Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin: yabasebenzi, iimbono ezopolitiko, photo, biography

Boris Chicherin wayengomnye abaseNtshona inkulu kwisiqingatha sesibini lwekhulu XIX. Yena wayemele iphiko eliphakathi silinene, ukuba lweli kwizibhambathiso ezithile kunye nabasemagunyeni. Ngenxa yoko, oku kudla wagxeka bexesha. Urhulumente waseSoviet akazange singafani Chicherina ngenxa ugxeka socialism. Ngoko ke, namhlanje singakwazi buso ukuvavanya ixabiso imisebenzi yayo.

kwiminyaka yokuqala

Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin wazalwa ngoJuni 7, 1828. Waye inzalelwane intsapho amanene Tambov. Uyise ochumayo, athengise utywala. Boris wajika abazali wokuqala ukuzalwa (yena nabazalwana abathandathu kunye udade). Bonke abantwana bafumana imfundo esemgangathweni. Ngowe-1844, Boris kunye Basil umzalwana wakhe (uyise elizayo Abantu Commissar leMicimbi yangaPhandle of the USSR), wafudukela eMoscow ukungena eyunivesithi. Umfundisi abafana yaba Westerner abadumileyo melo Timofey Granovsky. Yena wacebisa uTimoti ukuya esikolweni mthetho, abeyenza.

Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin waphumelela kwiYunivesithi ngo 1849. Ixesha izifundo zakhe ngexesha Nicholas awasabela eyalandela ekubulaleni Decembrists. Inkululeko yokuvakalisa kunqandwe, leyo, Kakade ke, akazange ayithande le mood silinene yabemi. Boris Chicherin fanele nje interlayer. Enye yaqaqamba zobutsha bakhe baba neziphithiphithi yaseYurophu ka-1848, nto leyo eyabangela kakhulu ukuyilwa iimbono zakhe.

Eyona nto iphawulekayo baba iziganeko eFransi. jaha balwamkela iindaba yokuqala revolution, kodwa kamva beyekile inkqubo enjalo yophuhliso lwentlalo. Kude kuse ebudaleni ikwandim, wacinezela esinga ingcamango yokuba urhulumente akakwazi nkqubela ukweqa. Revolution - akuyona ukhetho. Sijonge ukuba kubekho utshintsho ngokuthe ngcembe kunokuba "lolu lwako", izithethi emantloko ntshungu yimiphumela. Kwangaxeshanye, nakuba ukudana kwi revolution, Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin waba melo. Kuba Russia, lona okunene umseki yomthetho siseko.

In uNicholas Russian

Le njengesiqalo for kwezopolitiko bulumko iimboniselo nzulu ngezinto wabonakala efundisa Hegel. Ekugqibeleni Chicherin mbalwa inkqubo yakhe ezintweni. Sazi babekholelwa ukuba kukho ezine ekuqaleni ingundoqo - ingcambu unobangela, into efanelekileyo kunye eziphathekayo, kwakunye umoya okanye uluvo (oko kukuthi njongo). Xa uluntu la lubonakala - oluntu, usapho, icawa kunye norhulumente. Hegel ababesithi mba nengqondo - kuyinto nje ibonakalisa umoya. Kule formula uthetha umgaqo-nkqubo urhulumente afunxa onke amanye amaziko (ngumntu wosapho, ecaweni, njalo njalo. D.). Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin bakucaphukele ingcinga, kodwa akavumelani nayo. Wayekholelwa ukuba zonke ezine nesenzeko ezichazwe ngentla-bayalingana kunye elingana. Lakhe iimbono ezopolitiko ubomi ngokusekelwe kule lisezandleni ngokwaneleyo.

Ngowe-1851 Chicherin baphumelela iimviwo yaye waba yinkosi. ithisisi yakhe ngomxholo amaziko oluntu eRashiya ngenkulungwane XVII. Iimbono oonjingalwazi ngexesha ngokuthobela ngokupheleleyo nengcamango kwetsima uNicholas I of "Orthodox lobuzwilakhe kunye nobuzwe." Ngoko ke, ezi babebambelele ziye zingamkelwa ithisisi Chicherin, njengokuba yena kuyo wagxeka inkqubo yezopolitiko kwenkulungwane XVII. Kwiminyaka embalwa abantu abaselula efumana zisonqena oonjingalwazi ukuba itekisi usenguye "badlula". Yenza kube lula kuphela ngo1856. Lo mhla awulunganga ngengozi. Ngaloo nyaka, uNicholas I wayesele efile, yaye itrone leyo, unyana wakhe Alexander II. A Ixesha elitsha baqala iRashiya, ngexesha apho "fronderskie" ithisisi athathwa kunye nabanye.

Westerner kunye sikatata

Ngokwemeko-ezizinzululwazi lwembono, engobomi Chicherina Borisa Nikolaevicha ngumzekelo ubomi umsebenzi baseNtshona. Sele eselula, yena kuye kwatsala ingqalelo yoluntu ingqondo eli lizwe. isihloko sakhe, epapashwe ekuqaleni kobukumkani Alexander II, ngowe-1858, yaqokelelwa encwadini eyahlukileyo "Ucwaningo ngembali yomthetho Russian." Le ngqokelela ke kufanele kuqwalaselwe isiseko yesikolo kwimbali ngokomthetho okanye yoluntu umthetho lwasekhaya. Chicherin waba par yayo nguvulindlela kunye uKonstantin Kavelin kunye Sergeem Solovevym.

Abameli kulo mkhuba bakholelwa ukuba urhulumente ungamandla yokuqhuba siphambili lonke elo lizwe. Kwakhona Chicherin yaqulunqa ngobhalo kubukhoboka kunye ekukhululweni kweeklasi zentlalo. imbono yakhe ukuba kwisigaba ethile yophuhliso yezembali uluntu Russian ukunqanda ukuvela serfdom. Oku kungenxa oonobangela zoqoqosho nezentlalo. Ngoku, phakathi kwenkulungwane XIX, imfuno iye yaphela. Ababhali-mbali, Abalawuli wakhuthaza ukukhululwa abalimi.

imisebenzi journalistic

Alexander II, ngubani wangumlawuli ngo-1855, yalahleka iCrimea War, waqonda ukuba ilizwe lidinga inguquko. uyise waligcina uluntu Russian bubambene, ngoko ukuthetha, walondoloza imeko. Ngoku zonke iingxaki yakhwela ngaphandle. Kwaye kuqala - umbuzo umlimi. Tshintsha liyabonakala ngoko nangoko. It yasungula ingxoxo yoluntu. Uvula amaphepha-ndaba. Benkululeko yaba 'Russian kwiGazethi "Slavophiles" incoko Russian. " Ekuxoxweni kwawo imiba yezentlalo kunye noqoqosho ezibandakanyekayo kunye Chicherin Boris Nikolaevich.

Westerner liye ngokukhawuleza abe intatheli odumileyo ezaziwayo. Sele ebutsheni bakhe, waba isimbo sakhe, owakhiwa iimbekiselo eliqela kwimbali elide karhulumente Russian. Chicherin wayengenguye "ukulwa nxamnye urhulumente." Ezinkulu abanengqondo Wayekholelwa ukuba ukumkani uya kukwazi ukumelana neengxaki wayiqokelela, ukuba baqhube iinguqulelo olusebenzayo. Task-idemokhrasi intatheli wabona uncedo kwabasemagunyeni, yaye hayi intshabalalo yayo. Icandelo ofundileyo yoluntu kufuneka ayalele karhulumente kunye nokunceda ukuba wenze isigqibo esisiso. Aba amazwi alambathayo. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba Alexander II wayefunda iphephandaba yonke imini yonke imibutho yezopolitiko, ukuhlalutya kunye nokuthelekisa kubo. Lo mlawuli kwakhona wayeqhelene imisebenzi Chicherin. Ngobume bayo, ukumkani andibanga Westerner, kodwa ebambekayo wakhe kwanyanzeleka ukuba enze umnyinyiva, "uluntu".

Chicherin Boris Nikolaevich wahlala lweli absolutism kuba ecinga le nkqubo ngempumelelo xa kuziwa ekwenzeni izigqibo angathandwayo. Ukuba amandla yedwa ugqiba ukutshintsha, kuya kuba nako ukuyenza loo nto ngaphandle ebuka yiPalamente, kunye naluphi na olunye uhlobo inkcaso. Ukumkani wenza i izisombululo inkqubo nkqo ngokukhawuleza ngamxhelo mnye. Ngoko ke, phakathi abaxhasi lonke igunya Wayesoloko ekho yaye Chicherin Boris Nikolaevich. Abantu baseNtshona ezimfamekisa kwiimpazamo nkqubo, becinga ukuba baya kudlula ngokwabo, xa urhulumente wenza utshintsho yokuqala esisiseko.

Iimbambano kunye nabo

Kwiincwadi Soviet biography Chicherina Borisa Nikolaevicha ingqalelo nje kwaye zingagqibeki. koburhulumente bobusoshiyali iyangqubana iingcamango ezininzi waluthethelela igqwetha. Kwangaxeshanye, ngexesha lokuphila kwakhe, uye wagxeka ezininzi ngamanye abaseNtshona yakhe. Kwakunxibelelene nesibakala sokuba Chicherin wakhuthaza kwizibhambathiso ezithile kunye nabasemagunyeni. Akazange azame utshintsho ngesiquphe, kuthathelwa ingqalelo kunyaka 1848.

Umzekelo, lo mbhali babekholelwa ukuba urhulumente efanelekileyo kufuneka ibe nabameli, kuquka iPalamente. Kodwa eRashiya, akazange abone iimeko ngokusekwa amaziko ezinjalo. Society belingekafiki aphuhliswe ngokwaneleyo ukuba imbonakalo yabo. Yaba kwisigxina elungeleleneyo. Wamakhosi Russia, kunye ubunzima wawo lokungafundi abalimi kunye passivity boluntu uninzi lwabantu nje akazange iphuhlise inkcubeko lezopolitiko onokufaniswa imilinganiselo Koloni. Uninzi benkululeko kunye iintshaba lobuzwilakhe wacinga ngenye indlela. Aba bantu babekholelwa Chicherina phantse ibe nesandla wolawulo.

Umzekelo, Herzen kuthelekiswa ukuba Saint-Nje - ngungqondongqondo zizothuso kunye lozwilakhe Jacobin in yotshintsho olululo eFransi. Chicherin wadibana naye London ngo-1858. Herzen wayehlala elubhacweni, apho Bulelani imisebenzi yakhe esebenzayo journalistic kuba nempembelelo enkulu ngobume iingqondo Russian. ukuphendula ukugxekwa umbhali yenoveli Chicherin "Ngubani na ityala?" wathi yena: "akazi ukuba ugcine indlela phakathi elifanelekileyo." Imbewu yababhali ababini odumileyo weza nto, kwaye ke, besabelana akukho ndlela ngokuvuma, nangona ngayo hlonipha efanayo.

ukugxekwa uyilandela

Umbhali-mbali kunye yekhasi Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin, ogama imisebenzi akazange amgxeke isiseko kwenkqubo yedwa (ngamandla kuphela kumkani), yakhomba amanye amanqaku ezicacileyo buthathaka karhulumente Russian. Waqonda ukuba isiphako kakhulu kwinkqubo yobuphathi ulawulo uyilandela. Ngenxa yoku, nkqu zizifundiswa, ukuphumeza into ebomini, kufuneka siye kumagosa ingqalelo Chicherin BN

Biography of lo mntu - ngozalelwe kuloo ngobomi yosapho onesidima eye waphumelela ngokusebenzisa ngenkuthalo yakhe italente. Ngoko ayimangalisi into yokuba umbhali wabona imfuneko ukuvela maleko oluhlangeneyo of abaqeshisi abanempembelelo ababefuna iinguqulelo zobunene. Oku aba ofundileyo kunye nabantu abazizityebi ukuba babe umqobo ukukhonya amagosa ithambo, kwelinye icala, kunye isiphithiphithi, elungiselelwe elikwisikhundla esiphezulu, kwelinye icala.

inkqubo Engasebenziyo ngokwemimiselo kwaye kakuhle into embi kwabaninzi, kwaye kula manqaku, akukho mathandabuzo, waba Chicherin BN biography yombhali luquka ulwazi olunomdla kunye ezibalulekileyo. Emva kokuba waba uprofesa, ukuba bekufanele ukuba bakuzibalela uceba karhulumente. Nangona kunjalo, lo intatheli ngenqaba yaye abazange bafumane uphawu kwi yokuma nokuba "show". Ilifa wayeyinikwe uyise welifa yosapho. Ukuba umnini Onobuqili nangenyameko, Chicherin kungonga uqoqosho. Kuyo yonke ebomini umbhali, wahlala kuzoku eyenziwe ezingenayo. Le mali ukuba bachithe ixesha kwinkonzo karhulumente, kunye nobuchule kwezenzululwazi.

Emva ukupheliswa serfdom

Ngomhla olwandulela kuphuculo yamahlwempu Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin (1828-1904) baya uhambo ukuya eYurophu. Xa wabuyela kwilizwe lakhe, elo lizwe yaba eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo. Serfdom kwapheliswa, yaye uluntu eqwengwe iimbambano malunga Russia kwixesha elizayo. Umbhali nangoko inxaxheba kule mpikiswano. Wayezixhasa igunya kwimizamo yayo wabiza Regulation 19 Februwari 1861 ngonyaka, "lo lesikhumbuzo engcono umthetho Russian". Ngelo xesha kwi kwiiyunivesithi ezimbini ezinkulu kweli lizwe (eMoscow St Petersburg), kuye kwakhula intshukumo umfundi. Abantu abatsha bathetha ezahlukeneyo izilogani, kuquka abo ezopolitiko. Iinkokeli zamaziko emfundo ephakamileyo ixesha elithile isehla inyuka yaye babengazi ukuba indlela abasabela ngayo yimincili. Ezinye oonjingalwazi bade sympathized kunye nabafundi. Chicherin wenza ukuze kuhlangatyezwe iimfuno zabafundi malunga inkqubo yazo ngqo zemfundo (kukuphuculwa kweemeko njalo njalo. D.). Kodwa ke umbhali slogans anti-urhulumente wagxeka, ecinga nefuthe wabo obutsha ukuba akukho okulungileyo ngeke.

Chicherin Boris Nikolaevich, iimbono zabo zopolitiko Kakade ke, baba Westernized, kodwa babekholelwa ukuba ilizwe kuqala kufuneka oda. Ngoko ke, oko kubizwa ngokuba silinene abasebenzisa ukhuselo okanye endilisekileyo. Kwaba emva 1861 ubuhle ekugqibeleni Chicherina kwakhiwa. Bayithabatha ke kuhlobo kuyaziwa nezizukulwana. Ngo enye yeencwadi zayo, umbhali wachaza ukuba liberalism endala - kuluxolelaniso ekuqaleni komthetho kunye namandla kunye ekuqaleni inkululeko. Eli binzana zaye zasasazeka kwizangqa aphezulu eburhulumenteni. Its kakhulu enye engundoqo wasondela Alexander II - Prince Alexander Gorchakov.

Noko ke, lo mgaqo awukabi iingunqu izigqibo elizayo kurhulumente. amandla amandla kunye namanyathelo ezingqongqo - apha elichaza indlela kwelinye iimpapasho Chicherin Boris Nikolaevich. biography olufutshane umbhali uthi ubomi bakhe kungekudala iphawulwe yi isiganeko esibalulekileyo. amanqaku akhe neencwadi ezithandwayo kunye nokumkani. Njengesiphumo esithe ngqo kwesi simo sengqondo yaba isimemo Chicherina abe nomcebisi kunye notitshala UNikolai Alexandrovich - yindlalifa. Umbhali-mbali yavuma.

Utitshala we Crown Prince

Nakuba kunjalo, intlekele kungekudala wayixabela. Ngowe-1864, uNikolay Aleksandrovich waya uhambo yemveli ukuya eYurophu. Phakathi kubalindi bakhe yaye Chicherin Boris Nikolaevich. Amafoto lo mbhali ngokufuthi ziphelela kumaphephandaba, waba inani ebalulekileyo nezazi Russian. Kodwa EYurophu kwafuneka ukuba ayeke okwethutyana imisebenzi yabo journalistic. Waba sixakekile indlalifa, kananjalo, Florence wagula kunye yesifo. imeko Chicherina akawenzanga, kodwa ngequbuliso wachacha. Kodwa umfundi wakhe UNikolai Alexandrovich abangathathi ntweni. Wafa of tubercular meningitis e Nice ngo 1865.

Imbali impiliso kwabo kunye nokufa esingalindelekanga yindlalifa itrone iphenjelelwa ngamandla Chicherin. Waba kakhulu zonqulo. Xa utitshala efanayo UNikolai Alexandrovich ndabona umntu kwixesha elizayo, ubuchule ukuqhubeka utshintsho zobunene kayise. Ixesha lubonise ukuba indlalifa omtsha waba ngumntu owahlukileyo. Emva kokubulawa Alexander II, Alexander III kwamisa utshintsho. Xa waqalisa iliza karhulumente elandelayo reaction (njengoko phantsi uNicholas I). Chicherin waphila kwesi sigaba. Wakwazi ukubona wazibonela ukuwa ezilindelekileyo zabo ngo abantwana Tsar-uMkhululi.

Mfundisi nombhali

Ekubeni waphinda wabuyela eRashiya, Chicherin waqalisa ukufundisa kwiYunivesithi Moscow. Waqalisa lelona xesha evuzayo ubuchule zenzululwazi. Ekubeni Kwisiqingatha sesibini 60s. kupapashwa qho iincwadi ezisisiseko, umbhali kwawo Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin. Imisebenzi ephambili umbhali kujongwane nayo karhulumente kunye nezentlalo inkqubo Russia the. Ngowe-1866, i-sobulumko mbali, wabhala incwadi ethi "On belizwekazi of the People." Kumaphepha lo msebenzi Chicherin wavuma ukuba lobukhosi siseko yeyona nkqubo ilungileyo yezopolitiko, kodwa iRashiya okwangoku livelise iimeko eziyimfuneko ukuze zokuvunywa.

umsebenzi wakhe wahlala phantse wenzeka kwicandelo phambili kuluntu. Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin phezu benkululeko yelo xesha kanye wathetha ngokuphandle kwaye ngokukhululekileyo - ukubhala incwadi nzulu, izazinzulu eRashiya ingamampunge. nabaxhasi kunjalo olukhulu idemokhrasi kunye revolution, okanye uya kuphoswa kwabo kwenye imveliso reaction. Okumiselwe Chicherin njenge umbhali, yaye inyaniso isiqu. Wagxeka bexesha lakhe, yena zingazange kwamkelwa kunye nabasemagunyeni Soviet, yaye kuphela eRashiya yanamhlanje okwesihlandlo sokuqala iincwadi zakhe ziye phantsi ukuba, uvavanyo eyaneleyo Injongo imeko yezopolitiko.

Ngowe-1866, Boris Chicherin uzibophelele zokufundisa wazibhokoxa ngokupheleleyo kokuqamba iincwadi zenzululwazi. Umbhali, bashiya bekhalaza. Yena oonjingalwazi ezininzi melo (kwakhona demonstratively bashiya izikhundla zabo) Izenzo Bamqumbisa Umphathi Moscow State University Sergei Barsheva. Yena, kunye namagosa avela kwiSebe leMfundo wazama ukwandisa ugunyaziso kootitshala ababini 'endala, nangona ezi zenzo zichasene Charter.

Emva kwale scandal Chicherin safudukela kwilifa kusapho wabasiki kwiphondo Tambov. Wabhala rhoqo, ngaphandle kwisithuba 1882-1883 gg., Xa wonyulwa wedolophu eMoscow. Ngenxa inani yoluntu, umbhali nako ukusombulula iingxaki ezininzi kwezoqoqosho eyinkunzi. Ukongeza, wathabatha inxaxheba kulo msitho le ibekwa ka-Alexander III.

imisebenzi emikhulu

Zeziphi iincwadi ezininzi kakhulu washiya ngasemva Chicherin Boris Nikolaevich? "Ifilosofi yoMthetho", epapashwe ngowe-1900, baba imisebenzi yakhe yokugqibela jikelele. Kule ncwadi, umbhali waya nyathelo lobukhalipha. Ingcamango yokuba inkqubo yomthetho inokuba bulumko, ngoko olwaba yi positivists eziphezulu. Ke Chicherin, njengesiqhelo, akazange ukujonga imboniselo wesininzi, yaye ibisoloko kwaye ngokuqinileyo wayendikhusela isikhundla sakhe.

Okokuqala, wabalahla inkolelo ngokubanzi ukuba ilungelo - le yindlela ukruthakruthwano phakathi imikhosi ezahlukeneyo zentlalo kunye nomdla. Okwesibini, umbhali ubuyeleyo ngamava bulumko yamandulo. Ukususela imibhalo yesiGrike, wafunda ingqiqo ka "umthetho wemvelo", ukuphuhlisa oko yaye bafudukela neengxaki Russian ngexesha lakhe. Chicherin wayekholelwa ukuba mthetho kufuneka kusekelwe phezu nokunakana nenkululeko yabantu.

Namhlanje sinako ngokukhuselekileyo sithi ngunozala nenzululwazi Russian kwezopolitiko kanye Boris Nikolaevich Chicherin. Malunga liberalism kunye neminye imiyalelo ezizinzululwazi wabhala eselula kumanqaku amaninzi. In imi--80-90. sesayensi ozibandakanye ngqo ngecala theoretical component kwezopolitiko. Wabhala incwadi fundamental "Ipropati kunye uRhulumente" (1883) kunye "State of Course Science" (1896).

Kwiincwadi zakhe, abaphandi bazama ukuphendula iintlobo zemibuzo: .. Zeziphi umda obuvumelekileyo ukuba oomatshini yolawulo oko i "okulungileyo yoluntu, yintoni iinjongo nabasemagunyeni, njl Umzekelo, kuphononongwe indima edlalwa ngurhulumente ubomi bezoqoqosho lizwe, Chicherin wagxeka uphazamiseko kakhulu ngabasemagunyeni. Mbono bakholelwa ukuba kule nxalenye uqoqosho kwindawo yokuqala kufuneka ibe linyathelo labucala.

Boris Chicherin wafa ngoFebruwari 16, 1904. A kwiveki ngaphambi kwemfazwe Russian-Japanese. Ilizwe ke ekugqibeleni ngokungenisa ngenkulungwane yayo XX, ezele ziingxabano gazi (kungekudala yeza revolution kuqala). Umbhali akazange ukubamba ezi ziganeko. Kodwa ngexesha lokudla kwakhe wayesazi umngcipheko radicalism zezopolitiko yonke imikhosi uzama ukuthintela nozipho.