Idabi lokuqala leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi: iziphumo

Elinye lalawo kwaye elikhulu le iMfazwe Yehlabathi Yokuqala. Wawuqala-28 Julayi 1914 ukuya kowe-11 Novemba 1918. Idabi lokuqala leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi esi sihlandlo ukuba amazwe cala, ukuba babandakanyeke longquzulwano. Kweli dabi kokuba inxaxheba amazwe amathathu anesibhozo, macala omabini omele umdla namanye ezinkulu: i Entente kunye kane Alliance. I ibloko yokuqala kuquka amazwe afana eFransi, Russia, eNgilani kunye nabanye. Icala lesibini ungquzulwano baba Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria, eJamani.

isiza-

Idabi lokuqala leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi kwabangelwa ingqumbo: wambulala Franz Ferdinand, indlalifa kwitrone Austria kunye nomfazi wakhe. Oku kwakhokelela ekubeni kubekho impikiswano phakathi lizwe kunye eSerbia abachaphazelekayo. Austria wathabatha icala eJamani, ukuthetha kuye. Idabi lokuqala leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi libhalwe ngoJulayi 28. Ngeso sihlandlo, Agasti 1, Germany busondele Russia waya emfazweni, yaye kwiintsuku ezimbini zabhengeza imfazwe kunye namahlakani ayo kamva - France.

Kutheni kwiMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala?

Idabi yokuqala kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I ngowe-1914 senzeka intsimi French. Kamva, kwathiwa ngokuba "uhlanga ukuya elwandle." bachasayo ngalinye efune ukulujikeleza imikhosi yotshaba wafudukela ngaphesheya umgca ngaphambili ukuya elunxwemeni. Ngenxa yoko, France wakwazi ukugcina ulawulo phezu kwezixeko port yabo. Injongo ukuba zifake ngokukhawuleza umyalelo France Germany lizama. Dabi yeHlabathi yokuQala kwi Front Western Bakhawuleza, wathabatha elowo indawo kwindalo, njengoko imikhosi ngokukhawuleza ediniwe macala omabini.

Ngempumelelo nokuhlasela Russia

Agasti 17 ikhondo engundoqo imfazwe yadluliselwa eMpuma Front. umkhosi Russian lasungula yosizi kwicala East Prussia. Ukulwa of World kule phambi ekuqaleni ngempumelelo. Eyona ndima ephambili idlalwa loyiso kweli dabi Compostela, eyaphelela Aga 18. I-Company wathabatha ezi ndaba ngehlombe engakholelekiyo. Emva kwale kokoyiswa Austria de kuye ekupheleni kuka-1914, ndandizama ukuba angene iingxabano ezinkulu ne-Russia.

sizana abaphikisi ezintsha

Kulo nyaka nxamnye iJamani wangena imfazwe nxamnye eJapan. Waqalisa ukuba eli phulo isiqithi yama Jamani. Kulapha amadabi ulwandle. World isidanga ngo-1914 kwempumelelo kumacala omabini ungquzulwano ukuze baphumelele iinjongo zabo. iinzame Russia ukuba ukuseka uqhagamshelwano elwandle namazwe encedisayo nayo impumelelo. I Ottoman, ababephesheya yeJamani, wayivula abaseAfrika Front koLwandle Black, ngokwenjenjalo waphula ubudlelwane amanzi Russia.

iimfazwe ezinkulu Yehlabathi Yokuqala zaye zaqulunqwa ngo-1915. Ukususela ngoko waqalisa iphulo yesibini. amadabi abaziingwanyalala yenzeka kwi-Western Front. Yokuphelelwa lithemba, Germany kunye France wathabatha kwempumelelo ukutshintsha ekuhambeni iziganeko emagemeni abo. Noko ke, konke oku kwakhokelela ekubeni iziphumo ezinqwenelekayo.

Enyanisweni, umgca ngaphambili ekupheleni kuka-1915 sele ayikatshintshi. Nam emthonjeni ekhubekisayo isisiFrentshi Artois, okanye unaniselwano olwenziwa Champagne ekwindla zange kuchaphazela le meko.

Kukwehla kwemeko Russia

Ngokutsho imeko Russian umgca ngaphambili zonyukile kwaye watshintsha hayi ngcono. Winter nokuhlasela behluleke akuphumelelanga. Ngokuyintloko, oku kubangelwe kulungiselelo abaziintsizana umkhosi Russian. Ngenxa yoko, amaJamani athabatha iindlela counteroffensive ehlotyeni. Ngenxa yoko, bakwazi ukuphumelela ukusuka eRashiya Compostela, Poland. Kukholelwa ukuba ngokoyiswa umkhosi Russian kwezi amadabi kwabangelwa iingxaki unikezelo.

Le meko iye ngcono kuphela ekwindla. Nangona kunjalo, indawo ezaxhobela Russian kwaye French yaba sibalulekile ukuze ekuqaleni empini.

Ngowe-1915, yaqala ukulwa Austria-Hungary kwi ungquzulwano ongena Italy. Kweli xesha linye i-Entente sihlasela ku Bulgaria. Konke oku kukhokelela kwingxaki yemeko yaseSerbia.

impi laseVerdun

1916 kwaphawulwa kwithuba apho kwakukho idabi enkulu leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. Iifoto kwezi amadabi nangoku ezigcinwe kwezinye iimyuziyam ezinkulu. LaseVerdun idabi ibango ubomi ngaphezu kwewaka. Baqalisa umgudu ukucinezela yokumelana Germany ku France. Kufuphi laseVerdun Buze ukuba unga imikhosi eziphambili German. Oku kwenziwa ngethemba zokwaphula wawalwela eFransi England. Ngeli edabini ngowokuqala ukusebenzisa i flamethrower - isixhobo esitsha ngelo xesha. Ngexesha uhlaselo imikhosi yaseJamani eFransi, umyalelo Russian lasungula utyando ekhubekisayo, nto leyo kubanjelwa kwi-Western Front. Akukho nto kwakusele yona imikhosi Isijamani imikhosi eziphambili redeploy ukubeka ukuchasa amabutho Russian. Oku ehlile kakhulu kwi imeko eFransi eNgilani emfazweni. Ngeli xesha, yokungqubana esebenzayo phakathi amagunya emikhulu lwaqhutywa kokubini komhlaba elwandle. Battle of yiJutland yaba likhulu kwaphikisayo phezu kwamanzi.

1917 no-1918 kwaphawula uloyiso le Entente. Noko ke, ngelo xesha onke amazwe ilungu ungquzulwano ubunzima ukusuka buthathaka ebalulekileyo kuqoqosho, ngokunjalo kwandiswa ngezikhondo zangaphakathi. Kulo mba, umsebenzi wamajoni lizwe lihlile. Noko ke, amajoni aseJamani ayengamlahlanga iinzame zabo ukubetha England ngokwenza kwizithuthi ngwenya. Kuye kwacaca ukuba Entente uza kuphumelela, ngoko oko kwangenelela ne-United States of America. IRussia ngalo mzuzu ezimpontshelwa iingxaki zangaphakathi yezopolitiko. Le ngongoma olu cingwana babe iziganeko ka-Oktobha, emva koko iya kuphuma yemfazwe. Oku kwabangela Germany ukuphelisa eMpuma Front ukuba ukugqiba isivumelwano soxolo kunye namazwe afana Ukraine, eRashiya, Romania. Brest uxolo sivumelwano uthatha ukusebenza iimeko ezinzima Russian, nangona kunjalo, yena lusayinwe ngamaqela omabini. Emva kwexesha elithile, wakwazi ukuba awuqhawule ikhontrakthi.

Le ukuthula ye umhlaseli

Germany waya phezu avanyisa. Kungekudala wakwazi ukuba ahlale amazwe afana ePoland, Belarus. Kwakhona yathinjwa States lweBaltic. Emva uthotho zoloyiso, Germany wagqiba ekubeni redeploy imikhosi yayo kwicala le-Western Front. Nakuba kunjalo, iyunithi ally Entente waba noludumileyo zobugcisa ecacileyo, ngokunxulumene ngayo imikhosi yaseJamani boyiswa. Ekupheleni kuka-1918 , iJamani asayina uzinikele olungenamiqathango.

Emva kwemfazwe, uqoqosho kumazwe inxaxheba kwimeko embi. Ukuncipha izinga umsebenzi kwezoqoqosho, ukuhla imigangatho yokuphila. Abo kuphela badlale ezandleni kwemfazwe, kwakukho neenkampani zomkhosi bodwa.

Kuba Russia, imfazwe liye laba kuvala okuye waba negalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso ngokukhawuleza revolution kunye ukuvela imfazwe yamakhaya.