Iintlanga Sea kwimbali laseYiputa yamandulo

Igama elithi "izizwana yolwandle" wabonakala ngolwimi yamandulo engumYiputa ngenkulungwane XIV. BC. e. Ngoko ke abemi Nile ebizwa ngokuba abasemzini ababehlala ngakwintshona Asia Minor kunye kwiiBalkans. Yaba Teucer, sherden, shekelesh amaFilisti. Abanye abaphengululi mihla ukuchonga kuzo kunye namaGrike. Abantu kolwandle, bathi ingqalelo ngenxa yokuba phakathi kwabo namaYiputa yaba kuLwandle lweMeditera. Eli gama liye labuyiselwa wazibeka mihla ulwimi lwenzululwazi Isazinzulu French Gaston Maspero.

Sisihelegu yeBronzi Age

Ngowe-XII BC leminyaka. e. kwakukho ekuthiwa-sisihelegu yeBronzi Age. Iimpucuko ezininzi zamandulo ziwile. Kwixesha elidlulileyo, wahlala inkcubeko zohlobo, embindini, ezibe Aegean. Ukwehla nokubhala, libunile iindlela zorhwebo endala. Kwezi meko, izizwe ulwandle safudukela emazantsi waza ingxaki enkulu eYiputa.

Hlokondiba, owashiya ngasentla lunobumnyama, onakalise yonke into eza indlela yabo. Ubuhle nobutyebi izixeko zamandulo watsala abaphangi bakhona. Umyalelo indawo isiphithiphithi, nanto waya intlupheko kwindawo ngobuninzi. Ukubila zizonke okubangelwa ngamaza yemfuduko kwakhokelela kaTrojan imfazwe ezaziwayo-kakuhle. imicimbi yayo eyaziwayo yi polumifologicheskim kunye nomthombo nesiqingatha-lokwenene. Ukuba, umzekelo, kwizizwe zeli kuLwandle lweBaltic kunye nabanye abahlali ngayo Europe oko ke, siya engaziwa, ngoko ke amaYiputa kunye nabamelwane babo kwiMeditera, siya kugweba kwizinto eziphathekayo esisityebi zembali.

indlela abasemzini

ngesibetho esibulalayo kwaye kwasetyenzwa kwizizwe elwandle ubukumkani umHeti eyayikho eAnatolia. Into yokuqala owenza matyendyana - wonqanyulwa, iindlela zorhwebo kumntla-ntshona. Baya phantsi kunxweme weAegean ngasezantsi kunxweme lweMeditera. Endleleni, oko owatshabalalisa obunye ubukumkani yamandulo, kudala feuded kunye amaHeti - Arzawa. ikomkhulu lalo wayekhona Efese. Ke wawela eKilikiya. Egypt ukuba sisondele. Ingxokolo basemzini waya kuloo ndawo apho elwandle. Bambalwa abantu abasindayo ayehlasela eSipro. Emva kokuba uye wayeka kwi nezokukhupha kwisiqithi ore yobhedu. Sisihelegu yeBronzi Age ngokubanzi waphawulwa kutshatyalaliswe naziphi na izibonelelo. Into efanayo kunye Northern Syria - wonakele.

Emva koko ke unqunyulwe omnye umthambo lwezoqoqosho ebalulekileyo koonyana bakaHeti. ikomkhulu labo yamandulo Hattusa, ngenxa ikheswa, ayikwazanga dudula uhlaselo eziliqela Peoples Sea ikuyo. Kungekudala isixeko yatshiswa emhlabeni. amanxuwa ayo, abembi bezinto zakudala baye bafumanisa kuphela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XX. De mzuzu, kanye eyinkunzi eliqhuba kangangeenkulungwane iye nganto.

UmHeti uMbuso amandla okhokelayo kuMbindi Mpuma iminyaka 250. Yena balwa ixesha elide kunzima neYiputa. Enye izivumelwano lobuchule phakathi kwamazwe mabini uxwebhu bafumanisa zindala olu hlobo kwimbali yoluntu. Noko ke, amandla okanye igunya bamaHeti bengakwazi ukuba iphikisane bakhona ezingaziwayo.

; Kusenjalo e Egypt

emva kaTrojan kwaye ukuwa umHeti amandla Ekuveleni kwiinkulungwane XIII-XII kwiminyaka nje embalwa. BC. e. AmaYiputa kuqala nazo kunye utshaba lwakhe omtsha, abo bantu yolwandle. Ngubani na ke ngenxa abantu Valley umNayile? aweza ezingaqhelekanga. AmaYiputa yokugula-wamitha abasemzini.

Nangona uFaro ebayalile III. Abaphandi bakugqala umlawuli yokugqibela enkulu sexesha baseYiputa yasebukhosini phambi kokufika imikhosi Aleksandra Makedonskogo kunye Hellenization kweli lizwe. KaRamses yaba yaka yamashumi amabini. Kuyinto ncam elinesibhozo kunye elinethoba, waba apogee yayo ukuhla. Ukuya kumgca XIII-XII eminyaka. BC. e. Ndakubetha ngexesha layo. Ebayalile wobukumkani yaqala ngowama-1185 BC. e. Isiganeko engundoqo wobukumkani bakhe ayehlasela Peoples Sea.

Kuzo zonke Mandulo, Egypt njengento njongo ethandwa naziphi zabahlaseli. Eli lizwe wazama ukoyisa wasePersi lukaCambyses, Ashurbanipal Asiriya, uAleksandr Makedonsky, yamaRoma kaPompeii. Kamva wayelapho ehlaselayo Ottoman Selim kunye engumFrentshi uNapoleon. Liqhuma eYiputa kunye nabantu ulwandle. YeBronzi Age wayesele eza ekupheleni, naphambi ugqithele intsimbi, i lweMeditera kwafuneka ukuba aye nge eninzi ingxokozelo. Imfazwe kunye kwabasemzini kumantla zaseYiputa, nezinto nefuthe noloyiso, wayengomnye wabo.

ubungqina bempi

Imbali yaMandulo of Peoples Sea eyaziwa ngenxa yemifanekiso elixholwe etyeni ezininzi kunye nezembali kuthi, alondolozwe kwinkulungwane XX kwiitempile yaseYiputa kunye namangcwaba, xa ziqala abembi zanamhlanje ngeelwimi. Le mithombo zisixelela ntoni imfazwe enkulu uloyiso lokugqibela kaRamses III. Kodwa ke ubungqina gazi kuMbindi Mpuma okanye Greece phantse akazange asinde. data ngqo kuphela, izazinzulu ziye zagqiba ukuba abantu zolwandle, hayi nje wabatshabalalisa inkcubeko zohlobo, kodwa umHiti ubukhosi, kwakunye nezinye izikumkani ezininzi ezincinane.

Eyona nto ingumnqa kukuba apho, apho wachitha ebhadula angaboyisi, ubomi ngokungathi wonke wanyamalala. Umzekelo, Greece kunye eKrete, akukho idatha xesha iminyaka 1200-750. BC. e. Emva kokuwa Troy, imbali eli lizwe yasuswa bonke ubungqina kangangeenkulungwane eziliqela. Ababhali-mbali bathi kubo "yobumnyama." Eli xesha utshintsho linyathelo ukusuka kudala ukuya ezizukulwaneni zoqobo, xa Hellas wangena bade zenkcubeko nezopolitiko.

Uloyiso amaYiputa

Xa imfazwe nxamnye northerners iYiputa kubalulekile, hayi nje kuphela umkhosi kodwa ke izizwe imikhombe yolwandle. Boyisa Army bamisa Acre. Le nqanawa kwafuneka ukuya kwi-Nile Delta. KaRamses naye ulungiselela imfazwe. Wasomeleza imida empumalanga, apho wakha iqela iinqaba ezintsha. izithuthi Egyptian yasasazwa kwi North Harbour, wamlinda utshaba. Ngasechwebeni loMnayile wakha "iinqaba" - zobunjineli engaqhelekanga, izinto ezifana ngazo ungakubonanga era yamandulo.

izizwe Sea eziqhotyoshelwe amathemba ubuciko bayo. Kuqala baceba ukuba iinqanawa ziya kubanjwa emlonyeni Pelusianskomu. Noko ke, ebona nokungafumaneki yayo, abahlaseli waya kwelinye icala. Injongo sabo baye enye umlomo Mendusskoe. INkundla waphuncuka njengomqobo umYiputa. Abane- amajoni amawaka amathathu wayithimba inqaba, ibekwe iNayile Delta. Kungekudala Kwabonakala ngexesha mabutho umYiputa. I wangena edabini eshushu.

Ukuhlaselwa Sea Peoples eYiputa uvezwa imikrolo eziliqela Ixesha kaRamses III. Abachasi amaYiputa e kuboniswe kuzo neenkontsho Coronaform nezigcina elineempondwana idabi elwandle. Enye imikrolo ibonisa indlela kwi imikhosi lori Peoples Sea iinqwelo ezele namashweshwe. Abasetyhini banethamsanqa kakhulu ukuba kokulwa imfazwe. Kulo mfanekiso, bekhulisa izandla zabo, thandazela inceba, kwaye enye yamantombazana bade ezama ukubaleka, kodwa uwe.

Ukufakwa inqaba yokuqala, abahlaseli abazange bakwazi ukwakha ngempumelelo yabo. naziphi na iimbambano phakathi kweenkokheli zawo phezu sicwangciso. Abanye babefuna ukuya eNofu, ngoxa abanye balinda ukuba ukusekelwa. Ngelo xesha kaRamses akazange bangalahlekelwa lixesha nemida zasempumalanga bafudukela ukuba ganga ngoku utshaba. Wabona nabadlali belinye iqela, aphuka. Basemzini ngaphandle luck kwakhona ngengqiqo yokuba wayithimba inqaba ngasechwebeni loMnayile ngosuku olwandulela onogumbe. Ngenxa yenkcaso nemibutho kunye akaphilanga, ngenkuthalo ezintlangeni zabo ubunzima ulwandle soyiswa. Weentonga kunye nezixhobo akuyi kubanceda. KaRamses III kuqinisekiswa kwimo yaso lokumkani omkhulu nangokuzithemba walawula eli lizwe de kube sekupheleni kobomi.

Kakade ke, lo northerners twisiseka ziye alukapheli. Ayikwazi ukoyisa umda waseYiputa, bahlala ePalestina. Abanye babo wajoyina namaLubhi, ababehlala ngakwintshona yelizwe koFaro. Ezi omakhelwane kubahloli Peoples neYiputa Sea yayimkhathaza. Kwiminyaka embalwa emva lokulwa ogudle, babathimba Hacho Fortress. KaRamses kunye eli xesha ndiziphethe umkhosi ukuba zibonise ekuhlaselweni elandelayo. NamaLibhiya kunye nabaxhasi babo - weza evela ezintlangeni zolwandle - boyiswa kwaye walahlekelwa ebantwini malunga namawaka amabini abulawe.

Version yamaGrike

ukufunda Poor imbali abantu yolwandle nangoku kutsala abaphandi kunye mbali. Yaba kumazwe elinzima zezizwe nokubunjwa kwayo ngqo yokuqhubeka mpikiswano kunye neengxoxo. bas-Imifanekiso baseYiputa, nto leyo ebonisa ezi abasemzini etempileni uSbusiso kaRamses III. Wabiza Medinet Habu. Bahlaseli kwi imizobo yakhe oluyeleleneyo kakhulu nakumaGrike. Kukho iingxoxo ezininzi egameni weendwendwe olumenyiweyo ababezama ukuba ukungena eYiputa, kwakukho amaGrike. Umzekelo, kaRamses ngokwakhe wababiza nje kuphela abantu elwandle, kodwa ke abantu kwezi ziqithi. Oku kubonisa ukuba abahlaseli mikhombe kwiziqithi weAegean, eKrete okanye eSipro.

Ngokuchasene version ZesiGrike kwicala isibakala sokuba abantu abahlala phakathi enolwandle ngeenxa zombini, amaYiputa kubonisiwe beardless. Oku kuchasene ulwazi mbali malunga namaGrike. amadoda Greek zikhule iindevu elide ukuya IV. BC. e. Oku kuboniswa kuquka imifanekiso kwi zitsha zohlobo elo xesha.

Shekelesh

Ithiyori yamaGrike empini yezizwe yolwandle impikiswano. Kodwa kukho amaqela ezizwe apho zonke mbali bakholelwa. Omnye wabo - shekelesh. Olu hlanga kuchazwa kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zemithombo New Kingdom yamandulo zaseYiputa. Ukuphawulwa layo, kwiindawo ezibalulekileyo ezifana endlwini Karnak kunye Athribis. Okokuqala ngqa, ezi igrafiti Wabonakala owandulela kaRamses III, Merneptah, owayelawula 1213-1203 gg. BC. e.

Shekelesh babehlangene abathetheli Libyan. Ngomhla umYiputa BAS-imikrolo ukuba zime kweqokobhe ngemikhonto, ngamakrele, imikhonto namakhaka ngeenxa zonke. Shekelesh waya eYiputa Ukuntingela imifanekiso iintloko intaka kwi isaphetha ungqongqo. In XI kulo. BC. e. bona, kunye amaFilisti ahlala ePalestina. Shekelesh abakhankanywe "Journey Una-Amun" - ngqangi hieratic xxi ubukhosi. Ngoku, le bhokisi bobabo le Moscow Museum of Arts Fine ogama emva Pushkin. Shekelesh othathe imfihlo. E Palestine, bamthabatha Karmalskoye unxweme - isiqwenga emxinwa unxweme phakathi entabeni yeKarmele kunye noluhlu uLwandle lweMeditera, kwakunye kwintili yaseSharon.

sherden

Sherden - indima ebalulekileyo nabaphathi, leyo Obumbe Peoples Sea. Ungubani na ke? Njengoko shekelesh, ezi Abaqhubi benqanawa leyo namapirates ezoyikekayo. mbali abaninzi ndiyaqonda ukuba iminyanya Sardinians mihla. Kwenye inguqulelo bantu kolwandle Dardania kufana - i Trojans kunye lonke kumntla-ntshona eAnatolia.

sherdanov Capital ingqalelo Ahvat isixeko Palestinian, leyo, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ezikhankanywe kwi "Incwadi ABagwebi". Ulwazi lokuqala ngazo kuba amacwecwe odongwe sezozakuzo engeka kubalulekile Egyptologists Tel El Amarna yogcino. Abantu abahlala phakathi enolwandle ngeenxa zombini, okhankanywe ubambo-Addi - umlawuli yesixeko Byblos.

Sherden ukuzabalaza ngokwabo kungekuphela nje Pirates, kodwa nje mercenaries ethembekileyo. Baqala ke ukuba avele kumkhosi waseYiputa ngexesha yaka XVIII. KaRamses II wahlula ezi bolunye uhlanga, emva koko baqalisa ukuza ngakumbi le nkonzo koFaro. Mercenaries walwa ngaxhatha linye kunye amaYiputa ngexesha imikhankaso yabo koko emkhosini ePalestina kunye Syria. Xa kaRamses III sherden baba "yahlula". Ngexesha lemfazwe ibalulekileyo kuwaxhokonxela kwa-Sea Peoples kubo balwa kwicala kaFaro inxalenye - nxamnye naye. Classic ngekrele sherdansky - elide kunye tye. Abemi Valley umNayile yasebenzisa iincakuba irhengqa-ezimile.

Teucer

E Troy yamandulo baphila Dardano kuphela kunye sherden. nabamelwane babo Teucer - omnye ulwandle uhlanga. Zazingekho amaGrike, nakuba bazi ulwimi isiGrike. Teucer, njengezinye izizwe yolwandle kwimbali eYiputa, akazange abe kwiqela Indo yaseYurophu-weentlanga, kamva, ukuba babe ngabantu abakwizihlalo ebhudla kwiMeditera. Nangona yaziwa kanye, ethnogenesis iinkcukacha ngakumbi iye cacisa.

Ngokutsho iinguqulelo omnye engaqinisekiswanga, Teucer entsha Etruscans e-Italy (oko umdla kukuba ababhali bamandulo babekholelwa ukuba ikhaya kakhokho Etruscans Asia Minor). Enye ingcamango exhuma Teucer misiytsami. Ikomkhulu wesizwe yaba isixeko zaseDore, ibekwe ePalestina, kunxweme lweMeditera kwindawo ngoku uSirayeli. Kuba XII BC leminyaka. e. Teucer le ndawo omncinane kwi zibuko likhulu kunye namanqatha. Esi sixeko yatshatyalaliswa amaFenike. Siyazi kuphela igama elinye Teucer umphathi. Yaba Beder. Ulwazi iqulethwe zonke efanayo "Journey Una-Amon."

amaFilisti

Imvelaphi lamaFilisti ngqo ayaziwa. Kakhokho yale kolwandle bantu, kuhlala ePalestina, mhlawumbi Greece okanye Western Malaya Aziya. EBhayibhileni ibizwa ngokuba eKrete. Etempileni kaRamses III amaFilisti zime kwi impahla weAegean nezigcina ezihonjiswe iintsiba. imizobo efanayo emva kwexesha Bronze Age efumaneka eSipro. Neenqwelo amaFilisti awabelwa into emangalisayo, kodwa iinqanawa eyahlukileyo imilo engaqhelekanga. Unique ababenayo iiseramikhi ngakumbi, kwakunye sarcophagi anthropoid.

Ulwimi lokuqala zamaFilisti ezingaziwayo mbali. Ngokufika kwaSirayeli Peoples ulwandle yamkela iziyelelane lakwaKanan (inxalenye yasentshona Uchumileyo Crescent). Nkqu isithixo yamaFilisti wahlala yemihla phantsi amagama isiJuda.

Phantse zonke iintlanga elwandle ezimbalini zeJiputa yamandulo ziye zaqhubeka zingaqondwa kakuhle ngenxa yokunqongophala kwemithombo. Ngaphandle kule Ngumthetho namaFilisti. Okokuqala, ayehlukile ubuninzi ukuze kumaxesha amandulo yayingeyonxalenye iintlanga ezininzi ezincinane. Okwesibini, amaFilisti intabalala yobungqina (IBhayibhile isemi out). Abazange babe urhulumente kwindawo enye. Endaweni yoko, basePalestina zikhona izixeko nkqubo 5. Bonke bephela (Ashdod, neAshkelon, neGaza, Gati) ngaphandle Ekron, oyiswa ngamaFilisti. Oku kungqinwa ngu maleko zakudala ezingezozethu ukuba inkcubeko yabo. Imigaqo-nkqubo ilawulwa ngabadala, nguye qumrhu. Biblical uDavide uloyiso phezu namaFilisti akha uphele lo myalelo.

Abantu abahlala phezu kolwandle, ngokuthe ngcembe wanyamalala. Nkqu amaYiputa wangena ngexesha ilahleko elide emva kokufa kaRamses III. AmaFilisti, phezu koko, waqhubeka ehlala nempumelelo kunye nokwanela. Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, emva kwintlekele yeBronzi Age ubuntu ngokuthe balufunda yentsimbi. AmaFilisti wenza enye yokuqala. Ukuphatha lobuchwepheshe ezizodwa kunye ezifihlakeleyo ndiyabanyibilikisa zesinyithi ngezinkempe, ninamakrele neentonga nje, ngeerhengqe ukulima izinto wabenza baba ixesha elide, anihlasele kwiintshaba exabileyo Bronze Age. yomkhosi abantu bezibandakanya amathambo ezintathu: nomkhosi omkhulu, abatoli neenqwelo zokulwa.

Ekuqaleni, inkcubeko amaFilisti ayenxiba mpawu ezimbalwa zohlobo, njengoko balondoloza abafowunelwa esitalini eGrisi. Bright, le ulwalamano inokulandwa isimbo ceramic. NoFaro luqala ukuncipha emva malunga 1150 BC. e. Yilonto xa iseramikhi amaFilisti uba iimpawu zokuqala non-zohlobo isithethe. isiselo lamaFilisti, utywala. In eyombiweyo abembi bafumana iingqayi ezininzi kweempawu feature ukuhluza ese exolweni yerhasi. kweminyaka 200 emva nokuhlaliswa ePalestina amaFilisti ngokupheleleyo bachukumise alahlekelwe kunye elidlulileyo yesiGrike. Ngesiko labo lakhula iimpawu ngaphezulu yaseYiputa isiJuda.

End of the Peoples Sea

Emva kokoyiswa emfazweni nxamnye kaRamses III Sea Peoples bahlala ePalestina ngokupheleleyo ingxe- kunxweme emazantsi eKanana. Phakathi kwinkulungwane XII. BC. e. Baye woyisa izixeko ezikhulu eLakishe, iMegido, neGezere, yiBheteli. Phantsi kolawulo amaFilisti eza kwintili yeJordan, i-Lower kwelaseGalili. City kuqala itshatyalalisiwe kwaye avuselela ngendlela yaso - ngoko kwaba lula ukuseka igunya kwindawo entsha.

In BC kwekhulu XI. e. Filistiya yaba liziko isitshixo eAshdode. Yena yandiswa rhoqo yaye ziyaqiniswa. Urhwebo neYiputa kunye nabanye abamelwane bazisa inzuzo enkulu. AmaFilisti ikwazile ukufumana zintshula kuloo mmandla ngobuchule ebalulekileyo, apho ezahlukeneyo iindlela zabarhwebi. E Ashdod wabonakala Tel Mor - nenqaba apho izibuko liye landa.

Ummangali iphambili zamaFilisti, kodwa ke amaYiputa, kwakukho amaYuda. ingxabano yawo lwahlala iinkulungwane eziliqela. Ngo1066 BC. e. impi kwenzeka ecaleni Ebhenezere, ngelo xesha amaFilisti, ayithabatha ityeya yomnqophiso (i oyidingayo engundoqo amaSirayeli). Le bhokisi wafuduselwa endlwini kaDagon. Le uthixo kolwandle kubonisiwe ngohlobo poluryba-polucheloveka abantu (it ukubukelwa ezolimo kunye nokuloba). Esi siganeko iyavela iTyeya eBhayibhileni. It uyaxelelwa kukuba amaFilisti ayesohlwaywa nguThixo ngenxa usenokophula wakhe. Ezweni labo waqalisa isifo ongaqondakaliyo - abantu zagutyungelwa izilonda. Ngomhla icebiso nababingeleli nabantu yolwandle Wazisusa kweTyeya. Ngexesha elinye ingxabano enamaSirayeli 770 BC. e. Azariya, ukumkani wakwaYuda, wathi imfazwe nxamnye namaFilisti. Wathatha kuhlaselwa Ashdod, wabatshabalalisa iinqaba zayo.

AmaFilisti kancane mmandla, kodwa aye ahlala inkcubeko yabo kunye nesazisi. Kuvuthelwa kakhulu Uyoyikeka olu hlanga yahlaselwa-Asiriya, bambamba ePalestina ngo VII. BC. e. Ekugqibeleni, yena yanyamalala kule mihla Aleksandra Makedonskogo. Lo mkhosi mkhulu woyisa ePalestina kuphela kodwa eYiputa. Ngenxa yoko, abemi belo Valley Nile kunye Peoples Sea, baye banikwa Hellenization enkulu yaye baphulukana imikhwa yawo eyodwa kazwelonke, ezibe abayinqobo kubo ngexesha lemfazwe dostopomyatnoy kaRamses III nabantu abangabazi wasentla.