Aluminium ore: yeyam, imigodi

Kushishino mihla, webauxite na umbandela ekrwada kakhulu ofunwayo. Uphuhliso olukhawulezileyo inzululwazi nobugcisa avumele ukwandisa imihlaba isicelo sayo. Yintoni esikrwada aluminiyam, yaye apho iveliswa - echazwe kweli nqaku.

inani aluminium Industrial

Aluminium intsimbi ixhaphakileyo. Xa inani iidiphozithi, yena sasisele sikwindawo yesithathu noqweqwe. Aluminium yaziwa bonke kunye element lwezakhi, ebhekiselele metal ukukhanya.

Aluminium ore - kukho izinto zendalo ekrwada ukusuka apho wentsimbi ifunyenwe. Ngokomthetho oko licatshulwa webauxite, eziqulathe aluminiyamu oxide (alumina) kwi-mali inkulu - 28 ukuya 80%. Ezinye iintlobo - alunite, nepheline, nepheline-apatite kwaye isetyenziswa njenge ekrwada ukuba imveliso aluminiyam eziphathekayo, kodwa kufuneka umgangatho ezimbi, kwaye ziqulathe alumina kakhulu ngaphantsi.

Kule iintsimbi non-ayoni aluminiyam, ukuba uhamba phambili. Inyaniso kukuba ngenxa yokuba iimpawu zayo, isetyenziswa ezininzi mveliso. Ngoko ke, lo intsimbi esetyenziswa kwishishini ukupakisha lobunjineli izithuthi, ukwakhiwa kunye nokuveliswa kwezinto ezahlukeneyo yabathengi. Kwakhona, aluminium lisetyenziswa kubunjineli yombane.

Ukuze siqonde indlela aluminiyam ebalulekileyo ngoluntu, khangela ngokwaneleyo ukuze izinto zemihla ngemihla ezisebenzisa yonke imihla. izinto ezininzi nendlu eyenziwe aluminium ziyinxalenye ukuba izixhobo zombane (iifriji, oomatshini bokuhlamba, njl ...), Amacwecwe, izixhobo zemidlalo, njengezikhumbuzo, izinto ingaphakathi. Aluminium idla ngokusetyenziswa ekuveliseni iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokufaka. Umzekelo, iitoti okanye kwizikhongozeli ngefoyile ye elahlwayo.

Types of ores aluminiyam

Aluminium uqulathwe kwizimbiwa ezingaphezu kwama-250. Kwezi, ebaluleke kakhulu ukuze mboni webauxite, nepheline kunye alunite. Makhe sithethe ngazo ngokweenkcukacha ezingakumbi.

ore webauxite

Kwindalo, lungenzeki aluminium ecocekileyo. Ngokomthetho oveliswa kwi-aluminiyam ekrwada - webauxite. Le ezimbiwa, ikakhulu iqulathe-aluminiyam hayidroksayidi, kwakunye oxides zentsimbi kunye lesilicon. Ngenxa isiqulatho enkulu alumina (40 ukuya kuma-60%) usebenzisa webauxite njenge ekrwada imveliso aluminiyam eziphathekayo.

Iimpawu ezibonakalayo ze-ore aluminiyam:

• kwezimbiwa ebomvu opaque kunye shades ezahlukeneyo ndiyingwevu;
• yobulukhuni le imizekelo iingwanyalala 6 on ngezinga Mohs ';
• mninzi webauxite, kuxhomekeke ekwakhiweni kwemichiza yahluka kuluhlu 2900-3500 kg / m³.

Iidipozithi esikrwada webauxite bebekelwa nemimandla ethandwa yimvula umhlaba. iidipozithi abadala afumaneka eRashiya.

Njengoko abunjwe webauxite aluminium ore

Bauxite lithatyathwe monohydrate alumina ukuphilisa, boehmite kunye diaspore, trehvodnogo ukuphilisa - hydroxides hydrargillite neetyuwa ezinxulumene, kunye oxide yentsimbi.

Kuxhomekeka ekwakhiweni prirodoobrazuyuschih izinto bahlule amaqela amathathu ore webauxite:

1. Monohydrate webauxite - equlethe ifomu monohydrate alumina.
2. Trigidratnye - ezinjalo izimbiwa iqanjwa alumina kwifomu trehvodnoy.
3. Mixed - Eli qela liquka zidityaniswe aluminiyam ore yangaphambili.

Iidipozithi kwakhiwa izinto ekrwada ngenxa yemozulu zohlobo acid, kwealkali, yaye ngamanye amaxesha enkulu, okanye ukusuka isimemezelo ngcembe kwi emazantsi olwandle kunye chibi izixa ezikhulu alumina.

ore alunite

Olu hlobo ichibi iqulethe ukuya kwi-40% alumina. ore Alunite akheke nezitya zamanzi kunye neendawo ezingaselunxwemeni ngaphantsi kolwandle olunzulu kunye nomsebenzi mlilo. Umzekelo iidipozithi ezinjalo - Zaglinskoe ichibi eCaucasus Njengomncinane.

rock amazwe. Advantageously iquka hydromicas kunye kaolinites. isiqulatho ore alunite umdla Industrial mkhulu kwama-50%.

nepheline

Le aluminium ekrwada ukubona imvelaphi. It is a ematyeni obrak holocrystalline. Kuxhomekeka ngoobani kunye nokulungiswa iimpawu zobuchwepheshe bahlule iintlobo ezininzi ore nepheline:

• Class I - 60-90% nepheline; iqulathe ngaphezulu kwama-25% of alumina; NoKwenziwa ngokutsha kwezinto ebesezisetyenzisiwe ikhutshwa phandle sintering;
• Class II - 40-60% nepheline, imali ephantsi ephezulwana alumina - 22-25%; efunekayo ziqu phakathi kwenqubo;
• izimbiwa nepheline, nto leyo ke akukho xabiso yorhwebo - kwibanga lesithathu.

imveliso World of ores aluminiyam

ore aluminium yokuqala geni kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane XIX emazantsi-mpuma eFransi, kufuphi kwilali Box. Ngenxa yoko, njengokuba igama webauxite. Ekuqaleni, lo shishino kuphuhliswa kancinci. Kodwa xa abantu uxatyiswa, yintoni webauxite luncedo ukuba imveliso, kwacwangciswa isicelo ye-aluminiyam aye anda kakhulu. Amazwe amaninzi siqalile ukukhangela kwimimandla iidipozithi zabo iidipozithi. Ngenxa yoko, ukuveliswa ihlabathi ekrwada aluminiyam baqala ukwandisa kancinci. Ukuqinisekiswa oku la amanani. Ngoko ke, ngo-1913, umthamo ekrwada geni yomhlaba etoni 540, ngoko ke ngowe-2014 godu -. Bangaphezulu kwezigidi ezingama-180 iitoni.

Chu landa inani lamazwe ukuvelisa aluminium ekrwada. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kukho malunga 30 Kodwa kule minyaka ili-100 idluleyo, amazwe kunye neziphaluka atshintsha rhoqo. Ngoko ke, ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XX, iinkokeli zehlabathi ekuvelisweni kweti i-aluminiyamu esikrwada kunye nemveliso yayo baba Intshona Melika kunye neNtshona yeYurophu. Ezi kwimimandla emibini accounted for malunga 98% yemveliso yehlabathi. Emva kwamashumi ambalwa ngokwemiqathango kobungakanani iinkokheli kushishino aluminiyam baye baba amazwe zeMpuma Yurophu, Latin America kunye eSoviet Union. Ke kaloku inkokeli nenani-1950-1960 ubukhulu imveliso iye Latin America. Kwaye kule minyaka 1980-1990. kwabakho idabi ngokukhawuleza aluminiyam le koshishino Australia nase-Afrika. Xa indlela jikelele namhlanje amazwe elikhokelayo imveliso aluminiyam Australia, Brazil, China, Guinea, Jamaica, India, eRashiya, Suriname, Venezuela neGrisi.

nsimbi Russia

Kuba umthamo imveliso aluminiyam ekrwada Russia ibekwe yesixhenxe kuluhlu lwabadlali ehlabathini. Nangona endle ekrwada aluminiyam eRashiya ukunika metal kukuninzi, akukho eyaneleyo ukuhlangabezana ngokupheleleyo shishino. Ngoko ke, urhulumente uya kunyanzeleka ukuba athenge webauxite kwamanye amazwe.

Iyonke eRashiya imi 50 nsimbi. Oku kuquka njengendawo apho leetyuwa geni, kwaye hayi iidipozithi yaphuhliswa.

Uninzi loovimba ekrwada ibekwe kwinxalenye yaseYurophu kweli lizwe. Apha ke ise Sverdlovsk, Arkhangelsk, ummandla Belgorod, kwi Komi Republic. Zonke ezi mimandla ziqulathe 70% loovimba nezingqinekayo yelizwe-ore.

ores aluminium ukuba geni eRussia ngxi iidipozithi endala webauxite. imimandla ubalisa Radynskoe endle kummandla iLeningrad. Kwakhona, ngenxa yokunqongophala kwezinto ekrwada Russia usebenzisa ezinye iidipozithi aluminium ekrwada luphawulwa ahlwempuzekileyo zezimbiwa esemgangathweni. Kodwa kwakhona ukuba isetyenziselwe iinjongo zoshishino. Ngokomzekelo, eRashiya iveliswa amakhulu sisimbiwa amanani nepheline, nayo kungenzeka ukufumana aluminum.