Izinyoka: isiphako se-reptile kunye namasayine kunye nesithombe

Izinyoka zizilwanyana ezinomzimba omde, omncinci kwaye oguquguqukayo. Ayinayo imilenze, i-paws, izandla, amaphiko okanye iifom. Kukho intloko kuphela, isiqu kunye nomsila. Kodwa ingabe inyoka inomzimba? Makhe sibone indlela umzimba wezo ndawo ezihlaziyiweyo ezilungiselelwe ngayo.

Iimpawu zeenyoka

Izinyoka zivela kwiklasi yezilwanyana ezinobuthi, iinqwelwana. Bahlala kuwo wonke umhlaba, ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica, eNew Zealand, eIreland nakwezinye iinqithi zase-Pacific Ocean. Abadibanisanga emva kweArtictic Circle kwaye bakhethe ama-tropical afudumele. Ezi zilwanyana zingaphila emanzini, entlango, kwiintaba ezinamahlathi kunye namahlathi amakhulu.

Umzimba weenyoka uxhomekeke kwaye kuxhomekeka kwiintlobo zineendidi ezili-cm ukuya kwii-7-8 zamitha. Ikhumba labo limbozwe ngeekali, umlo kunye nendawo engafaniyo kwaye yinto yokuphila.

Azinaso iipilisi ezihambayo, indlebe yangaphandle nephakathi. Bava kakubi, kodwa bahlula ngokucacileyo ukubetha. Umzimba wabo ukhangeleke kakhulu ukuguquka, kwaye ekubeni kudla ngokuqhagamshelana ngqo nomhlaba, izilwanyana zivakalelwa nokuba zincinci zomhlaba.

Umbono uphuhliswa kakuhle hhayi zonke iinyoka. Kubalulekile kubo ngokubanzi ukwenzela ukwahlula phakathi kokunyakaza. Oku kubonakala kakhulu kubameli beentlobo ezihlala phantsi komhlaba. Ama-receptors akhethekileyo wombono we-thermal anceda ukuqonda ixhoba. Zifumaneka kwindawo yazo ebusweni phantsi kwamehlo (kwiipythoni, iimbunu) okanye phantsi kwamacinci.

Ingaba inyoka inamafuba?

Izinyoka zizilwanyana. Ukutya kwabo kukuhluke kakhulu: iincinci ezincinci, iintaka, amaqanda, inambuzane, i-amphibians, intlanzi, i-crayfish. Inyoka ezinkulu zingadla ingwe okanye ibhokhwe. Njengomthetho, bayagwinya i-extraction ngokubanzi, belula phezu kwayo njenge-stocking. Ukususela kwicala kunokubonakala ngathi abanalo mathambo, kwaye umzimba unemizimba efanayo.

Ukuqonda ukuba inyoka inesifo, kunelungelo lokubuyela kwisigaba sabo. Kwi-biology, sele sele ichongiwe ngezilwanyana ezilwanyana, oku kuthetha ukuba ubuncinane le nxalenye yamathambo ekhona. Kanye kunye nezilonda, i-iguana, ii-turtles, ingwenya, zivela kwiindawo ezihlambulukileyo (ezihlambulukileyo), zihlala kwindawo ephakathi phakathi kwama-amphibians kunye neentaka.

Isakhiwo samathambo enyoka sinempawu ezifanayo, kodwa ngeendlela ezininzi zihlukile kwabanye abameli beklasi. Ngokungafani nama-amphibians, izilwanyana ezinamaqabunga zinamasebe amahlanu omgudu (umlomo wesibeleko, i-trunk, i-lumbar, i-sacral ne-caudal).

Ummandla wesibeleko uqulethe i-vertebrae e-7-10 ehambelana ngokuzenzekelayo, engavumelekanga nje ukuphakamisa nokunciphisa, kodwa kwakhona ukuguqula intloko. Isiqu sisoloko sinama-vertibrae angama-16-25, kunye neembambo zeembambo ziqhotyoshelwe kuwo ngamnye. I-vertebrae yeCaudal (ukufika kwi-40) yehla ngokukhulula kwisihloko somsila.

Ikhanda lezityalo ezihlambulukileyo likhulu kakhulu kwaye lilukhuni kunokuba li-amphibians. Ulwahlulo lwayo lwe-axial kunye ne-visceral kubantu abadala bakhula kunye. Uninzi lwababameli bane-sternum, i-pelvis kunye namabhande amabini.

Isifuba senyoka kunye namasayineli

Iyona nto ebonakalayo ebonakalayo yeenyoka kukungabikho kwephambili nangaphambili. Bahamba, baqhekeza emhlabathini, baphumule ngokupheleleyo kuwo wonke umzimba. Ukutshatyalaliswa kwemilenze ngendlela yeenkqubo ezincinci zikhoyo kwisakhiwo sezinye iintlobo, umzekelo, iipythoni kunye ne-boas.

Kwizinyoka eziseleyo, i-squelette iqulethe, i-trunk, umsila kunye nezimbambo. Icandelo le-trunk lincinci kwaye liqulethe "ezinye iinkcukacha" kunezinye izityalo ezimbi. Ngoko, banama-vertebrae angama-140 ukuya kuma-450. Zidibaniswe nomnye ngeempahla kwaye zakha isakhiwo esinokuguquguquka, esivumela isilwanyana ukuba sibophe kuzo zonke iinkalo.

Kwimisipha yenyoka ayifuni ngokupheleleyo. Ukusuka kwi-vertebrae nganye, iimbambo zombini zihamba, ezingenakudityaniswa. Oku kuvumela amaxesha amaninzi ukwandisa umthamo womzimba xa udla ukutya okukhulu.

I-vertebrae kunye neentambo zihlangene kunye nezihlunu eziqhakanyayo, apho inyoka inokuphakamisa khona umzimba. Kwinqanaba elincinane lommandla we-trunk, iimbambo zifutshane ngokufutshane, kwaye kwicandelo lomsila alikho ngokupheleleyo.

Skull

Kuzo zonke iinyoka, amathambo ebhokisi yengqondo adibene kunye. Amathambo angama-articular, angaphezulu kunye neengangoma zesangqa esisezantsi ahlanganisana kunye, axhunyiwe kwisithambo sezinyo ngendoda ehambayo. Umhlathi ophantsi unamathele kwisigxina esiphezulu, esinokutyiliselwa ukugwinya izilwanyana ezinkulu.

Ngenjongo efanayo, umhlathi ophantsi ngokwawo uqulethwe ngamathambo amabini ahlanganiswe kuphela ngeqela, kodwa kungekhona ngethambo. Kwinkqubo yokudla inyamazane, inyoka ihamba ngokuthe tye iindawo ezisekhohlo kunye neyokunene, iphosa ukutya ngaphakathi.

Intloko yeenyoka inesakhiwo esiyingqayizivele. Ukuba ukubonakala komlenze kunye neembambo ziqhelekileyo kwi-suborder yonke, i-gawu ibonisa iimpawu zeentlobo ezithile. Ngokomzekelo, kwi-rattlesnake, i-skeleton yekhanda yinto yesigxina. Kwiipythoni, intloko ixhomekeke kwimeko ye-oval kunye ne-flattentened, kwaye amathambo amaninzi kakhulu kunokuba i-rattler.

Amazinyo

Iinyoko zikwahlukileyo kwintlobo okanye uhlobo. Ubume kunye nobuninzi babo buxhomekeke kwindlela yokuphila yesilwanyana. Izinyoka azidingi ukuba zihlakulele, kodwa zilume, zibambe kwaye zibambe amaxhoba.

Izilwanyana zokutya ziginya, ngelixa zihlala zilindele ukufa kwakhe. Ukuthintela ixhoba ukuba likhulule, amazinyo emilanjeni yenyoka ayisekona kwaye ijoliswe ngaphakathi. Le ndlela ifana nenkoba yokubamba iintlanzi kwaye yenza kube lula ukumbamba inzulu kwixhoba.

Izinyoka zinyama, zibukhali kwaye zahlula zibe zintathu iintlobo: i-constrictor, okanye iqinile, i-groove, okanye i-grooved, i-hollow, okanye i-tubular. Abangaphambili babakho, njengomthetho, kwiintlobo ezingekho zisonobumba. Zifutshane kwaye zininzi. Ngomhlathi ophezulu ulungiswe emigqeni emibini, kwaye ngezantsi - ngomqolo omnye.

Amazinyo e-Borate atholakala ekupheleni komhlathi. Zixesha elide kunamandla kwaye zinikwe umngxuma ongena kuwo ubuthi. Zinamazinyo afana kakhulu. Kufuneka kwakhona ukujoba ubuthi. Zingagcinwa (kunye nesimo esigxina ngaso sonke isikhathi) okanye i-erectile (ephuma kwi-groove yomhlathi xa kwenzeka ingozi).

Inyoka yeVenom

Inani elikhulu leenyoka liyingozi. Isixhobo esinjalo esiyingozi abayidingayo kangako ukukhusela ukukhupha ixhoba. Ngokuqhelekileyo amazinyo amabini amade atyhefu adumile kakhulu emlonyeni, kodwa kwezinye iintlobo azifihla ubunzulu bomlomo.

Ubuthi obunobuthi buveliswa ngeengqungquthela ezikhethekileyo ezisempile. Ngezithuba abazixhuma kunye namazinyo angenanto okanye amancedo kwaye asebenze ngexesha elifanelekileyo. Abanye babameli beengqungquthela kunye neenyoka bangahlambulula "izibonda" zabo.

Into eyingozi kunazo zonke ngabantu inyoka yentsapho yaseTaipan. Ziqhelekile e-Australia naseNew Guinea. Ngaphambi kokufumana isitofu, ukufa kwabantu besifo sabo kubonakala kwiimeko ezingama-90%.