The degree of igcwala of iarseniki: Properties esiyityhefu Chemical

Ngaphambi kokuqwalasela umlinganiselo we-oxidation ye-arsenic, siza kubonakalisa indawo yayo kwitheyibhile yexesha kunye neempawu zesakhiwo. Ukongezelela, masiqambe igama lezinto ezisisiseko kunye neekhemikhali zolu hlobo lweekhemikhali.

Isikhundla kwi-PS

Iinqununu eziphambili ze-oxidation ye-arsenic, izakhiwo zeekhemikhali, isicelo-konke oku kungafundwa ngokujonga indawo ekhoyo kwinkqubo ye-Mendeleev. I-Arsenic ikhona kwiqela lesihlanu, iqela eliphambili, lilungu lentsapho ye-nitrogen. Inomlinganiselo we-atomic of 749216. Iidridi eziphambili ze-oxidation ze-arsenic zihambelana ngqo neqela elitholakala kwi-SS. Eli candelo linamaqela angama-33. Inani lamanqanaba emandla lihambelana nenani lexesha apho ilungu likhona, lilingana nezine.

Cinga ngelungiselelo lee-elektronon kwi nganye khonkco. Kwinqanaba lokuqala lamandla kukho iifowuni ezimbini ezibiniweyo, iigobolondo ze sibini zithatha iinqununu ezisibhozo: 2s no-6p. Kwinqanaba lesithathu, ngaphandle kwabo, i-d-electron i-10 ikhona, oko kukuthi, iincinci ezingama-18 kuphela. Izinga lamandla angaphandle li-2s-electron, kwakunye neep-electron ezintathu ezingenamsebenzi. Yiyo inani leenqwelo zecalence ezenza iidridi ezikhoyo ze-arsenic.

Amaphepha eMbali

I-arsenic ibhekiswe kwizinto ezinhlanu "ze-alchemical", ezaziwa kwi-Middle Ages. Inqaku elincokisayo kukuba i-ezine yazo iqoqo leqela le-PS. Ngaloo mihla akukho mntu wayazi indlela yokwenza umlinganiselo we-oxidation ye-arsenic, kodwa izixhobo zayo zisebenzise ngempumelelo ukwenza amayeza, ukudala amapende.

Emva kokutshintshwa kweBear Age ngeBronze Age, abantu bafunde ukwenza le mibutho eneempawu ezizodwa. Kuvela ukuba iqulethe ukuya kwi-7 pesenti ye-arsenic kunye neepesenti ezi-3 kuphela zeetini. Iingcali zenzululwazi zikholelwa ukuba i-smelting yokuqala yobhedu endaweni ye-malachite, eluhlaza, yenze ngokungafanelekileyo ithathe i-sulfide eluhlaza yethusi-i-arsenic minerals.

Ukusebenza okumangalisayo kwe-alloy result resulting in a popular among master masters. Bajonge ngokukodwa kwiimaminerali zendalo eziqulethe le nto.

Iidridi ze-oxsenation ze-arsenic kwiimpawu zolu hlobo zichanekile, ezihambelana ne-valence ephakamileyo. Ukufumanisa i-sulfide equkethe i-arsenic, i-mineral ishushu. Ukubonakala kwendlovu ekhethekileyo yinto eqinisekisiweyo yobungqina be-arsenic kwisiqulatho. Kancinci ukususela kwi-smelting ye-arsenic yobhedu. Phakathi kwezizathu zokupheliswa kwemveliso, izazinzulu zibiza ukuba i-poisoning rhoqo yamakhosi ngexesha lomsebenzi.

Iimpawu zendalo

Ngendlela yobuncitshisi, into esiyicubungayo yayaziwa kwixesha la mandulo. Ngokomzekelo, iqondo le-oxidation ye-arsenic yesi-3 ibonakala kwikomidi elaziwa kwiChina yamandulo ngokuthi "uthuli lwam." U-Aristotle wachaza i-sanderal ye-mineral, e-arsenic sulphide. Uguqulelwe ukusuka kwisiLatini, igama layo lizwakala ngathi "upende lwegolide". Wawusebenzisa kuloo maxesha akude njengombala obomvu.

Ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesibini, izazi zezilwanyana zihlukanisa iintlobo ezintathu ezahlukileyo ezi zinto. Iidridi ze-oxidation ze-arsenic kwiimpawu ezimelelwe zezi ntlobo zihambelana nenombolo yeqela. I-arsenic emhlophe ibiza ngokuba yi-hexavalent oxide, i-yellow ibizwa ngokuba yi-sulphide, kunye ne-red-As4S4 (i-tetrasulfide tetrashyyyaka).

Uluhlu olumhlophe lufunyenwe ngohlanjululwa kwezinto ezingcolileyo ngexesha lokugaya i- ores zethusi, ezibandakanya i-arsenic. Njengoko kuvunyelwa kwi-gaseous state, i-arsenic oxide igxobhoza njenge-deposit emhlophe. Isetyenzisiwe ukususela kumaxesha amandulo njengendlela yokutshabalalisa iintlekele.

Ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithathu uAlbert Omkhulu wathola inkunkuma. Watshisa i-arsenic yelinen kunye nesepha. Ixabiso elifunyenwe ngenxa yokusebenzisana alizange liqinisekise "uxhulumaniso lwengqondo" lweesinyithi ezisixhenxe kunye neeplanethi. Mhlawumbi, ngokuchanekileyo ngenxa yokuchasana kwabadala bezinto zakudala, i-arsenic ithathwa njengento "engekho mthethweni". Kwakuye kumaxesha okuqala ukuba ukukwazi kwakhe ukunika ubhedu umbala omhlophe wabonakaliswa, okwenza ukuba kuthiwa "indlela yokuphucula iVenus".

Njengomntu ngamnye, le nto yenziwe ngamachiza kuphela ephakathi kwekhulu leshumi elinesixhenxe. Ummeseli waseJamani u-Johann Schröder wakwazi ukuzihlukanisa ngokuqhuba ukunciphisa iikhemikhali ze-oxide. Emva kwesikhashana, uNichola Lemery wakwazi ukukrazula isinyithi ngokutshisa i-potash, isepha, i-arsenic oxide. Ngekhulu le-18, le ntsimbi yayibizwa ngokuba yi-"semimetal" engavamile.

Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18, isazi samakhemikhali waseSweden u-KV Scheele sathola i- arsenic acid, apho iqondo eliphezulu le-oxsenation ye-arsenic libonakaliswa: +5. Ngekhulu leshumi elinesithoba, izinto eziphilayo eziqulethe i-arsenic zachongwa.

Ukuba kwindalo

Iqondo eliphezulu nelona liphantsi kakhulu le-oxidation ye-arsenic ibonakala kwiimveliso zayo zendalo. Kwi-crust of Earth, i-centage concentration of this element ayidluli i-5 grams nganye ngetoni. Kwimaminerali mininzi iqulethwe kanye nickel, cobalt, ithusi, itsimbi.

Okwangoku, malunga namakhulu amabini ahlukeneyo amaminerali ezendalo ayaziwayo, kubandakanywa nento yeekhemikhali eqwalaselwe. Njengoko kuboniswe ukuba zibonisa i-arsenic ephezulu kunye neyona ephantsi kakhulu ye-arsenic, inesicelo esahlukileyo. Ngokomzekelo, ngokudibanisa ne-antimony, i-arsenic ibonisa isimo se-oxidation esichaphazelekayo. Ngenxa yokuba le sinyithi ine-electronogativity ephantsi, iqondo eliphantsi kakhulu le-oxidation ye-arsenic ngu -3. Esi sibonakaliso sisiganeko searsenides, kunye ne-almontite ye-mineral.

Uninzi lweemveliso kunye nezitye ze-arsenic, ekuqwalaseleni ukubunjwa okuthe ngqo, zizinto ezihambelanayo ezibonakalayo ngokubunjwa kwezinto ezikhoyo.

Iimpawu zearsenides

I-Arsenides ibonakaliswe ngumxholo wezinyithi ezininzi ezinesakhiwo esifanayo se-crystal lattices. Ezi zimbiwa zibonakaliswa ngophawu lwezinyithi, zi-opaque, zinobunzima obunzima.

Njengemizekelo ye-arsenides yemvelo, ezi zinto zilandelayo ziyakucingelwa:

• I-Lellingite, efana ne-pyrite;
• I-nickel, ebizwa ngokuba yi-nickel ebomvu i-pyrite;
• Langisite;
• Oreonite;
• Sperrylite.

Oku, okwenjalo, alukho uluhlu olupheleleyo lweemaminerali - okwangoku kukho malunga nama-twenty-five such compounds. Phakathi kwezona ziqhelekileyo kwindalo kunokuthethwa nge-arsenopyrite, ebizwa ngokuba yi-arsenic pyrite. Yimveliso efunyenwe ngokutshintsha ii-athomu zesulfure kwi-pyrite nge-arsenic. Izixhobo zalolu hlobo, apho iqondo eliphezulu le-oxidation ye-arsenic engabonakali, libizwa ngokuba yi-sulfosalts.

Iimpawu zazo zibona i-cobalt ekhanyayo, i-gersdorffite, i-enargite, iphinda iqhube. Le ndlela yokugqibela iyona nto ibalulekileyo ye-silver ore, esekwe kwinqanaba eliphezulu. Ukubunjwa kwe-sulfosalts kunokubandakanya izitye ezintle zeqela leplatinum. Phakathi kwabo unomdla wokhathazeka, kunye ne-orsit. Ziqukethe izitya ezinqabileyo ezisetyenzisiweyo njengezinto eziphambili kwizinto eziphilayo kunye nezityalo ezingekhoyo.

Iqondo eliphezulu le-oxidation ye-arsenic ibonakaliswe kwi-sulphides yendalo. Ngokomzekelo, kwi-dimorphite ye-orange-yellow, e-arsenic sulfide (5). Kwiminyaka yesithathu yenkulungwane yokugqibela, ukufunyanwa kwe-auripigment yemvelo kwatholakala, equka i-arsenic ye-sulfudi ephakathi kwayo ye-Verkhoyansk Range. Ubukhulu beekristali ezifunyenwe bufikelela kuma-60 centimitha ubude, kwaye ubunzima beqikelelwe kwii-kilogram ezingama-30.

Iimpawu zearsenate

Iidridi ezikhoyo ze-arsenic zinokuqwalaselwa ngumzekelo weetyu. Ngaloo ndlela, i-arsenic acid, i-arsenates, ibonisa ubuninzi beli sinyithi: +5. Njengomzekelo wee-compounds, sinika i-erythrin, enombala obomvu obomvu. Le ityuwa ibizwa ngokuba ngumbala we-cobalt, inomhlathi weCo3 (AsO4) 2 * 8H ₂ O. Kwakhona kuyaqaphela ukuba umthunzi obomvu obomvu ungohlobo (Ce, La, Nd) ArO ₄ .

Phakathi kwendawo yaseSweden, iinqwelomoya zakwa-Langbana zetin-manganese zafunyanwa, apho kwakufumaneka khona iifenethi ezingama-50 ezahlukahlukeneyo kwaye zibonakala. Ezi zinto zakhiwa ngokusebenzisana kwe-arsenous acid kunye ne-manganese hydroxide (2) kumaqondo aphantsi.

Ziziphi iiplanga ezibonisa i-oxidation state ye-arsenic? Iimpawu zezi saliti ziqinisekisa ubungqina be-sulfure kubo. Nangona kungabikho kwezicelo zoshishino, ukubonakala kwazo kwendlela yokubukeka kwempahla kubanika ukuba basebenzise ukwenza iqoqo lemineralogical.

Ibali elithakazelisayo yi-kupfernikel, ehambelana ne-nickel mineral. Abavukuzi baseJalimane bexesha elide uNickel wabiza umoya womoya obi, kwaye "ubhedu obubi" babibizwa ngokuthi "kupfernickel." Abaphathi babonakalisa ukufana kwangaphandle kwamakristali abomvu obomvu beli minerals kunye ne-ores zobhedu. Zasetyenziselwa ekwenzeni iilazi ukwenzela ukuba umkhiqizo obangelwayo ube luhlaza oluhlaza. Ngaphakathi kwekhulu leshumi elinesibhozo i-mineralogist uAxel Kronstedt yaphumelela ekuhlukaniseni i-nickel kule mineral.

Ubume beendawo zokuhlala kwindalo

I-Arsenic ibonakaliswe yindawo ephezulu ye-inertia, ngoko itholakala kummandla woluntu. Isinyithi esifanayo kwisakhiwo sinokungcola kweepesenti ezimbini ukuya kwezilishumi elinesibhozo, ikakhulukazi ziya kuba silivere, insimbi, i-cobalt, i-nickel. Elizweni lethu, izazi ze-geologists zifumene i-arsenic yasekuhlaleni endaweni yase-Amur, iTransbaikalia.

Inokufumaneka kwiindawo, kwiimigodi, nakwizityalo, ngoko ngokuqhelekileyo kuthiwa yiyo into ebalulekileyo.

Yiyiphi iqondo eliphezulu kunye nelona lincinci le-oxidation ye-arsenic? Ixabiso eliphezulu lihambelana nombolo yeqela apho eli qela likhona kwaye li-+5. Oku kufana neendlela ezibonisa ngayo ukunciphisa impahla. Iinkcukacha ezingakumbi zoqhagamshelwano lwentsimbi ekhethekileyo ziya kuqwalaselwa kamva.

I-arsenic isasazwa ngokungafaniyo kwihlabathi. Isizathu silele ekubunjweni kwe-lithosphere, kunye nakwiinkqubo zokukhwabanisa kunye nenkohlakalo eyenzeka kwiindawo ezinqabileyo kunye nenhlabathi.

Ngenxa yobukhulu bokunqabisa ubunzima beli sinyithi emanzini, kulula ukufuduka. Ngokomzekelo, kwimozulu epholileyo, ihlanjululwa ngaphandle komhlaba, ilandelwa ukunyakaza kunye nemithombo yomhlaba kunye nemilambo.

Isenzo sobutyebi

Ngomlinganiselo obalulekileyo, i-arsenic itholakala kumanzi amaminerali. Kukho imilinganiselo ethile yomxholo wale nsimbi. Ukuba iimpawu ezivumelekileyo zigqityiwe, isisongelo esisisiseko sokulimaza umzimba womntu sivela. Ngenkqubela yophando lweekhemikhali kuye kwafunyanwa ukuba i-arsenic ingafumaneka kwiifom ezahlukeneyo emanzini emvelo. Yintoni ekumele ibe yi-oxidation ithi ye-arsenic? Iipropati zeemveliso ezifumaneka emanzini ziqinisekisa ubungqina bensimbi njengesisombululo se-arsenious acid.

I-Arsenic kwifom ephilayo iqulethe malunga ne-6 mg nge-1 kilogram. Ingxenye yamanxweme angakwazi ukuqokelela into ekhankanywe ngentla ngezinga elingaba yingozi kumzimba womntu. Ezinye zeentlobo zazo ezifumaneka emazweni aseAsia ziyakwazi ukuphindaphinda kwisisombululo se-asidi esicocekileyo. Ziyasetyenziswa njengendlela yokulawula ierati. Kwiingcambu zengqondo zomntu, kunye nezihlunu zakhe, kukho inani elaneleyo le nsimbi. Ukongezelela, ikhona kwiiplati zepiyile, iqokelela kwizinwele.

Ubume beMpawu

Nangona i-arsenic ibonakala ngathi yinyithi, inempawu ezingafaniyo. Ngokomzekelo, akakwazi ukufaka iisiti nge-sulfuric acid, esebenza njengento ye-acid-forming. I-Arsenic ikhona kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zokuguqulwa kwezinto, ukukhumbuza i-phosphorus. Isona esona sisisigxina se-arsenic, esiyicuthayo, sinciphisa i-iodine.

Ngokutsho komqhubi wombane, oku kuguqulwa kukuphantsi kobhedu, kodwa kudlula i-mercury. Xa upholisa i-arsenic vapors, unokufumana i-soft shade ebonakalayo yomsindo ophuzi, ofana ne-phosphorus ephuzi. Ngexesha lokufudumala, lijika libe yinto enye yokuguqulwa kwendawo yeekhemikhali.

Xa ubeka i-arsenic imipuphu eglasi, umntu unokubona ukubonakala kwefilimu yesibuko.

IArsenic

Iqondo le-oxidation ye-arsenic kwi-oksidi ephezulu yi-+5, oko kukuthi, iyahambelana ne-valence yayo ephakamileyo. Kodwa kwi-sublimation yamaphule ensimbi enomoya omanzi, ifilimu emnyama ye-arsenic i-anhydride i-As2O _{3 yenziwa} . Kule fomu apho i-oxide yale nxalenye ikhona ephambili. Le miboniso ye-oxide yamphoteric properties.

Kwinkqubo ye-oxidation, iya kuba yiksidi ephakamileyo, apho i-arsenic ibonisa ukubaluleka kwinqanaba le-oxidation +5.

Intsimbi ecocekileyo ixutywa yi-nitric acid kwi-ortho-arsenic acid H _{3 I-} AsO ₃ , apho ine-valence ye-3. Kwimeko yayo yamachiza, ithathwa njenge-asidi yamandla afana ne-boric acid. Amasiza anjongwa njenge-arsenites, ebonisa iimpahla ezincitshisiweyo.

Kwi-chloride, isinyithi sinombuso we-oxidation we-+3, usebenza njengesicatshulwa somculo. I-arsenides yetyuwa eyenziwe ngexesha lokusebenzisana nezinyithi ezisebenzayo zithotyelwa kwi-hydrolysis enamandla. Ngokomzekelo, i-arsine (AsH ₃ ) yinto enobuthi, i-gesi engenambala, ingenasiphelo.

I-Organometallic compounds

I-Arsenic iyakwazi ukwenza iindidi ze-organometallic. Ngokomzekelo, ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18, kunye ne-distillation kunye ne-arsenic oxide (3) ye-acetate ye-potassium, i-flame yocingo kunye nephunga elimnandi lafunyanwa. Imveliso efunyenweyo yayibizwa ngokuba yi-alarsin. Kwizifundo ezilandelayo, kwafunyanwa ukuba iqukethe i-arsenic.

Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi elinesithoba, i-arsins enamakha ahlanganiswa. Ukuphendula kwenzelwa ukuxutywa kumxube we-arsenic trichloride kunye ne-aryl halide ene-metallic sodium. Ezinye zee mveliso zibonise iipropati ze-antimicrobial. Okwangoku, ukuhlanganiswa kwamashumi amawaka eemveliso ze-organochlorine zenziwa.

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-arsenic

Ingaphezulu kwesiqingatha sayo sonke isinyithi esicatshiwe sisetyenziswe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ngendlela yayo ecocekileyo ayinakusetyenziswa. Ngomlinganiselo omncinci, uqaliswa kwi-alloys yokuthwala. Ezi zongeziweyo zinempembelelo enobunzima bomkhiqizo ogqityiweyo, ngoko ziyimfuneko ekwenzeni iimbane zombane kunye neebhetri.

Amanqanaba amancinci e-arsenic abangela inxaxheba ekunyuseni ukunyuka kwe-corrosion, ukuphucula ukusebenza kwe-thermal yobhedu nobhedu. Ukuba le nto ayinalo ukungcola okongeziweyo, ngoko kuyimfuno ekwenzeni izixhobo ze-semiconductor. Ukuyidala, i-arsenic ifakwa kunye ne-germanium okanye i-silicon.

Ukongezelela, kubaluleke kakhulu ukunikezela okubalulekileyo ekuwenzeni izitishi. Njengombhobho obalulekileyo, i-arsenic nayo iyafuneka kwi-metallurgy engenzi-ferrous. Kwanokuba kunomxholo ophantsi kwi-alloy, kunokwenzeka ukuba kuphuculwe kakhulu amandla omveliso okwenziwa. I-Arsenic ikwandisa ukukhawuleza kobhedu ngexesha lokuphonsa, ukuququzelela inkqubo yokufumana ucingo.

Kukho nefuthe elithile elibi le shintshi kwimveliso. Ubukho bayo kwi-ore buyaguqula le nkqubo ibe yingozi yemveliso.

Phakathi iikhompawundi ezahlukeneyo esiyityhefu umdla kukuba oxide wayo trivalent. Yena ngoku esetyenziswa kwishishini njengokwasesipilini. Iityuwa ne ebonisa imfuno 5 njengoko ebulala. Le Ingxenye yenguqu yenye ethandwa kwishishini yemichiza mihla kuba iipropati imiboniso ezimbini ngokuxhomekeke kwinkqubo nokuqukuqela eliphakathi.