I-Park yeNdalo "iVolga-Akhtuba yezikhukhula": njani ufike khona? Ifoto, inkcazelo

IRashiya lizwe elikhethekileyo, kwaye ngokupheleleyo kuzo zonke iziganeko. Ubukhulu, ubutyebi bendalo, ingqondo kunye namasiko - yonke into apha iyingqayizivele, inkulu kwaye inkulu. Kodwa uninzi lwazo zonke luyakuthanda uhlobo oluyingqayizivele, alinganayo naphi na apha kwihlabathi. Akukho nto kwintsimi enkulu yaseRashiya kukho indawo eninzi kunye ne-zakaznik. Iipaki zendalo nganye zihloko kwintetho eyahlukileyo.

Emva kokutyelela ubuncinane omnye wabo, unokucinga ukuba ufunde okungakumbi malunga nelizwe lakho. Namhlanje sifuna ukuthetha ngepaki yemvelo "Volga-Akhtuba floodplain". Ibali lakhe laqala nje nje nje, kodwa yona kanye intlambo yesilambo semigodi emibini ifanelekile ukunyaniseka ngokwenene. Ubume obuyingqayizivele, ukungafani nendawo engenakuphi na indawo, ihlathi laseRashiya kunye namahlathi, amachibi kunye namanxuwa. Kufanelekile ukutyelela kanye.

Inkcazelo ngokubanzi

Ubuhle be-Volga esifundeni sekude kube ngumthombo wokuphefumlelwa kwiibongozi kunye nabaculi kunye nento yokuba nomona ngabantu abakhelene nabo. Bekulapha apho ipaki yemvelo "i-Volgo-Akhtuba floodplain" yasungulwa. Kwaye nje ngoku kutshanje kwaqala ukuthetha malunga nendlela yokuyithatha phantsi kokukhuselwa kukaRhulumente. Le nto yayingumlinganiselo ogqithiseleyo wokugcina ukulingana kwemvelo. Ukuhamba kweetyekethi, kwaye kubaluleke kakhulu, abazingeli, bemi, kunye nabameli bezityalo kunye nezilwanyana zasemaphandleni babe nethuba lokubuyisela amanani abo.

Indlela yokufika khona

Ekubeni sithetha ngento ekhuselekile, kuqondwa ngokukhawuleza ukuba ukutyelela kwakhe kuxhomekeke ekufumaneni imvume. Ngoko ke, kulula ukudibana neofisi ye-ofisi ngokuthe ngqo, enegama elifanayo. Itholakala kwi: Sredneakhtubinsky rn, Srednyaya Akhtuba rn, Naberezhnaya st., 2a. Apha uya kunikwa ezininzi zeendlela zokuhamba, elowo luquka uhambo oluya entlambo phakathi kwemilambo kunye nokuphumla okusebenzayo:

• Imidlalo kunye nohambo lokuloba. Le ngenye yezinto ezithandayo kakhulu ezithandwayo kwiRashiya. Abathandi bayiswa kwibhasi exhotyisiweyo. Kwiprogram-ukuloba, ukucoca amajikijolo kunye nokuqokelela emanxwemeni.
• Ukuhlaziya emfuleni kuyindlela ekhangayo kwaye inomdla. Kule meko abahanjethi bathatyathwa ngaphaya kwezantsi, kumgca we-Akhtuba. Ukusuka apha umzila udlula u-Kuibyshev kunye nedolophana laseKrasny lusizi. Ukuhlala kwexesha lokulala kuqhutywe kwiindawo ezintle kakhulu. Kwibhanki elihle lomlambo. I-Akhtuba kwisithili saseLeninsky ulindele ukuhanjelwa kwangoku, emva koko iqela lidibana neenqwelo zithuthi kwaye libayisa ekhaya.
• Ukutyelela ngebhayisikili yindlela enomdla kakhulu kwaye inamandla yokuhamba kwiindawo ezintle. Kuya kukhwela ngumoya kwimizila yesikhukhula-oku kuyinto enhle kakhulu. Kwaye ungahamba neqela, kwaye wena.

Izwe lamachibi nemilambo

Ipaki yemvelo "I-Volga-Akhtuba floodplain" inama-300 km ubude. Oko kukuthi, le ndawo yonke indawo phakathi kwemilambo emibini emikhulu. Ububanzi bayo bu malunga neekhilomitha ezili-30. I-Akhtuba ngumkhono we-Volga. Kwinqanaba elincinci le-cross Buzan. Uya kwi-delta aze adibanise khona kwimikhono emininzi, ngokuthe ngcembe adibanise ne-Volga. Njengoko ubona, imida yepaki yemvelo "i-Volgo-Akhtubinskaya floodplain" ichazwe ngokucacileyo, loo mntu akazange afune ukuzama ukuzama.

Ukuze uqikelele encinane, masiyeke kwindawo yokuhlala. I-Akhtuba kunye neBuzan ziingcambu zesiteshi esidala. Kule meko, umhlaba kuwo udala "ipayiti ehlambulukileyo" yentlabathi nodongwe. Ngako oko, akusoloko kunemigodi ecacileyo. Ukutshintsha rhoqo, bakha amakhanda amasha kunye namachibi.

Kukho indawo ezimbalwa kuphela emhlabeni. Le iTigris ne-Ewufrathe emibini, kunye nezikhukhula zeGanges kunye ne-Indus. Masizame kwakhona ukudweba imida yepaki yemvelo "I-Volgo-Akhtuba yezikhukhula". Ipaki iqala kwingingqi yeVolgograd, ize iphele emngceleni kunye neAstrakhan. Lapha umlambo ngokwawo uqala ukwahlula kwiindawo zokubakho, kwakukho kule ndawo eyakhiwa yikhululo samandla kagesi saseVolga.

Umzobo wesibini

Kulungele ukujonga kwimaphu, kwaye ngokukhawuleza kuyacaca oko kuthethwa yi-expanses. Ekuqaleni kwintlambo inkulu kakhulu, ekubeni iVolga iyatshintsha indlela, ijika kwi-Caspian Sea. Esi sikwere sichaza ipaki yemvelo "Volga-Akhtuba floodplain". Ngokwenene, kunzima ukuvavanya umlinganiselo esithetha ngawo. Le yindalo enkulu.

Ngendlela elula, ipaki iqala emva kwe-HPP. Iindawo ezintle ziheha abalobi baseRashiya lonke. Umkhukula uhlala namhlanje kwisiza sokuveliswa kwezinto ezixabisekileyo.

Ummandla wepaki

Kunzima ukucinga ukuba unkulu kangakanani. Kukho konke ofuna apha. Lawa ngamachibi aluhlaza kunye nemilambo, amahlathi e-oki kunye namahlathi. Akukho ndawo efana nayo kwiplanethi yethu. Ummandla wepaki yemvelo "I-Volga-Akhtuba yezikhukhula" -ii-154 zamahektare. Izikhala ezivulekileyo, ezihlala zizidalwa eziphilileyo. Kwiminyaka edlulileyo yekhulu lama-20, ukulingana kwemvelo kwintlambo yamanzi, eyenziwa ngeenkulungwane, kwaphulwa. Ngenxa yokubaluleka kweso sikhungo, kugqitywe isigqibo sokudala ipaki yemvelo "Volga-Akhtuba floodplain". Umhla wokuseka nguDisemba 7, 2001. Oku kubangelwa ngumnqweno wokuqinisekisa ukulondolozwa kwendalo kwinqanaba lomthetho.

Ubukhazikhazi bemvelo

Inani elikhulu leentlanzi likhangela apha kungekhona abantu kuphela. Izikhenkco ezintle zikhonza njengendawo yokuhlala yeentaka ezahlukeneyo. Abahlali basigxina kule ndawo, kwaye ngenxa yoxolo lwabo, kubandakanywa insimu yaziwa njengendawo yokugcina. Ipaki yemvelo icebile kwiindawo zokutya kunye namahlathi oki, okuye kwaba yindawo yokuhlala yamakhulu eentlobo zezilwanyana. Kodwa inqabileyo kakhulu ilitye yeenqwelo. Yincinci, kwaye ukususela ngo-Agasti ukuya kuSeptemba, kumagqabantsha amakhulu, iindlovu zamanzi ezimnandi ziyaqhakaza.

Into ebaluleke kakhulu kwizinto eziphilayo zommandla

Kwaye akusikho ukunyaniseka. Ukugcina le ngqutyana yendalo, siza kunika ilungelo lokuphila kumakhulu, ukuba asikho iindidi zeentlobo zezidalwa. Yingakho kwagqitywa ukuba kulungiswe ipaki yemvelo "Volga-Akhtuba floodplain". Imbali yendalo yaqala kwiminyaka engama-90 yekhulu elidlulileyo, xa uluntu luneengxaki zokunciphisa ngokukhawuleza kwinani lentlanzi. Nangona kunjalo, ixesha elinzima kwimbali yaseRashiya lathintela ingqalelo imilinganiselo yokukhuselwa kwendalo.

Ukusondela kule ngxaki kwafika ngo-1999. Kwintlanganiso kaRhulumente, umbuzo waphakanyiswa ukuba ipaki yemvelo "Volgo-Akhtuba floodplain", ekhuselwe nguRhulumente, iyadingeka ukugcina into ekhethekileyo. Ukudalwa kwale "i-oasis yobomi" kwenza ukuba kunokwenzeka ukugcina icandelo lokugqibela kwintlambo yaseVolga njengoko lenziwe yendalo.

Kancinci malunga nezizathu zokudala ipaki

Siye saqwalasela isinyathelo ngesinyathelo indlela ipaki yemvelo "Volgo-Akhtuba floodplain" yenziwe ngayo. Imbali ikuvumela ukuba ubone indlela into eyimvelo eyahlukileyo eyaqala ngayo. Ukuvuma ukuphuhliswa kweziganeko kwakungekho nangoko kwenzeka, kuba ummandla wonke umkhukula omkhulu ngumlawuli wokubunjwa kwemoya yomoya.

Kodwa le sizathu esinye kuphela. Intsimi yepaki iquka izinto zelifa lemveli nelifa. Kukho indawo ekhethekileyo apha. Ngezantsi siza kuhlawula ngokukhethekileyo. Namhlanje, ukhenketho kwezi ndawo kuphuhlisa. Kubalulekile ukudweba abantu kwiingxaki zokulondolozwa kwemilinganiselo yendalo kunye neembali.

Imimiselo kwipaki yemvelo "Volga-Akhtuba floodplain"

Olu luxwebhu olusisiseko, oluchaza zonke iinjongo kunye neenjongo abaqashi beendawo ezigcinwe kuzo. Okokuqala, zichaphazela imisebenzi yoMlawuli wePakethi. Umsebenzi wabasebenzi ujolise eku:

• Ukukhuselwa nokubuyiselwa kwemithombo yendalo;
• Ukulondolozwa kwendalo, imihlaba yemvelo;

Imimiselo kwi-Volgo-Akhtuba Floodplain Nature Park ichaza yonke imimandla esebenzayo eneenkqubo ezikhuselekileyo zokukhusela. Kukho ezintathu kubo, ngaphantsi siza kuthetha ngazo. Umgca wecala kukuba ezinye zelizwe kufuneka zivalwe ngokupheleleyo ekutyelelweni ngabavakashi. Xa ukulinganiswa kwezinto eziphilayo kwimihlaba, ukuhanjelwa kwamagqabantshintshi kunye nokunyuka kwezinto kungakulungelelaniswa, kodwa kunemimiselo emikhulu.

Imiqobo kwiindawo ezikhuselekileyo

Ukuba ukhange ubuhle beRashiya, ke indawo efanelekileyo yokuphumla iya kuba ngummandla waseVolgograd. Ipaki yemvelo "I-Volga-Akhtuba floodplain" ivalwe ngokukhawuleza namhlanje ukuhamba kwabavakhenkethi. Kwindawo ekhuselekile ngokukodwa, nabani na abantu, ngaphandle kwabasebenzi bepaki, abanqatshelwe. Ummandla wesibini ngowona mkhulu kakhulu, wenzelwe ukulungiselela ukuphumla okulawulwayo. Kwintsimi yayo, akuvumelekile ukuba uhambe kwizithuthi ezichanekileyo, ukufaka iiplatifomu zokujonga kunye nokwakha i-campfires. Imigangatho yokuhlala, ukukhetha amajikijolo kunye nama-mushroom, imishanguzo yokwelapha, konke oku kuvunyelwana kwangaphambili.

Intaba yezikhukhula ze-Volgo-Akhtuba (i-Volgograd Region) yintsimi apho ukuloba kuncinci ku-5 kg ngomntu ngamnye ngosuku. Imingcipheko efanayo ifakwa kwi-export of fresh fish, okanye i-fish or dried fish. Abakhenkethi abakwazi ukuthatha ngaphezu kwe-5 kg. Le miqathango ethintekayo, eyenzelwe ukugcina imithombo yemvelo yolondolozo.

Indawo yemozulu

Ipaki yemvelo "I-Volgo-Akhtuba floodplain" (iRashiya, ummandla waseVolgograd) ibonakala ngeemeko ezizodwa, isizathu sokuba inani elikhulu lezilwanyana neentaka ezihlala apha. Imozulu kwintlambo imnene. Imvula apha iyingcosana, kodwa iintsuku ezingapheliyo. Kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo, ihlobo litshisa, ngamanye amaxesha ubushushu bufikelela kuma-40 degrees.

Isimo semozulu sendawo asinakuhluke kwiindawo ezisezantsi zaseCrimea. Ubuninzi bokukhanya, umswakama kunye nokushisa kwenza kube lula ukuvelisa iidiliya kunye nezinye izityalo ezithandayo ukushisa ukufudumala kwindawo ehlala kuyo. Ixesha lokubanda liqala ukususela phakathi koNovemba kwaye lihlala kude kube ngoMatshi. Iqondo lokushisa eliqhelekileyo li malunga ne -9 degrees, kodwa kwenzeka ukuba iikholam ze-thermometer ziwe kwaye zingezantsi -20 degrees.

Ecosystem

Indawo yokugcina indawo (ipaki yemvelo) "I-Volga-Akhtuba floodplain" yinkqubo yamanzi yamanzi kunye namachibi. Ukongezelela, kukho iindwendwe, amahlathi kunye namahlathi oki. Kwintsimi yesigcino kukho iibhogi ezimbini ezinkulu, apho kukho ininzi enkulu yeentaka. Kodwa akukho konke, kukho amachibi angaphezu kwama-200 apha, eneendawo ezipheleleyo ezingamahektare ezingama-42. Le phantse i-30% yendawo yonke epaki. Kwaye, ngaphezu koko, yimikhono emi-3, imingcwaba e-6, ama-5 amakhulu amakhulu kunye ne-Ericks elincinane engama-120. Yinkqubo yamanzi enxibelelwano yamanzi eyenza i-microclimate ekhethekileyo, kwaye iphinda ifake i-ecosystem.

Flora

Ihlabathi lezityalo lendawo yokukhukula iquka iintlobo ezingama-800 zezityalo. Ihlabathi lonke lihlangene kwindawo enye. Akumangalisi ukuba izazi zezilwanyana kunye nososayensi zikulungele ukuchitha inyanga apha. Ngokuyisiseko, ziyi-Compositae kunye ne-cereal, i-sedge ne-cruciferous, i-buckwheat kunye ne-legumes, i-rosaceous. Ukubunjwa kweentlanzi kunye neentyatyambo kuye kwadlula indlela yokulungelelanisa kwiimeko zokukhukula kunye nexesha lokukhukula.

Izilwanyana ezisenyakatho zecala lokukhukula zimelelwe ngokubanzi ngamadlelo. Amahlathi ahlala malunga ne-15% yommandla wonke. Iimpawu eziphambili ziyimithi ye-oki, kunye nompopu omhlophe nomnyama. Yonke imithi (elms, aspens) ihlala kwiindawo ezincinci. Imifuno yokufakelwa yintlanzi.

Uyazi kakuhle apho ipaki yemvelo "Volgo-Akhtuba floodplain". Kule ndawo unokufumana izityalo zemithi ezigqithisileyo. Le hawthorn iyanamathele kwaye i-currant yegolide, i-dogrose inaliti kunye nomnyama wamanberry, i-valerian officinalis, i-lily of the valley kunye ne-honeysuckle ezidliwayo, ezinqamlekileyo kunye ne-buckthorn yolwandle. Ukongeza, unako ukubala ezimbalwa izityalo ezinobuncedo kunye nezimbali ezintle.

Zezilwanyana

Imfuyo yepaki yemvelo "I-Volgo-Akhtuba yezikhukhula" inzima kwaye ininzi. Iintaka zifundwe ngokupheleleyo. Abaphathi be-ornithologists basebenza rhoqo apha. Bafunda abemi basisigxina, izimo zabo zokuhlala, indawo yokuhlala. Lapha uhlala okanye okanye, ubuncinane, uyeka ngexesha lokuhamba ngeenqwelo-moya malunga ne-80% yazo zonke iintlobo zeentaka ezihlala eRashiya. Kwaye zonke iintlobo zeesithandathu zeentaka zidweliswe kwiBlack Book. Indlela endala kunazo zonke zeentaka ezifudukayo zidlulayo. Apha bayeka ukuncedisa. Kuzo iintlobo ezinqabileyo nezingozi ezinobungozi yi-Chegrava kunye neKalavayka, ukuhleka kweMnyama kunye neKolpitsa, i-Beloglazy Dive kunye neKulik-Magpie, iSorkork ne-Orlan-Belokhvost.

Izilwanyana zamanzi

Malunga nabemi beli ndawo unokuthetha ngokungapheliyo. Izilwanyana ze-Volgo-Akhtuba zezikhukhula zifana nabameli be-steppe ne-forest-steppe zone. Izilwanyana zineentsholongwane ezingama-30 kwintsimi yamanzi. Lezi iigundane kunye neengoma, iimoto. Ukusuka kwiindawo zasentlango ezijikelezileyo, i-hamsters kunye nezinye izilwanyana ezincinci ziza apha. Ukuhanjiswa kwabo kuphethwe yizikhukhula eziqhelekileyo, kodwa iigubhu zihambelana nezi meko. Ngokungaqhelekanga kwi-floodplain and hedgehogs. Kwaye nantsi unokudibana nomntu oqhelekileyo kunye nomhlophe-osikiweyo, e-steppe ne-eyred. Ebusuku, ezininzi izilwanyana ziphuma, kodwa ngenxa yendlela ethile yobomi, aziqondi kakuhle. Namhlanje izazinzulu zixhalabele ukuhlola ihlabathi leentaka, ngoko ke, kunokwenzeka ukuba iindumalo zisilindele xa zifika kwizifundo ezilwanyana.

Izilwanyana ezinkulu

Lapha uhlala nenani elikhulu leeharu. Ekubeni ukuzingela kungavunyelwe apha, amanani abo alawulwa ngumsebenzi wezilwanyana zasendle. Apha, ngamanani aneleyo, kukho i-weasel ne-fox, i-raccoon fox, eyayiziswa ukusuka kwiMpuma Ekude. Ngamanani amancinci, unokufumana izigodo kunye neengcuka, i-martens, ne- American mink. Zininzi zezi zityalo zixabisekileyo, izilwanyana ezithwele ubumvu ezizinto zokuzonwabisa nokuzingela.

Abemi baseManzi

Akukho ndawo ekungeke ufumane ukuloba okunjalo, njengokwesikhukhula. Apha ipharadesi yabathandi bathanda intonga yokuloba okanye ukujikeleza. Ubambe ixesha elingakanani ukubamba inhlanzi enesisindo esingama-5 kg ngosuku? Kwaye kukho into eqhelekileyo. Into ephambili ayikuthi ithathelwe, oku kukubanjwa okukhulu okuvunyelwe usuku. Ukuba unqamle ngaphandle kwintsimi yepaki yemvelo, unokuba khona elunxwemeni ukwenza umlilo uze upheke indlebe enhle kakhulu.

Ngenxa yentlangano efikelelekileyo yendawo yokugcina indawo, kwiindawo zokuhlala ezigcinwe kuyo kwakunokwenzeka ukuba kugcinwe iintlobo ezinqabileyo nezingozi ezinobungozi njengeCaspian Sea trout, i-Volga herring, i-sterlet kunye neentlanzi ezimhlophe. Ngaphansi kokukhuselwa yi-lamprey kunye neech leech, kunye neentlobo ezingama-20 zeenambuzane. Le yindawo ephela ehlabathini apho iintlobo ze-sturgeon kwiimeko zendalo.

Izibonelelo zepaki

Ngokwe siseko sendawo, i-biostation okanye i-pheasantaria yenziwe. Eli liziko lokufunda zasendle. Ukunyuka kwezinto kubandakanya isikhungo se-pheasant kunye nesimo sokuvuselela, isigaba sokuncoma seentaka, indawo yesityalo. Apha baqhuba imisebenzi kwiindawo ezininzi:

• Ukubuyiselwa kwezilwanyana zasendle ezithintekile ngesandla sabantu. Umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu, apho abafundi nabafundi bathandwa. Oku kunenani lokufundisa;
• Ukufundwa kweentaka ezifudukayo;
• Ukuvuselelwa kweentlobo zezityalo ezingaqhelekanga;

Okwangoku, iintlobo zeentlobo zeemveliso eziziwayo zeentaka ezintle. Ngelo xesha, iindwendwe ziyakwazi ukubona ngamehlo yazo inkqubo yonke yokuvelisa nokulima. Mhlawumbi kungekudala imfuyo yonke yemfuyo iza kuhlala kwimida yepaki. Ngokwalo, umsebenzi wesitishi esinjalo asixabisekanga, ingakumbi kuba kungabikho zifaniso.

I-Ecocenter Leshchevsky

Le iindawo ezisemaphandleni kwilali Leshchev, kwisakhiwo sesikolo bangaphambili. Indawo ecocenter yenza kube lula kakhulu ukuba ukusebenza kwabafundi kunye nabafundi. Ayikho mnandi, kodwa uphando kakhulu. Oku kubangelwa kukuba kukho inani imigxobhozo amalungiselelo, ezo indawo ephambili kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zeentaka yokwakha. Kukho elebhu kunye neeklasi zoqeqesho. Esi sisiseko esihle esilungiselelwe umbutho nokubamba izikolo intsimi onyaka. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba iziko liye lavulwa kakhulu kutshanje, xa isiseko kwayo zocweyo eziliqela intsimi esimbaxa zaye zabanjwa.

iindawo ezinika umdla zotyelelo park

Hayi oosonzululwazi kuphela kunye nabaphandi umdla yi iVolga-Akhtuba yezandyondyo. Photo Nature Park kusibonisa ubuhle obumangalisayo kule ndawo apho nje ufuna ukufumana umoya omtsha, hamba-hamba kunye onwabele kwihlabathi elibangqongileyo. Nangona lombutho ukhuseleko kule ndawo ikhethekileyo, abakhenkethi abalindelekanga esalelweyo ukundwendwela indawo yalo. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo - ukulandela imithetho kwaye akayi kungqubana kolawulo lusekiwe. Kodwa ngaphandle zemvelo epakini, kukho iziza zembali. Umzekelo woku yokungcwabela yeBronzi Age, apho kuye kwafunyanwa ngabembi kutshanje.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku imisebenzi kwezokhenketho abangena nje isigaba lophuhliso kakhulu. Sele kwasekwa iindlela engqongileyo ngokuphelela kwayo kusenzelwa amanzi kunye nokunyuka. Yokuba ulwazi kunye eyonwabisayo. Ngenxa kufutshane ipaki nature kunye omkhulu, izazinzulu kufuneka ucinge indlela yokunciphisa ukuhamba kwamalweyile ngendlela abakhenkethi abafuna ukuya epakini. Ukwenza oku namhlanje ukuphuhlisa imimandla zolonwabo, ezithi zibekwe ecaleni kumda wasentshona. Oku kunciphisa kakhulu umthwalo ntsimi ngokwayo. Noko ke, ukucombulula ngokupheleleyo ingxaki ayikho kodwa kunokwenzeka. De kube ngoku, kukho amatyala ngaphandle kwemvume.

endaweni yesiphelo

Oosonzululwazi kunye nabaphandi ayenzelwanga ukuba kunqunyulwa ngokupheleleyo angabikho ipaki nature yehlabathi kunye nofikelelo kufutshane kummandla abakhenkethi yayo ukwazi kunye nomdla. Noko ke, yokufika abakhenkethi usoloko yintlekele indalo. Iimvelaphi kweentlanzi ezemidlalo, inyathelwe izityalo, imithi ezaphukileyo, kobutyobo kunye nemililo ezivela kweentlanti. Le asinto uluhlu alupheli iingxaki lupheliswe kuphela ngokuvala ntsimi. Ngena kwi zineziphumo ezizodwa wongeza uxanduva. Man simazi ngaphambili kunye nemithetho kunye nezohlwayo kunokwenzeka. Yiyo lo ngumlinganiselo wanika ithuba ukulondoloza yemvelo engafani wezandyondyo, izityalo kunye nezilwanyana zayo. Namhlanje, intsalela eziphilayo kuxhaphaka ekubuyeleni eziqhelekileyo, nyaka ngamnye neentlobo ezizodwa iintaka, izinambuzane, intlanzi kunye nezilwanyana iba ezinkulu. Oku ayikwazi kodwa nemihlali.