Igunya liphezulu bengatshatanga phantsi Petros 1. utshintsho of Peter 1 ngokufutshane

Peter ndahlala kwimbali yelizwe lethu njenge wenguquko olukhulu ubuyeleyo yasuka ukuguqula ubomi Russia. Kule ndima kunye naye ufanise kuphela Vladimir uLenin Alexander II. Kule 36 iminyaka ulawulo oluzimeleyo karhulumente nguzwilakhe batshintsha isimo sabo nje kuphela ebukumkanini Empire. Changed zonke iinkalo zobomi kazwelonke. Ushintsho abachaphazelekayo wonke umntu - ukusuka abangenamakhaya ukuya nene evela Petersburg sisephantsi kolwakhiwo.

Andifuni ukuhlala bucala neBandla. Igunya engenasiphelo phakathi kwabantu, lo mbutho kudale conservatism kunye nokungakwazi ukutshintsha kwaye iphazamise amandla ezikhulayo uPetros. Conservatism kunye nokuthotyelwa nezithethe ababingeleli abazange kuthintela umlawuli ukwenza utshintsho ngezangqa zonqulo. Owokuqala ngulo, Kakade ke, i-Sinodi Orthodox. Kodwa bekuya kuba kuphosakele bathi oku ukutshintsha phezu.

State of the Church phambi Ushintsho

Ushintsho kaPetros 1, ngamafutshane, sabangela ezahlukeneyo iingxaki eluntwini. Oku kusebenza kwakhona eBandleni. ngekhulu XVII yabalasela luqhankqalazo rhoqo, kuquka ngenxa yonqulo. Uyise Peter - Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich - awajamelana kunye uBhishophu Nikon, ngubani wachitha ixesha elininzi iinguqu ezichaphazela ezinye izithethe zamaKristu. Oku kwabangela Ukujala zabantu. Abaninzi abafuni ukulahla ukholo zooyise kwaye ekugqibeleni wayetyholwa ngokuba ngumchasi. Splittism isekhona namhlanje, kodwa ngenkulungwane XVIII ingxaki waziva ingakumbi Wayeyazi.

Umba ophambili yaba ukwabiwa kwamandla phakathi ukumkani usolusapho. Oku kwakunjalo, umzekelo, amazwe weemonki ngokomyalelo abanegama elifanayo (umzekelo zabaphathiswa), nto leyo yazama nokulawula abefundisi. kuphazamiseka kwamandla wempangelo bamqumbisa kasolusapho, yaye oku ingxabano naye kwavuleka ngexesha Ukuvuma kwetrone unyana wakhe Alexis.

sengqondo kaPetros eBandleni

Enyanisweni, ngexesha Peter 1 kwimibandela yonqulo Waqhubeka nenqubo kayise. Ingongoma umbono lo nguzwilakhe mtsha kwasekwa phantsi kwempembelelo esikolweni, kwakunye ababingeleli Kyïv Sisixeko, apho ehlonyelwe Moscow labefundisi ngo 1688. Ukongeza, ukuba kude zisuswe neenjongo ubomi zamaKristu, kananjalo, wakwazi ukuhamba Protestant Yurophu, apho ubudlelwane abefundisi ilungiswe ngokwezi iipateni ezintsha, wadala emva uHlaziyo. Umzekelo, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba uKumkani oselula babukela inzala kumava isithsaba IsiNgesi, apho inkosi yintloko bonke basekuhlaleni Church of England.

Igunya liphezulu bengatshatanga phantsi Peter 1 ekuqaleni kobukumkani bakhe - ngamadoda, leyo wayekade ezininzi amandla okuzimela. Umlawuli Kakade ke, akazange akuthande yaye wayefuna ukuya kwelinye icala ukuya ndazithoba zonke abefundisi eziphezulu ngqo ngokwayo, kodwa kwelinye icala - uthathwa kunye ukutyiwa nethemba ngokundwendwela eMoscow yedwa Pope yakhe. Umlondolozi kwetrone St. uPawulos ukuvuma amandla a enye into yomnye umntu. Kwakhona bafuna, umzekelo, Nikon kunye Alexis.

Inyathelo lokuqala yokumkani abasebatsha neentlobano zokwazana abefundisi Orthodox, umlomo nokwakhiwa yoonongendi ezintsha eSiberia. Le Ummiselo yomhla nyaka-1699. Ngokukhawuleza nje emva, iMfazwe Northern eSweden, nto leyo rhoqo uyaphazamiseka ukubuza ubudlelwane uPetros Orthodox.

Ukudala tenens isihloko locum

Ekufeni Ubhishophu Adrian, ukumkani wayalela ukuba tenens locum kwetrone kwesilisa 1700. Baba Metropolitan of Ryazan Stefan Yavorsky. It owayevunyelwe deal ezihlangwini Hadrian nje with "ezindabeni zokholo". Oko ukwenza qhekeko kunye nonqulo. Zonke ezinye namandla yahlulwa phakathi kwe odolo uMphathi. Oku kusebenza ngokukodwa ukuba umsebenzi kwezoqoqosho kumazwe Church. Nempi Sweden uthembisa ukuba elide, izibonelelo zikarhulumente efunekayo, yaye akayi ukumkani ukuba ashiye i "ababingeleli 'imali engaphezulu. Kwathi kanti kamva, yaba linyathelo onobuqili. Kungekudala iintsimbi kukuliphi baqalisa ukuthumela ukuya isinyibilikise ngenxa guns ezintsha. Igunya liphezulu bengatshatanga phantsi Peter 1 akazange ukumelana.

Locum Tenens wayengenalo igunya elizimeleyo. On zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo kwafuneka ukuba adibane nabanye ubuveleli, yaye zonke iiripoti ezithunyelwa ngqo kumlawuli. Ngexesha kuphuculo ziye emkhenkceni.

Ngelo xesha linye lenyuka ixabiso umyalelo emishini. Ngokukodwa, yena wayalelwa ukuba athabathe ulawulo isithethe yamandulo Russian - ingqiba. Ziyatha, ingqiba babanjwa basiwa lo myalelo. Impoxo, nabo wabanika amalizo, nokuba ukweliphi inqanaba nesikhundla ekuhlaleni. Ngokuqhelekileyo, umntu onjalo wamkela isohlwayo.

Sinodi ukudala

Ekugqibeleni, ngo-1721 i-oyiNgcwele loLawulo iBhunga lecawa yadalwa. Xa ezingundoqo layo, iye yaba yinto kwiwotshi weNdlu yeeNgwevu yoBukhosi baseRashiya, nto leyo linoxanduva igunya lolawulo, ukuba candelo liphezulu karhulumente, njengongaphantsi ngqo kumlawuli.

Sinodi eRashiya kwakuthetha izikhundla ezifana ngumongameli vice mongameli. Nangona kudala irhoxisiwe, kodwa ukufuduka ayikwazanga kuba ibonisa ngcono lo mkhwa uPetros I wasebenzisa indlela kudidi, oko kukuthi, ukudala inani ezintsha, ukuba akukho nto yakwenza elidlulileyo. Umongameli wokuqala uStefan Yarovskaya. Nam igunya okanye amandla akazange asebenzise. Vice Mongameli umsebenzi wokongamela. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuba yoMphicothi-zincwadi Jikelele, waxelela ukumkani yonke into eyayisenzeka kwisebe.

ezinye izikhundla

Kwabakho indawo yomtshutshisi oyintloko, leyo eyayilawula ubudlelwane yesakhelo esitsha kunye noluntu, kwaye unelungelo lokuvota lwaphembelela umdla isithsaba.

Njengoko kwabaphathiswa wempangelo, kwi-Sinodi baba fiscals yabo yokomoya. kwimigangatho yawo yonke kulawula zonke izinto zokomoya kweli lizwe. Awagcina ke inzaliseko kwemimiselo zonqulo, njalo-njalo. D.

Njengokuba sele sitshilo, le Sinodi wadalwa njenge-analogu weNdlu yeeNgwevu, ngoko rhoqo wadibana naye. Ikhonkco phakathi kwe mibutho mibini waba arhente ezikhethekileyo abahambisa iingxelo yaye uxanduva ubuhlobo.

Mna ndinoxanduva oko Sinodi

Sinodi uxanduva ubandakanya zombini imiba abefundisi kunye nemiba enxulumene yabo. Ngokukodwa, igunya liphezulu bengatshatanga phantsi Peter 1 kwafuneka ukuba ukunyanzelisa izithethe zamaKristu, yaye ukuphelisa neenkolelo. Kubalulekile ukuba athi ngemfundo. Sinodi phantsi Peter 1 igunya lokugqibela owayephethe zezifundo kumaziko emfundo ahlukeneyo.

abefundisi zezwe

Ngomhla ngesiphakamiso uPetros yabefundisi yezwe ukuba isixhobo karhulumente, oluya kuchaphazela izihlwele, alandele imeko yakhe yokomoya. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuba yaveliswa eklasini yayicacile kwaye yenziwa nalawulwa efanayo njengoko wabanumzana, iklasi zabarhwebi, kunye neenjongo zalo kunye nemisebenzi.

abefundisi Russian kuwo imbali yayo oludlulileyo zizakubalulwa ukufumaneka kwayo kuluntu. Kwaba nje ngokuphathelele lwababingeleli. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, kukho kungaqala phantse nabani. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, kweli lizwe kwakukho intsalela bababingeleli, uninzi lwazo abasekho kukhonza kukuliphi waba lwasuswa. Ezi abakhonzi Church ebizwa ngokuba 'sacral ". Ukungabikho kumgaqo lokusingqongileyo, Kakade ke, into ephuma zesiqhelo ngexesha ngexesha Peter 1.

Ukungena kunye engqongqo nemimiselo, njengoko apho inkonzo umbingeleli badumise kuphela ukumkani omtsha kuphuculo. Sinodi phantsi Peter 1 wakhupha umthetho nabafuna urhulumente ukwazisa ngowokuqala, ukuba umntu amkelwe uvumo ye-mthetho karhulumente, okanye ukunyelisa isithsaba. Ukuba alawule akukho sono silingenwe kukufa.

imfundo ibandla

Uphicotho ezininzi ziye zenziwa, lokusekwa akhronimi ngabefundisi. ngenxa wabo wayekhanyela omkhulu isidima kunye nokuncitshiswa eklasini. Igunya liphezulu bengatshatanga phantsi Peter 1 zaziswa kwaye uhlelwe imithetho abatsha bafumana ngobubingeleli. Kwakhona, ngoku Parish ngamnye kuphela inani elithile amadikoni, hayi umntu oyedwa ngakumbi. Okuhamba yaba inkqubo lula ngaphandle ofisi zabo.

Ethetha kwasekwa ibandla kwikota yokuqala kwenkulungwane XVIII, kuyimfuneko ukuba uqaphele ukuvulwa esebenzayo ye masifundisane kwi 20. amaziko emfundo New zibonakele Nizhny Novgorod, eKharkov, yaseTver, Kazan, Kolomna, Pskov kunye neminye imizi ubukhosi entsha. Le nkqubo iqulathe izifundo 8. amakhwenkwe Apho bebanjwe kwifom sokuqala.

abefundisi njalo

abefundisi Black nayo yaba into, leyo ngqo utshintsho uPetros 1. Ngamafutshane, ubomi utshintsha yoonongendi kuncitshiswa neenjongo ezintathu. Okokuqala, inani labo ithe yehla. Okwesibini, ithintela ukufikelela isidima. Okwesithathu, maxe- eseleyo babeza kufumana injongo practical.

Isizathu soku yaba ulwalamano lobuqu ukungathandi kumkani ngenxa esakhiweni. Oku kubangelwe ubukhulu becala amava zabantwana apho baba ngabavukeli. Ukongeza, umlawuli yindlela kude Ilolo yobomi. Ukuzila nomthandazo wayekhetha abakuyo. Akumangalisi ukuba wakha iinqanawa, wayesebenza njengomchweli, nezigodlo nje wayethanda.

Sinqwenelela ukuba la maziko baye iingenelo ezithile kurhulumente, uPetros wayalela uzenze nabo ezibhedlele, imizi-mveliso, izikolo njalo njalo. D. Kodwa ke ubomi iimonki nto inzima kakhulu. Ingakumbi, balelwa ukuba ushiye iindonga yokuhlala zakowabo. Abalovayo okukhulu.

Iziphumo yokuvuselelwa icawa kunye nomgomo olunye

Peter Ndisuke laseburhulumenteni azinikele yaye, ngokwale nkolelo njani esinamazinyo abefundisi kule nkqubo iyonke. Ukuqwalasela ngokwakhe bearer kuphela amandla kweli lizwe, yena, ndayihluthwa i labefundisi kwawo nawaphi na amagunya, yaye ekugqibeleni kutshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo isakhiwo.

Sele abaninzi ukuzinkcinkca sohlaziyo emva kokufa kumkani ziye zapheliswa, kodwa yakhiwe jikelele nkqubo ziqhubekile ukubakhona de revolution 1917 kwaye ukuza ngamandla iiBolsheviks. Abo, ngokuzenzekelayo, ubuxoki bakhe anti-Katolika wenza ukusetyenziswa kakhulu yomfanekiso uPetros I, ukudumisa ukulungela kwakhe ukubheka urhulumente Orthodox.