Hypersonic "Subject 4202" kunye novavanyo lwayo

"Injongo ka-4202" - uphawu iprojekthi Russian entsha kwinkalo zomkhosi mihla hypersonic izithuthi moya (LA). Ngokutsho kumaziko elinegunya ngamazwe analytical, ukuphunyezwa kwayo ophumelelayo yokungenelela iingenelo entsimini kwezixhobo qhinga, apho US ufuna ukufumana eRashiya ngenxa ngokusasazwa inkqubo enomjukujelwa wokhuselo lwehlabathi.

Njengoko zihlelwa isantya flight moya

LA e iimpawu zayo isantya yahlulwe subsonic, supersonic kunye hypersonic. Kulo mzekelo, isantya ebaleka ngokuqhelekileyo wavakalisa njengoko izixa dimensionless, t ezininzi. Ubizwa. inombolo Ahisamaki, ebizwa emva yamachiza yaseOstriya Ernsta Maha kwaye zibonakaliswe kunye neleta Inombolo M. Latin Ahisamaki yi dimensionless kwaye lula inokuchazwa lulwahlulo moya Velocity ukuya Isantya yesandi emoyeni kwindawo ephakame elinikiweyo. Ngoko ke, isantya-moya 1 M (okanye M = 1) ithetha ukuba ihamba ngesantya yesandi. Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba ukuphakama nesandi Velocity liyancipha, ngoko ke ixabiso 1 M undizela ezahlukeneyo liya kunxibelelana amaxabiso ezahlukeneyo, ochazwa km / h. Ngenxa yoko, ngesantya olingana 1 M liyangqinelana ubukhulu ka 1224 km / h kwaye ezinobude-11 km - 1.062 km / h.

Supersonic moya Velocity akufuneki igqithe ixabiso 5 M (okanye M = 5), kunye iimpukane hypersonic ngesantya nje ngentla 5 M. Nangona kunjalo, nabo ukuba izinto usebenzisa ezivela ngexesha esemoyeni umoya force ashukimisayo, nesicwangciso umgama, enkulu kakhulu kunokuba ngezantya dogiperzvukovyh.

bodwa base Physical moya hypersonic

Umda M 5 phakathi moya supersonic kwaye hypersonic ke akabanyulanga ngengozi. Isibakala sokuba kokuba le isantya utshintsha ngokubonakalayo umlinganiswa iinkqubo ashukimisayo kunye neguquguqukayo ngokulandelelana kufutshane umzimba moya phakathi injini yayo jet. Okokuqala, umaleko kumda ugeleza umoya ehlabathini moya, ngesantya-5 M seliphantse ukugqitha kwi amawaka aliqela izidanga lobushushu (ngokukhethekileyo inxalenye ngokungqalileyo-moya), kwaye uqale iba zibe ion iimolekyuli (inqanyulwe) irhasi zibandakanyiwe emoyeni. iipropati Physico-eekhemikhali le gesi insimbi kwahluka kakhulu kuleyo umoya oqhelekileyo, udla ukungena indlela imichiza kunye phezu-moya, kukho olunzulu imitha kunye පිළිතුරු iimpendulo transfer ubushushu phakathi kuyo kunye aqukuqela ehlabathini kwemali. Ngoko ke, i-LA ubushushu Ikhaka kufuneka ibe mbi akukho ngaphezu American "Space Shuttle" okanye eSoviet "Buran".

Ukongeza, moya hypersonic jet injini kufuneka uyilo okhethekileyo kakhulu ukuba alibonakali kanje nayiphi na lweendidi ezaziwayo. Inyaniso yokuba kwinjini ezithile moya supersonic moya Velocity ukuhamba umoya lokuthathwa ukusuka emoyeni ngexesha lokusekwa mxube air-zamafutha ekugqibeleni lincitshiswe ukuba subsonic (ngenye nzima ukubamba umoya ukuba ufake imali ezinqwenelekayo fuel). Lo moya hypersonic yi ukuncitshiswa isantya sokuqukuqela air akwamkelekanga - ngenxa yomthetho conversion eneji ngunobangela nobushushu eziqalelo yoyilo injini, nto leyo abakwazi ukumelana nayo nayiphi na izinto ezaziwayo.

Iimpawu design

Injini moya hypersonic (kwi ngobuwena elula) efana iifanela ezimbini esithi, enye yazo ukhonza ugwebu air (inxalenye limxinwa a uhlobo isiguquli, kudityaniswe injector amafutha kwaye isebenza kwigumbi yokutsha), yaye ifanele yesibini - umlomo ukuze uphume iigesi elinyukayo, ukudala zaso. Le injini zingafakwa phantsi nje fuselage-moya, nto leyo idala umfanekiso ezithile zezithuthi hypersonic.

Nangona kunjalo, i injini ayide ikwazi ukusebenza ngesantya ngaphantsi kwe 5-6 M, njengoko umlambo zixinaniswe ukuba ukufudumala nje ukuya amaqondo eziyimfuneko yokutsha epheleleyo. Ngoko ke, lo ndlela kukuziqhatha lisasazwe moya hypersonic ukuba isantya injini yokuqala efunekayo (ubuncinane ngexesha langoku iqonga) kukusebenzisa namafutha-separable ngexabiso njengoko kwinqanaba lokuqala, ngamanye amaxesha xa zidityaniswe kunye inqwelomoya namafutha. Kulo mfanekiso eboniswe ngezantsi moya hypersonic American X-52, esisigxina phantsi iphiko bomber ngobuchule B-52.

State of the moya hypersonic zobugcisa kwi-US

I US sele kudala waqalisa ukwenza iintlobo ezintsha kwezixhobo ekhubekisayo. Okokuqala, lo moya hypersonic. Ngoko ke, njengoko iqulunqwe yinxalenye DARPA Falcon IProjekthi irula isiwuza elijongene HTV-2, kunye neeprojekthi zezithuthi hypersonic corporation iBoeing (X-43, i-X-51) ifakwe a iinjini ramjet ofana nalowo kwifoto ngasentla. Ukuba ithwale ezase ukukhathaza ukuya kwi 450 kg, anokuba zombini zikhali kunye Ziyaqhubeka volume dubulo amandla odibana unako ukutshabalalisa kukhuselwa P. utshaba.

IBoeing X-51 projekthi iya kuba ikwazi ngesantya ukuya ku 6400 km / h. Kuba okokuqala le yunithi uphakanyiselwa emoyeni ngoMeyi 2010. Kwakukho ezimbini isiqalo asiphumelelanga, yaphela ukutshatyalaliswa engenayo. Emva yokwahlukana isixhobo moya carrier ibalekisa lokomeleza eyongezelelweyo, enziwe kwisiseko imijukujelwa yomkhosi kwebhola. Kuphela xa afike isantya 5400 km / h watshintshela nzima lwemoto -moya, nto leyo ibalekisa ukuba Velocity ship.

Oko siye sashiywa izinto Soviet hypersonic

Kakade ke, iRussia ukuba atshitshise le songo. Namhlanje uphuhliso olufanelekileyo eSoviet bazisa engqondweni. Kule 80 zenkulungwane yokugqibela siye uphuhliso phambili kule ndawo nkqu imveliso ogqityiweyo - iprojekthi irula moya X--90 "Gala". Ngokutsho kweengcali, i-X-90 yaqaliswa ngempumelelo kwi-moya zenziwa ngokukodwa le njongo, ndaza ndakhawuleza ukuya 5400 km / h, nto leyo umda hypersonic. Kodwa ngoko kwafika 'benkululeko basikelelwe 90 ", kwaye irhoxisiwe le projekthi.

Russia nempendulo ukuya 'Washington "

Kutshanje, edume British iziko lophando zomkhosi Janes Information Group wapapasha inkcazelo ngoFebruwari kunyaka ophelileyo eRashiya kwisiza "Dombarovsky" (kummandla Orenburg.) Kwenziwa uvavanyo ukubhabha-moya hypersonic phantsi kophawu U-71 (Yu-71). Le into 4202, apho, ngokutsho kwiziko inye, luphawu ngokubanzi zonke uphuhliso Russian hypersonic yinxalenye yeprogram lwethu ngezikhali.

Kodwa ke imithetho yakhe esesikweni kushishino ayikho yezoKhuselo Ministry and Arhente Federal Space, leyo phantsi kweemeko yangoku ayikho ngaphezu 'awugubungele' lo msebenzi. Head OCD umculi efanayo kwi "Into 4202" na "NPO Engineering" ukusuka eMoscow Reutova (ngaphambili irula KB umyili jikelele Vladimir Chelomeya, nto leyo yaba imijukujelwa developer cruise engundoqo kunye noluhlu medium imijukujelwa ballistic kwi-USSR).

Hi ndlela leyi, isiza yale nkampani iqulethe ulwazi ekupheleni kwe-50 yenkulungwane wokugqibela KB wadalwa LA MP-1, uyakwazi ukwenza emoyeni ngoncedo imiphezulu yolawulo ashukimisayo kunye ngezantya hypersonic. asungule ngempumelelo kwayo lwaqhutywa ngo-1961! Ngoko umxholo 'into 4202 "unembali ende.

Namathemba Russian "hypersonic"

Ukusuka eziliqela imithombo kwakusazeka ukuba ukususela ekuqaleni kowama-2000, iRashiya sele iqalile umsebenzi kwi "hypersonic yomkhosi" yaye uya U-71 ukucwangcisa imveliso ukuya enomjukujelwa bakuthathe ballistic "Sarmat". Into entsha supersonic Russian 4202 sakubanako ukunyusa isantya ukuya ngesantya 11,000 km / h kwaye ukuthwala warhead eqhelekileyo okanye yenyukliya. Xa izixhobo usenokulungelelanisa i sesiqhelo enkulu, ngoxa emoyeni undizela of km-40 ukuya ku-50. Ngoko ke, ukuba asikwazi abamba ngu naziphi na iinkqubo enomjukujelwa wokhuselo yakutshanje.

Nangona lezi yanamhlanje enjalo imijukujelwa ballistic kunye nokufikelela ngezantya hypersonic ibhabha, kodwa isikhokelo isivuno ukubala, yaye ngenxa yoko ke amathuba izibonelelo zokhuselo iimbalelwano ngezikhali. Imveliso kuyafana U-71 (into 4202) iyakwazi, ngokuchaseneyo, kushenxa oluntsonkothileyo kwindlela akucingeleki, ukutshintsha indlela kunye nokuphakama ukuze cishe akunakwenzeka ukuba ganga ngoku.

Kulo mzekelo, kukho isizathu ukucinga ukuba yokuqala into test 4202 zadlula ngo-2004. Kungoko ke amasekela-bamakishi abaziintloko zezindlu Jikelele Abasebenzi Russian Armed Forces uYuri Baluyevsky ingxelo kwinkomfa cofa kwi test moya hypersonic, olawula phezu khosi nokuphakama.

"Injongo ka-4202": lwaseYurophu America kule hypersonic

Lo matshini American iye yasabela uvavanyo Russian le engenayo hypersonic. amaphephandaba abaninzi baye bathetha ngokuphandle malunga yokuba isicwangciso US of Strike ngokukhawuleza Global ngoku okhuphisanayo kakhulu. Ukuba le projekthi "Ipropati 4202" intsebenziswano ziza kugqitywa ngempumelelo kwiminyaka 10 eRashiya uya kakhulu "inqala"-thethwano kunye US. Inyaniso kukuba phambi moya hypersonic nga alunakuqinisekiswa ukuba ukubetha nayiphi ekujoliswe eUnited States enomjukujelwa nje omnye. Umzekelo, i "SARMAT 'enye, nto leyo eza kufakwa moya, ezilungiselelwe yi" Into 4202 ". Hypersound nesantya flight entlokothisa zazo kunye uhlobo olutsha lwe-moya - ezi mpawu kule isixhobo esitsha, nto leyo ingenza inkunkuma ezinkulu engamampunge kwezibonelelo ukwakha US iinkqubo zokhuselo ngezikhali.