Embryology - imbali embryology ...

Biology Science uquka eninzi Amacandelo awahlukeneyo amancinane, kodwa kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba zibanga naziphi na iingxaki discipline ezithile. Le nto yenza kube enkulu kangaka kwaye ebalulekileyo jikelele uluntu ukuba zazi ifuthe layo nje akunakwenzeka.

Omnye Sciences ebalulekileyo waba embryology. Le uqeqesho noko ubudala, ingqiqo apho imbali ukuyilwa kuthetha ngayo kweli nqaku.

Ingcamango inzululwazi embryology

Embryology - ayikho nje ingqeqesho eziphilayo. It is a inzululwazi ojongene ekufundweni ukuyilwa, uphuhliso kunye ukuyilwa Amadlozi izinto eziphilileyo ukususela kokufika iiseli eyintsholongwane Ukuhlanganiswa kwazo phambi kokuzalwa omzimba entsha.

Zonke ezi nkqubo kakhulu kubalulekile, nto ibaluleke kuyimfuneko kwikhondo labo efanelekileyo eqhelekileyo. Ngoko ke, injongo uzibekele le inzululwazi - ndayihlela yonke imiba kunye neendlela ezinxulumene iimbumba, ubomi babo, imfundo kunye nophuhliso.

Ngokusekelwe kule njongo, iinjongo embryology ezi ngongoma zilandelayo.

1. Qwalasela inkqubo sisahlula yeselula.
2. Chonga iipateni nombungu ukusekwa isithinzi zamabanga aphantsi kunye nemingxuma yomzimba.
3. embodiments Track ukubunjwa wolingano nasezierheni umzimba eziphilayo elizayo.
4. Iimpawu ukubunjwa nemingxuma coelom kunye nezakhi zawo.
5. Ndiyila amaqokobhe emhlabeni mbungu.
6. Imfundo le nkqubo umzimba uphela, nto leyo ekugqibeleni ezichongwe yi omzimba ethile.

Ngoko ke, kucacile ukuba yintoni na embryology. Le inzululwazi ezizodwa kakhulu kuphuhliso siswini le mbumba mzuzu nokudaleka kwaye phambi kokuzalwa. Njengoko ngokunjalo ekukhangeleni imiba enxulumene iinkqubo gametogenesis, okt ukuyilwa iiseli ngesondo.

Le etymology lo gama

Intsingiselo yegama elithi "Embryology" ilula ngokwaneleyo. Ngapha koko, eli gama Latin "umbungu" libizwa ngokuba embryon, yaye inxalenye yesibini ulogos ilizwi - efundisa. Kubonakala ukuba igama inzululwazi lubonakala yonke intsingiselo yawo enzulu, ngokufutshane ichazwe kumba.

Zonke izichazi mihla elithi "Embryology" into efanayo. Kuyinto phantse ngokufanayo in Latin. Yongeza entsha into. Kuthetha ukuthini embryology? Kuyo yonke imithombo impendulo enye - inzululwazi predzarodyshevom kunye nophuhliso osandul izilwanyana, abantu kunye nezityalo.

History of isayensi

Imvelaphi yembali embryology kuthatha ukususela kumaxesha amandulo. Omnye yokuqala ka-Aristotle yaqala uphando kule ndawo. Iziluleko zakhe ukufunda ukuyilwa amaqanda yenkuku osandul. Ngaloo ndlela kwaqalisa uphuhliso zenzululwazi umbuzo.

Kamva, xa izazinzulu XVI-XVII kwiinkulungwane abo amalungu ingqeqesho, yahlulwe kwiinkampu ezimbini iimbono theoretical ngezingxaki ukuyilwa imibungu, kwaye nkqu imvelaphi eziphilayo ezintsha.

Ngoko, kwakukho:

• theory preformation;
• epigenesis.

Kakuhle eli lokuqala yile: zonke izakhiwo ikamva umzimba musa ukuphuhlisa ekuhambeni kwexesha, kwaye sele kwifomu yancitshiswa kakhulu okanye iqanda (ovisty) okanye amadlozi (animalkulisty). Kwaye ngethuba lobomi kunye nophuhliso ndiseyimbumba, kwandiswe nje ubukhulu ngeendleko ukufumana izondlo.

iimbono ezinjalo, kakade, engalunganga. Noko ke, yayiqhubeka phantse de phakathi kwenkulungwane XIX. Amarhamente ezi iimbono phakathi oososayensi ukususela kumaxesha ezahlukene:

• Marcello Malpighi.
• J. Swammerdam.
• Ntse Bonn.
• A. Haller.
• A. Leeuwenhoek.
• I. N. Liberkyun kunye nabanye.

Le ngcamango yesibini kwimbali embryology, ezo kwakhona inani elikhulu iingqondo eliqaqambileyo ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo, ebizwa epigenesis. Abaxhasi wakhe wayekholelwa ukuba umzimba uqala uphuhliso wayo kuphela emva kokungena iiseli sex omnye komnye. Kulo mzekelo, kule mbumba ulungele nto. Isakhiwo, imizimba elizayo akhiwa kancane emzimbeni embilwini.

Abameli ababambelela ezi mbono baba:

• W. Harvey.
• Leibniz.
• Friedrich Wolf.
• UKarl Baer nabanye.

In longquzulwano phakathi kweenkampu ezimbini bathwalwa ezininzi embryology data, ngenxa yokuba iingcali rhoqo yaqhuba uphando, amalinge, esiya izinto kuphela.

Ukususela phakathi kwinkulungwane XIX, kwi iimbono preformist kwakujongenwe ngesibetho elihlazo yi ezifunyaniswe zilandelayo.

1. Umthetho kufana lwegciwane Karla Bera. Kuyo, uthi kwibakala lakwangoko ngaphezu na ndiseyimbumba, kokukhona oku kufana izakhiwo efanayo kwezinye abameli zasendle.
2. Wolff wachaza kwiziseko zokubumba e iimbumba intshontsho, ebonakalalisa nokudaleka ngcembe.
3. umsebenzi zikaDarwin, apho uchaza izimvo zakhe ngomhla kwingxaki imvelaphi yezinto eziphilayo.

Isiphumo ibe ukusekwa okuthe chu kakhulu kwinzululwazi njengoko sibona namhlanje. igalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso ingqeqesho wenza izazinzulu zilandelayo kwinkulungwane XIX-XX:

• Kovalevsky.
• Ngeentshuntshe.
• Haeckel.
• UWilhelm Roux nabanye.

ngezigaba

Amacandelo aphambili zenzululwazi umbuzo kungachazwa yi mihlathi ilandelayo.

1. embryology lokuthelekisa.
2. Zovavanyo.
3. Jikelele.
4. Environmental.

Ngokutsho uhlobo izinto embryology bafunda kwaye yahlulwe:

• zemifuno;
• izilwanyana;
• umntu.

icandelo ngalinye iinjongo zawo, iinjongo kunye nezinto zophando, zibaluleke kakhulu theoretical yaye uluncedo ekuqondweni indlela yobomi. Embryology yezilwanyana - sebe ebaluleke kakhulu zenzululwazi yezolimo kunye nezilwanyana ukulima umhlaba.

Ubume embryology jikelele

embryology jikelele inxaxheba kuphando nohlalutyo lokuthelekisa sisihluma zonke izinto kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo yendaleko kuphuhliso lomhlaba. Isiphumo eninzi izinto eziyinyaniso, ezingqina ubunye imvelaphi yazo zonke izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni.

Kule ndawo zokufunda yale ingqeqesho ukufunda iinkqubo gametogenesis. ezibalulekileyo kwimibandela impilo izizukulwana ezizayo data Embryology, ukuze yesayensi inikwe ingqalelo ekhethekileyo.

embryology uphawu

Indlela ephambili mapping data kulo uqeqesho - uhlalutyo. embryology ethelekisekayo ukufunda iimbumba zezilwanyana, isityalo okanye oluntu ukwenzela ukucacisa imvelaphi kufana okanye uphuhliso.

Nguyise ukuba UKarl Baer, wafumanisa iqanda yabantu yaqulunqa umthetho lokuqala ngeembumba. A igalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso lolwazi uqeqesho iveziwe Haeckel. Kwakhe umthetho biogenetic waba jikelele ixesha elide. Ukuthelekiswa embryology kwoqwebo ubungqina ukuxhasa lo msebenzi.

Ngamafutshane, le Ndandisithi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: umbungu ngalinye udlula kwizigaba ezininzi kwinkqubo yayo yophuhliso. Bonke bephela ndawonye ekuphindwa kuyo mkhwa jikelele yendaleko, apho zonke izinto ngexesha ukuyilwa eziphilileyo emhlabeni.

Ngenxa yoko, ukufana kwindawo isakhiwo eziba kuzo zonke iindidi zezilwanyana: intlanzi, izilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini, ezirhubuluzayo, iintaka kunye nezilwanyana ezanyisayo. Noko ke, ngokutsho data kutshanje, umthetho Haeckel ayikho jikelele. Ngapha koko, yena uyayichaza kutheni eyahlukileyo kwezinye kwindawo nganye izinambuzane kunye nabantu abadala kakhulu, ingakumbi xa kufikwa ekuguqulweni engaphelelanga.

Enye into efundwayo ngenyameko embryology zofuzo. Ngoko ke, oko singqiniwe ukuba ngaphambili kukho iingxaki chromosomal, i olusebenzayo kokukhona baya kuba nokubonakaliswa engaphandle emva ukuyilwa umzimba. Oko kukuthi, emva koko baya kuva ukuguquka, kokukhona kuya kuba phenotype olubonakalayo abadala.

embryology animal

Eli candelo ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso kwezolimo. Isifundo zokufunda ezakha isigaba ngeembumba izilwanyana. Zezi zilandelayo:

• umzila;
• gastrulation;
• morula;
• blastula;
• neurula;
• intussusception.

Okt animal embryology - kuyafana bonke abanye amacandelo zalo, kuphela indawo ezizodwa kakhulu yokufunda kwisibonelelo. Kwakhona lihlola ukuguquka ngexesha embryogenesis, imithetho kunye neendlela wesiseko wabo, bekhangela iindlela zokunqanda kunye nokusombulula iingxaki ezahlukahlukeneyo. Ngokomzekelo, izinto zezilwanyana izifo.

Oku kuneziphumo ezibalulekileyo ezichaphazela zeshishini leenkuku, izilwanyana, ukufuya, imiba iingxaki lwezilwanyana kunye neengxaki amadlozi izilwanyana.

phambili injongo Embryology

Eyona mpumelelo kakhulu yehlabathi lonke ixesha lethu, nto leyo ukunika embryology umntu, le kwingqikelelo ubudlolo kwakunye esweni eneenkcukacha onke amanqanaba ukuyilwa imibungu. Ngapha koko, it ikuvumela ukuba ziingcaphephe ukuzalwa abantwana baya izifo yemfuza okanye yezonyango yokungenelela ukulungisa utshintsho mutational elizayo.

Namhlanje wonke umfazi omithiyo iphantsi egadiwe kumagqirha abasebenzisa izixhobo ezizodwa esweni aqikelele nayiphi na imeko kuphuhliso mbungu.

Namathemba uphuhliso kwale nzululwazi

Igalelo iphambili yale inzululwazi nangoku, Kakade ke, ukuba kuza. Eneneni, ukuphuhliswa kwezixhobo zobugcisa alukho ndawo, yaye ubuchwepheshe bale mihla kuvumela ukuba angenelele kwinkqubo phantse kuzo zonke ezaziwayo ubomi.

Lokufumanisa elizayo kwezi nkqubo kwinqanaba lophuhliso osandul, nto leyo eya kunceda ukuthintela izifo ndingekazalwa, ukuphelisa le ngxaki yokusetyenziswa ubudlolo kwakunye eya kubasindisa abantu ezahlukeneyo kwimiba embi.