intlambo mlilo" kunye ezidibene mlilo, nto leyo liyinkangala mlilo. ezikhutshwayo udaka Recent baba malunga kwiminyaka 8,000 eyadlulayo. i "Stolby" edumileyo Nature Reserve ise eMpuma Sayan kwiiNtaba.

Yintoni ukubona kwi Sayan kwiiNtaba

Ukuqwalasela zonke izibakala ngasentla, akumangalisi ukuba ukuphakama Sayan eeNtaba itsala nabahambi ezininzi kangaka kwiikona ezahlukeneyo zomhlaba. Wonke umntu ufuna ukuba bazive ngathi yinxalenye into enkulu kunye enkulu.

Noko ke, apha iyakhweba na ubude kuphela, zintaba Sayan abe landscapes hlathi eyodwa kunye namachibi glacial, iingxangxasi kunye nemilambo, ukudala umhlaba ezizodwa.

Le ndawo kakhulu unpopulated kunye kude kweentaba ingqalelo engundoqo Sayan (Tofalariya). Phakathi hlathi Western Sayan efihliweyo zendalo "Stone Town" apho iliwa bafana iintsalela ezingxandeni bamandulo iinqaba. Eastern Sayan eyaziwa Shumak imithombo izimbiwa kunye "intlambo mlilo."

Ingakumbi kwindawo entle Munch-Sardyk kunye Oka mathafa ngoJulayi, xa zambethe iintaba ikhaphethi bala poppy, rhododendron, edelweiss, ingcambu segolide kunye nezinye izityalo. Kukho kwimiwonyo ezininzi, imilambo, amachweba kunye nemisinga, zifumaneka elk kunye must. Nature Munch-Sardyk phantse engazani nandoda. Sam Ridge ukwakweli umda phakathi Russia, Mongolia, kwaye utyelelo kule ndawo kunokwenzeka kuphela ngemvume inkonzo umda, kungenjalo ke ezintlomeni zeentaba Sayan nga bebamb kuphela ngaphandle.