Esi sixeko sidala kweli eRashiya: kuluhlu. Yintoni isixeko eRashiya omdala?

Ngeli xesha lasisiseko senkcubeko yoluntu kwavela zokuhlala ezininzi eyaba imizi. Kodwa ixesha lemfazwe, iintlekele zemvelo ziye ezininzi zibe ngamabhodlo. Siye wasinda kubo. Zeziphi imizi yamandulo Russia nimeleni namhlanje? Lo mbuzo umdla abaninzi.

ezinye iingxaki

Chaza sixeko sidala kweli lizwe kunzima kakhulu: musa sihlala siyazi umhla isiseko zokuhlala. Ngokusekelwe data evela chroniclers kunye mbali, umhla Ungakwazi ukucacisa eyiyona kuphela. Ukufunda encwadini yemicimbi yemihla, ababhali-mbali zibonisa ukuba uchaze lo okanye kweso sixeko, ziziphi iziganeko zembali ezinxulumene ngokubhekisela kwayo. Isixeko samandulo iRussia babekho emihleni yamandulo ukuba banxibe amanye amagama. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba umhla ngqo xa zazakhiwe, ngamanye amaxesha asazi. Kodwa ke imizi yamandulo. Kukho kwakhona iingxelo ezisemthethweni malunga ngemini isiseko, ngoko akukho ngxaki kujongwa ubudala site yimbali.

Ukuba ukuhlola mbali ujonge Nikon Chronicle, eyabhalwa kwinkulungwane XVI. ulwazi bafunda evela kwimithombo Arabic, yabhalwa X kwinkulungwane. Oku kunceda xa kusenziwa lo msebenzi adumileyo kunye nezembali - "The Tale of adlulileyo Years". Ayipheleli umsebenzi bezinto zakudala abo embe aze kunceda ubone izixeko ezininzi mandulo yaseRashiya. Uluhlu lotshintsho, kukho izinto zeendonga wamatye, iipavumente, enika ingqalelo ngakumbi nangakumbi-mbali. Namhlanje ke Veliky Novgorod, Staraya Ladoga, ESmolensk, Moore, Pskov, Derbent, Kerch.

Veliky Novgorod

Imbali ukuvela Novgorod Enkulu ayaziwa. Umhla ngqo kwesiseko salo Akukho mntu waziyo. Konke ngayo. Kodwa ke into yokuba yinxalenye kwisixeko samandulo Russia - yinto eyenzekayo. umhla esiqingqiweyo se-Novgorod - iminyaka 859. Ukususela yobudala bakhe ikhalenda yaye isixeko esikhulu. Namhlanje iminyaka 1155. Kodwa olungachanekanga. Ngapha koko, unyaka isiseko wayo ingqalelo umhla ekubhekiswe kuwo kule Nikon Chronicle: ngeli xesha wafa Novgorod Elder Gostomysl. Ngoko isixeko bb kakhulu ngaphambili.

Nestor umkhumbuzi kwi "Tale of adlulileyo Iminyaka" wabhala izixeko zamandulo eRashiya. Uluhlu, ekuthiwa Laurentian, wabonisa ukuba ngaphambi kokufika Rurik (ngo-862) Novgorod elide iye khona. We abamisela, ngokutsho kwe Ipatiev Chronicle, nkqu Ilmen Slovenes, azinza kufuphi idike. Bathi igama emva ngokwakhe - Ilmer. Bona waseka isixeko waza wayibiza ngokuba Novgorod.

Ukutyhubela imbali yayo, Veliky Novgorod abanamava kakhulu lweziganeko; nabo ke ikomkhulu eFree State, yaye yathinjwa eMoscow, IsiSwedish kunye Levonskimi nabalawuli. Alexander Nevsky, nguMthetheli Novgorod, ungaphumeleli i balwa kwi Neva ngo-1240 kwaye Knights Order leTeutonic - ngo-1242 e Lake Peipus.

Russia isixeko samandulo

Phakathi kwiindawo wabalula, eyayiqwalaselwe omdala, kunye nazo zonke iindleko kunye Staraya Ladoga. Ababhali-mbali kuthi ga kule ndawo kwinkulungwane VIII. Kukholelwa ukuba lo mzi yasekwa ngo-753. Ababhali-mbali bakholelwa ukuba ivela Lake Ladoga waza wabizwa Rurik lokulawula waba isikhulu yokuqala eRashiya. Ukususela ebingasentla komzi wahlasela abamelwane kunye enqabeni ubunzima ukutshatyalaliswa kunye nemililo. Kodwa ngenkulungwane yesithoba kwasondeza ayizange engqongwe iindonga ngomthi nangelitye, eyenziwe lekalika, kwaye iye yaba robust emantla Ladoga inqaba - yokuqala eRashiya.

Yintoni na imizi yamandulo Russia angabekwa ngenani omnye Ladoga and Novgorod? Ngoko ke ESmolensk. Encwadini yeembali kubhaliwe kwakhona okhankanywe 862. Ngawo, kwanga Ladoga, edlula ngumendo eyaziwayo "ukusuka Varangians kumaGrike". ESmolensk waba ukuziphendulela eMoscow yaye ndamelana iimfazwe ezininzi amadabi. Sekunjalo walondoloza iziqwenga kweendonga inqaba, elakhiwa ngenkulungwane XVI kwaye kugqalwa ummangaliso Ubuchule zokuzifaka apha kweli xesha.

Moore - kungekho ngaphantsi kwe kwisixeko samandulo, elavela phantse ngaxeshanye kunye ESmolensk. Esi sixeko uye wabelithiyiwe ukusuka kwisizwe Muroma, Finno-Ugric imvelaphi. ntsho yakhe mayibhekiswe ngasempumalanga: kwakukho Usongo lokuhlasela. IVolga-Kama Bulgars, i-Tatar-Mongols. Le mizi yamandulo naseRussia njengohlobo Moore, ubunzima umonakalo eyoyikekayo kunye namashumi akukho namnye wenza. Kuphela kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesine, oko yaphila, yaye ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XV, Moore uwuthobele eMoscow.

Isixeko samandulo akupheli, nzulu ngayo imbali lizwe, ngoko kukho iindawo ezininzi zembali: Rostov, Suzdal, Yaroslavl, uVladimir. Kodwa kukho omnye umzi oko kukuthi iminyaka engaphezu kwama-5,000, kwaye nangoku namhlanje.

"Darband" - ngesango elimxinwa

Kungakhathaliseki ukuba abantu abaninzi ukuphikisana ngokuba yintoni umzi eRashiya omdala, kuba Derbent. Nguwo lo ummandla weRiphabliki Dagestan, kodwa yinto yingxenye Russia. Ngoko Derbent - esi sixeko samandulo Russia. Le ibekwe kufuphi noLwandle lweCaspian: wembodlela abaseleyo phakathi unxweme kunye iintaba zaseCaucasus. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba xa kukho ngokuqukunjelwa Darband, kwakukho kwanawo Kievan Rus, kwanawo uBukhosi Russian. Encwadini yeembali Derbent bekutshiwo kwangethuba njengoko VI BC. e., kodwa zokuhlala wavela ngaphambili.

Namhlanje walondoloza inqaba Naryn-Kala, nto leyo iminyaka engaphezu kwama-2,500 ubudala, yaye Juma Mosque, elakhiwa ngenkulungwane yesibhozo. Derbent Dagestan inyoba kulawulwa ngapha apho Enkulu Silk Road. Iintlanga ezininzi baye bazama ukuba ulidle ilifa komzi, bamgibisela nkobe oko, batshabalale. Ngembali yaso elide luhlaza Derbent abanamava amaxesha amaninzi, kwaye ukuhla. Kela - zokuzifaka apha ubude-40 km - yagcinwa kwada imihla yethu. UNESCO Umbutho iqwalasela Derbent zixeko zamandulo Russian.

peninsula iCrimea

Kodwa kukho nenye into eyenza phantsi ingqalelo uhlengahlengiso wayo, yaya kulo mba: ukubuyiswa eRashiya lonke elo lizwe iCrimea. Ngoko ke, kuluhlu iindawo bamandulo idityaniswe kwisixeko Kerch.

Le elise kunxweme Strait, kwimpuma yale lizwe. Kukholelwa ukuba Kerch yasekwa kwiminyaka engaphezu kwe-2600 eyadlulayo. Isixeko walondoloza zesikhumbuzo yamandulo, izinto zembali. Le bemba abembi kuqinisekisa kwiminyaka Kerch, esisekelwe bezithanga of Ancient Greece.

Thetha malunga imizi yamandulo Russia kukho namhlanje, nobuhlala ixesha elide kakhulu: a ilizwe enkulu, zininzi iindawo umdla zembali. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba kwimbali yelizwe kuyimfuneko ukufunda kwaye ukhumbule, kunye ezikhumbuzo yamandulo - ukunilondoloza mva.