Electron ophethe

Umbane, amandla ombane, electric current, nesigxina electron - amagama wonke umntu uyazi.

Ngoko ke yintoni na umbane, oveliswa ze idluliselwe njani? Ukunika iimpendulo zale mibuzo akukho lula. Ukuze wenze oku, kufuneka ukuba uqhelane uluhlu enkulu iziganeko ekuthiwa zombane. Siqale siqwalasele imvelaphi yegama elithi "umbane".

Enye BC yaMandulo Greece, oosonzululwazi bafumanisa ukuba emva ngokukhuhla izinto ukusuka evuthiweyo kubo umdla imizimba ukukhanya. Amber in Greek - "electron"; ivela eli gama livela igama "yombane".

Kwisiqingatha sesibini sisazinzulu British kwinkulungwane XVI Gilbert wafumanisa ukuba nje impahla yegolide evuthiweyo ngoka imizimba ukukhanya. ipropati elolo hlobo ezifunyenwe yi zochuku ngokunjalo izinto ezininzi, umzekelo, intlaka, iglasi. Le meko ke yaziwa ugesi. Iziyobisi ukufumana impahla frictional yaziwa ugesi.

Ukufakelwa kombane imizimba izazinzulu echaza nokufika umbane emzimbeni okanye ityala lombane.

Ukuba lo mzimba umbane, oko ngokuyimfuneko bagcobe; Ngokomzekelo, ukuze azichukumise kuyo nayiphi na into yashukumisa ngaphambili. Umzekelo, amava abonisa ukuba imizimba ugesi dudula okanye ukutsala omnye. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, saphetha ukuba kukho uhlobo olwahlukileyo kwentlawulo zombane. Oku malunga namanye amacala nganye.

Ezinye zezi izityholo wabizwa ngokuba kwemiqathango HIV, kunye nezinye - negative. Ukuqwalasela yomzimba ngayo lokunxibelelana umbane, lwabonisa ukuba ngathi iintlawulo ziya dudula yaye ngokungafaniyo - umdla.

Amaphepha emibuzo yintoni eyenza i kagesi, oosonzululwazi abanomdla ixesha elide. Kuqala ke kucingelwa ukuba iziganeko yombane ezibangelwa ulwelo sombane ngokuba kalo. Abanye abaphengululi bakholelwa ukuba umzimba ngasinye ulwelo zombane ezimbini: akhabayo kunye navumelanayo, kunye omnye yenza umzimba ezintle ugesi kunye phezu enye - negative. Ukuba zikhona wezixa ezilinganayo, isiphumo ulwelo ezimbini ukutshabalalisa omnye. Kulo mzekelo, umzimba sisothula. Ezinye izazinzulu ziye ayekholelwa ukuba kukho mnye kuphela fluid yombane, nto leyo uqulathwe isixa esithile emzimbeni ngalinye uncharged. Intsalela emzimbeni it yakha umbane ezintle, kunye nokungabikho - negative. Ngokuthe ngcembe, kunjalo, uhlalutyo leefekthi ezintsha uvavanyo kwanyanzeleka ukuba bashiye hypothesis kolwelo yombane.

Ngenxa yoko, kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba umbane na isakhiwo atomic, ngamanye kokuba zahlulo, ngalinye nto leyo ebizwa ngokuba yi-Charge aphantsi zombane. Oku kwenza ukuba sigqibe, kwelinye icala, isifundo kokudlulisela umbane izisombululo ze neetyuwa kunye acids, uze iigesi isifundo umbane. Ekugqibeleni, amava lubonise ukuba intlawulo eziziziqalelo yombane ukudlulisela amasuntswana zincinane nto.

Ukuhlola okwenziwa kwi yamachiza IsiNgesi ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIX Thomson, wenza kube lula ukuba ukuvula izinto yamasuntswana umntu ophetheyo incinane yombane, yaye kamva wajika umlinganiselo ubukhulu bayo.

Ngenxa yoko, kwisuntswana incinane into leyo eye intlawuliso iyevakala ezimbi, ebizwa electron.

Intlawulo yombane electron - enye yeyona ibalulekileyo iimpawu zayo basenokuvana.

ubunzima yayo m = 9,1˖10⁻²⁸

Intlawulo electron e = - 4,8˖10⁻¹⁰ iiyunithi.

Electron - enye amasuntswana, nto leyo eyinxalenye ye kweziyobisi ngamnye. Substances luqulathe athom, eziquka ngumongo kakuhle ityala kunye elektroni, leyo ukuhamba ngeenxa zonke kuyo. Intlawulo esibi electron efanayo kakhulu kuyo nayiphi na into, Noko ke, malunga inani labo kunye nokusasazwa nuclei ezahlukeneyo. Xa atom sikwimo cala, ezakhayo nesigxina ngumongo lilingana isixa iintlawulo engakhiyo elektroni ezigxile ngeenxa zonke.

Amaxesha amaninzi ingaphezulu uwulahlileyo electron; kulo meko intlawulo efanelekileyo ngumongo igcine ngaphezu inani ophethe electron eseleyo, ngoko yonke i-atom aba elihle. Xa umzimba embi ityala, oko kuthetha ukuba kukho electron abangaphezu kwemfuneko.

Isindululo ze elektroni kugqiba nokunikezelwa iintlawulo zombane nezinto, imizimba umbane akhabayo kunye navumelanayo kunye nezinye izenzakalo.