Ingxelo - yintoni na? Imithombo kunye neendlela ezilandelanayo

Ngaphambi kokuba kuqhutywe inkcazo yeso siqalo njengobungqina obukhoyo kwizinto zangoku , kunye nokuchonga iimpawu kunye nezakhiwo zayo, okokuqala kukufuneka ukuba kuchaze igama elithi "ingxelo" ngokwayo.

Ingxelo - yintoni na?

Kukho iinguqu ezininzi malunga nomvelaphi wekota, ngokuchanekileyo, imithombo emininzi apho ingavela khona. Ngokutsho komnye wabo, igama elithi "ingxelo" livela kumagama alandelayo kunye ne-gnarus, esithetha ngesiLatin "ukuqonda into" kunye "neengcali". NgesiNgesi, kukho inqaku elithethayo nelisigxina - inqaku ", elingazange libonise ngokuthe ngqo ingqalelo kwintetho yomxholo. Namhlanje imithombo elandelwayo inokufumaneka kwiindawo zonke zesayensi : i-psychology, i- sociology, i-philology, ifilosofi kunye neengqondo zengqondo. Kodwa ukuba ufunde iinjongo ezifana nokulandelana, ukulandelela, iindlela ezilandelelanayo kunye nabanye kukho ulawulo oluzimeleyo oluzimeleyo-imbali. Ngoko ke, kulufanelekile ukufumana ingxelo-ngokwayo kwaye yintoni imisebenzi yayo?

Iimithombo zombini ze-etymological, eziphakanyiswe ngasentla, zithatha intsingiselo enye-ingxelo yengcaciso, ibali. Oko kukuthi, ngokwemigqaliselo elula, ingxelo elandelwayo yinto ethile. Nangona kunjalo, musa ukudibanisa le ngcamango ngebali elilula. Ingxelo elandisayo ineempawu kunye neempawu, ezikhokelela ekuveleni kwekota elizimeleyo.

Ukulandelana kunye nebali

Uthini umahluko phakathi kwebali kunye nelilula? Ibali yindlela yokunxibelelana, indlela yokufumana nokuthumela ulwazi oluchanekileyo (nolwazi). Ingxelo ebizwa ngokuthi "ukuchaza ibali", ukuba umntu usebenzisa iigama-magama ze-Afilosofi yaseMerika kunye nomlando wezobugcisa u-Arthur Danto (uDanteau A. Uhlalutyo lweMbali, iMoscow: I-Idea Press, 2002. P. 194). Oko kukuthi, ingxelo, kunoko, ayiyiyo injongo, kodwa ilandelelana. Ingxelo ivela xa ibali eliqhelekileyo longeza iimvakalelo ezizimeleyo kunye nokulinganisa umlandeli-umlandeli. Kukho imfuno nje kuphela ukuhambisa ulwazi kumphulaphuli, kodwa ukuphawula, umdla, ukunyanzelisa ukuphulaphula, kubangele impendulo ethile. Ngamanye amazwi, umahluko phakathi kwenkcazo evela kwingxelo eqhelekileyo okanye ingxelo eqinisekisa iinyani ekukhangeni iimvavanyo zomntu ngamnye kunye neemvakalelo zomlandeli ngamnye. Okanye kubonakaliswe ubudlelwane obunobangela kunye nobukho beetyathanga ezinengqiqo phakathi kweziganeko ezichazwe, ukuba ngumbuzo weempawu zembali okanye ezenzululwazi.

Umxholo: umzekelo

Ukuze ekugqibeleni usungulwe intsingiselo yendaba elandayo, kuyimfuneko ukuyiqwalasela ngokusebenzayo - kwimiyalezo. Ngoko, ingxelo - yintoni na? Umzekelo obonisa umahluko phakathi kwebali kunye nebali, kulo mzekelo, unokuqhathanisa oku kulandelayo: "Izolo ndenze iinyawo zam zimanzi. Namhlanje andizange ndisebenze "kwaye" ngeyure ndenze iinyawo zam zimanzi, ngoko namhlanje ndigula kwaye ndingahambi emsebenzini. " Ngokomxholo ezi ngxelo ziphantse zifana. Nangona kunjalo, enye yinto eguqula intsingiselo yenkcazo-inzame yokudibanisa iziganeko zombini. Uhlobo oluqala lwesitatimende lukhululekile kwiimpawu ezizimeleyo kunye nobudlelwane obangela umphumo, okwesibini abakhoyo kwaye zibaluleke kakhulu. Kwinguqu yokuqala, kwakungacacisiwe ukuba kutheni i-hero-narrator engazange afike enkonzweni, mhlawumbi yayingumhla, okanye wayenomdla kakhulu, kodwa ngesinye isizathu. Nangona kunjalo, ukhetho lwesibili lubonisa isimo sengqondo esivele sisezantsi kwisigidimi somgcini othile othi, ngokubaluleka kwakhe kunye nokuvakalisa amava akhe, uqhube uhlalutyo lwengcaciso kunye nobudlelwane obubangela-kunye-nentsingiselo, ukuvakalisa ngokuphindaphinda kwakhe umyalezo. Ingqondo yengqondo, "isintu" sinokutshintsha ngokupheleleyo intsingiselo yenkcazo ukuba umxholo unika ulwazi olunganeleyo.

Iinkcazo kwiimibhalo zenzululwazi

Nangona kunjalo, kungekhona nje kuphela ulwazi olumxholo, kodwa kunye nolwazi lomfundi (umlandeli) luchaphazela ukuhambelana kolwazi olufanelekileyo, ukuqaliswa kovavanyo kunye neemvakalelo. Ukuqhubela phambili kule nto, ingxelo yebaliwe iyancitshiswa, kwaye omnye unokucinga ukuba ukulandelana okungafaniyo kuzo zonke iitekisi, kodwa, umzekelo, ayikho kwimilayezo yesayensi. Nangona kunjalo, oku akunjalo ngokupheleleyo. Kwimizekelo emininzi okanye encinane, iimpawu ezilandelwayo zingabonwa kuyo nayiphi na imilayezo, kuba isicatshulwa asiquleli kuphela umbhali kunye nomlandisi, ngubani na onokuba ngabadlali abahlukeneyo, kodwa naye umfundi okanye umphulaphuli owaziyo aze ahumushe ulwazi olufunyenwe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Okokuqala, ngokuqinisekileyo, oku kusebenza kwimibhalo yezandla. Nangona kunjalo, kwiingxelo zesayensi kukho iingxelo. Bakhona ngakumbi kwiimeko zembali, ezenkcubeko nezentlalo kwaye abayiyo injongo yokubonakalisa inyaniso, kodwa kunokuba ibe ngumqondiso wezinto zabo ezahlukeneyo. Nangona kunjalo, zinokuchaphazela ukubunjwa kobudlelwane obangela imbangela phakathi kweemeko ezithembekileyo zembali okanye ezinye izinto.

Ngenxa yokuba zininzi zeziganeko kunye nobukho babo buninzi kwiimibhalo zemixholo eyahlukeneyo, inzululwazi ayinakukunyaniseka kwinto ebonisa ukulandelana kunye nokubandakanya ngokubanzi kwisifundo sayo. Okwangoku, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zenzululwazi zinomdla ngendlela enjalo yokwazi ihlabathi, njengengxelo. Inethemba lokuphuhliswa kuyo, kuba ingxelo ivumela ukuba senze i-systematize, ilandelelanise, idibanise ulwazi, kunye nakwamasebe omntu ngamnye, ukufundisisa uhlobo lwabantu.

Ingxoxo kunye neengxelo

Kuye konke oku ngasentla, kulandelelana ukuba isakhiwo sembali singenangqiqo, iifom zayo zizinzileyo, azikho naziphi iisampuli zazo, ngokuxhomekeke kumongo weimeko ezizaliswe ngumxholo ngamnye. Ngoko ke, umongo okanye intetho apho le ncwadana okanye le ncwadana ibonakaliswe yinto ebalulekileyo yobomi bayo.

Ukuba sicinga intsingiselo yelizwi ngentsingiselo ebanzi, intetho iyintetho ngokusemthethweni, umsebenzi weelwimi kunye nenkqubo yayo. Nangona kunjalo, kule ngqungquthela igama elithi "intetho" lisetyenziselwa ukuchaza umongo othile, kuyimfuneko ekudalweni kwanoma yimuphi umxholo, njengenye okanye esinye isikhundla sokuba khona kwenkcazelo.

Ngokomxholo wezithuba zengqesho, i-narrative iyinyani ephikisayo, ebonakalayo kuyo. I-French theorist ne-postmodernist uJean-Francois Lyotard ibiza ukulandelela enye yeentlobo zentetho. Ubeka iingcamango zakhe ngokucacileyo kwi-monograph "I-State of Modernity" (uLyotard Jean-Francois, iProvense Post, eSt. Petersburg: uAleteya, ngo-1998. - 160 iphe.). Iingcali zeengqondo kunye neengcali zefilosofi uJens Brockmeier noRom Harre bachaza le ngxelo "njengeentlobo zeentetho," kwaye ingqiqo yabo inokufunyanwa kumsebenzi wophando (Brockmeyer Jens, Harre Rom., Ingxelo: Iingxaki kunye Nezithembiso Zomnye woPhiladigm // Iingxaki zoPhilozofi - 2000. - 3 - P. 29-42.). Ngako-ke, kuyacaca ukuba, njengoko isetyenziswe kwiilwimi kunye nokugxekwa kwincwadi, iigama "ingxelo" kunye ne "intetho" ayinakuhlukaniswa kwaye zikhoyo ngokufanayo.

Ingxelo e Philology

Kuye kwagqitywa kakhulu ingqalelo kwiindlela ezilandelelanayo kunye neengxelo ngeengcali ze-philological: iilwimi, ukugxekwa kweencwadi. Ngeelwimi kule dilesi, njengoko sele ikhankanywe ngasentla, ifundwa kunye nekota "inkulumo". Xa egxekwa, uyabhekisela ngokukhawuleza kwiingcamango zangaphambili. Inzululwazi uJ. Brockmeier noRaar Harre ngokulandelelana kwakhe "Ukulandelelana: iingxaki kunye nezithembiso zenye iipaldidi" eziye zanikwa ukuyiqonda njengendlela yokululeka ulwazi kunye nokunika intsingiselo yokuba namava. Ngokombono wabo, umlandiso ngumyalelo wokubhala ibali. Oko kukuthi, isethi seengcali ezithile, izengqondo nezenkcubeko, ukwazi ukuba yintoni, unokwenza umdla othakazelisayo apho uya kuqonda ngokucacileyo umxholo kunye nomyalezo womlandisi.

Ingxelo ebhaliweyo ibalulekile kwimibhalo yobugcisa. Ekubeni isetyenzi esicacileyo sokutolika siyaqonda apha, ngokusukela kumbono wombhali kunye nokuphela kombono womfundi / umphulaphuli. Ukudala umbhalo, umbhali unika ulwazi oluthile lokuba, emva kokuhamba umzila omude kwaye ufikelele kumfundi, unokutshintsha ngokupheleleyo okanye aguquke ngokuthe ngqo. Ukuze uchane ngokucacileyo injongo yomlobi, kuyimfuneko ukuqwalasela ubukho bezinye iinhlamvu, umlobi ngokwakhe kunye nomlobi-umlandisi, okuba ngokwabo ngababalathisi abahlukeneyo kunye nabavakalisi, oko kukuthi, ukulandisa nokuqonda. Iingcamango zinzima ukuba umbhalo ungumdlalo we-dramaturgical, ekubeni umdlalo ungenye yeentlobo zeencwadi. Emva koko ukuchazwa kuyaphambuka ngakumbi, ngokugqithiseleyo ukubonakaliswa ngumdlali walo, naye uzisa iingcamango zakhe zengqondo kunye nengqondo kwingxelo.

Nangona kunjalo, oku kungenangqondo, ithuba lokuzalisa umyalezo ngeentsingiselo ezahlukeneyo, shiya umfundi ukuba acinge kwaye inxalenye ebalulekileyo yeengcamango.

Indlela elandelelanayo kwingqondo nangokwengqondo

Igama elithi "i-psychology narrative" linge-American psychologist-cognitivist kunye nootitshala uJerome Bruner. Yena kunye neengcali zengqondo ye-Psychologian Theodor Sarbin banokuthathwa ngokufanelekileyo njengabalungu beli sebe luncedo.

Ngokomxholo kaJr. Bruner, ubomi luluhlu lweengxelo kunye neengqondo ezizimeleyo zamabali ahlukeneyo, injongo yembali ikukulawulwa kwehlabathi. U-T. Sarbin unoluvo lokuba kwiinkcazo zeengxelo kunye neengcamango ezibonisa ukuba umntu othile udibene.

Inqobo yendlela yokwazisa kwengqondo, kukubona umntu kunye neengxaki zakhe ezinzulu kunye nokwesaba ngokuhlalutya amabali akhe ngabo kunye nobomi babo. Iziganeko ezihlukeneyo zingabonakaliyo emphakathini nakwimeko yenkcubeko, kuba ikhona kuwo ayakhayo. Ingxelo kwingqondo kwengqondo yomntu ngamnye ineentsingiselo ezibini ezibalulekileyo: okokuqala, ivula amathuba okuzikhethela nokwazi ngokwazi ngokudala, ukutolika nokuvakalisa amabali ahlukeneyo; okwesibili, yindlela yokuzimela, ngokubonga kwali bali malunga nawe.

Kwi-psychotherapy, indlela yokulandelela isetyenziswa kwakhona. Yayenziwe ngumfilosofi wase-Australia waseMelika uMichael White no-New Zealand wengqondo kwengqondo uDavid Epston. Ingundoqo yayo kukudala iimeko ezithile malunga nomthengi wokuphathwa (umthengi), umhlaba wokudala yakhe imbali, kubandakanya abantu abathile kunye nokwenza izinto ezithile. Yaye ukuba ingqondo yengxelo ithathwa njengeliso leencwadi, ngoko-psychotherapy indlela yokulandelela ibonisa indlela esetyenziswa ngayo.

Ngaloo nto, kucacile ukuba umxholo weengxelo uyasetyenziswa ngempumelelo kuzo zonke iindawo ezihlola ubunjani bomntu.

Ingxelo epolotiki

Kukho ukuqonda kwengxelo elandayo kunye nezopolitiko. Nangona kunjalo, igama elithi "ingxelo yezopolitiko" linomxholo ongeyimbi kunokuba kuthethwe kakuhle. Kwi-diplomacy, ingxelo ichazwa njengento yokukhohlisa ngamabomu, ukufihlwa kweenjongo zangempela. Imbali elandisayo ichaza ukufihla ngokuzikhethela ezinye iinjongo kunye neenjongo eziyinyaniso, mhlawumbi ukufaka endaweni ye-thesisi kunye nokusetyenziswa kweefommisms ukwenzela ukuba isicatshulwa sibe nesicatshulwa kunye nokuphepha. Njengoko kuchazwe ngasentla, umahluko phakathi kwenkcazelo kunye neengxelo eziqhelekileyo ngumnqweno wokwenza abantu balaphule, bavakalise, okuqhelekileyo kwintetho yabangapolitiki banamhlanje.

Ukuboniswa kwengxelo

Ngokubhekiselele kumboniso weendaba, lo ngumbuzo onzima kunzima. Ngokwabanye abaphengululi, umzekelo we-theorist kunye nesenzo se-Psychology ye-J. Bruner, ingxelo ebonakalayo ayiyiyo inyaniso ehlanganiswe ngolu hlobo lwamaxwebhu, kodwa luyilo oluhlelekile nolunganyelweyo kumbalisi. Le nkqubo, wabiza indlela yokwakha nokwenza into eyiyo. Enyanisweni, akusiyo "igobolithi" yelwimi elenza ingxelo, kodwa ibeka njalo kwaye ichanekile ngokufanelekileyo. Ngaloo ndlela, unokwenza umboniso ngembali ngokuzivakalisa: ukuthetha ngomlomo okanye kubhala ngesimo somyalezo wesicatshulwa.

Ingxelo kwiingxelo

Enyanisweni, imbali yembali yintoni eyenza ukuqulunqwa nokufundiswa kweziganeko kwezinye iindawo zolwazi oluntu. Igama elithi "ingxelo" ngokwalo libolekwe kwimbali-nkcukacha, apho "ingxelo yembali" ibakho. Intsikelelo yalo kukuqwalasela iziganeko zembali kungekhona ngokulandelelana kwazo, kodwa nge-prism yomxholo kunye nokutolika. Ukutolika kukubalulekileyo kwizinto ezibalulekileyo ezilandelwayo kunye nokulandelwa.

Ingxelo yomlando - yintoni na? Le ngxelo evela kwimvelaphi yokuqala, kungekhona ukucaciswa okubalulekileyo, kodwa injongo enye. Okokuqala, iincwadi zembali zingabandakanywa kwiimithombo ezilandelwayo: iimpazamo, imbali, iifolkthi kunye neetekisi. Imithombo elandelwayo yilezo zibhalo kunye nemiyalezo apho kukho iingxelo ezilandelelanayo. Nangona kunjalo, ngokutsho kukaJ. Brockmeier noRaar Harre, zonke iitekisi akuzona zonke iimbali kwaye ziphendula "umxholo wokuxelela".

Ngokumalunga nokulandelana kwembali, kukho iingcamango ezininzi ezibangelwa kukuba ezinye "iimbali", ngokomzekelo, izibhalo ze-autobiographical, zisekwe kuphela kwiinyani, ngelixa ezinye ziphinde zitshintshwe okanye zitshintshwe. Ngaloo ndlela, ukunyaniseka kwabo kuncitshisiwe, kodwa inyaniso ayitshintshi, kuphela isimo sengqondo somntu ngamnye umlandeli uguqula kuyo. Umongo uhlala ufana, kodwa umlandeli ngamnye ngendlela yakhe udibanisa kunye neziganeko ezichaziweyo, ezikhupha ezibalulekileyo, kwimbono yakhe, iimeko, ukuzifaka kwiinki.

Ngokubhekiselele kumathekisthi ngokuzenzekelayo, kukho enye ingxaki: umnqweno wombhali ukubeka ingqwalasela kumntu kunye nemisebenzi, kwaye ngoko ke kunokwenzeka ukubonelela ngolwazi olungamanga okanye ukuguqula inyaniso ngokwakhe.

Ukufingqa, kungatsholwa ukuba iindlela zokulandelela, enye indlela okanye enye, zifumene izicelo zazo kwininzi yabantu, ezifunda ubunjani buntu nobuntu bendawo. Iziganeko zingenakulinganiswa ukusuka ekuhlolisweni kwabantu, njengokuba umntu engabonakaliyo kuluntu apho amava akhe aphila ngayo, ngoko ke uluvo lwakhe kunye nombono ofanelekileyo wehlabathi elikujikelezile.

Ukucaphula ingcaciso engentla, sinokuqulunqa inkcazo elandelayo yenkcazo: umlandelelwano ngumxholo oqulunqiweyo obonakalisa ukuqonda komntu ngokwenene, kunye nendlela yokuhlela amava aphantsi, umzamo wokuzibonakalisa nokuzibonakalisa komntu ngamnye.