Ngokutsha Zemstvo ka 1864

Local self-government eRashiya yaququzelelwa ngokungqinelana iimpawu phambi kokuba utshintsho ka-1864, ecacisa inkqubo feudal. Lo mzobo usembindini kuwo yaba umnini-mhlaba lowo belilelakhe amandla nolawulo kunye nezigwebo, lwezopolitiko nolwezoqoqosho phezu abalimi bobakhe.

guqula First Zemstvo Ivana Groznogo, olwenziwa emva 1550, sele ngelo xesha yayijoliswe ekupheliseni 'ukutya' nokusekwa amagosa karhulumente akhethwe.

Kodwa ngenkulungwane ye-19, le ngxaki ngokupheleleyo ngokunjalo nayo isekho. Intloko iirhuluneli zamaphondo zanikwa amandla ebanzi kunene: amapolisa, zokwalusa, yolawulo, ezoqoqosho kunye neminye imisebenzi. Abantu elandelayo ebaluleke kakhulu kwiphondo inkokheli lephondo wabanumzana nabezithili yalelani yezikhulu. Oko kukuthi, nkqubo olawula uyakwazi ukubonakalisa kuphela umdla mhlaba. Not kuthathelwa ingqalelo kuphela neemfuno zabemi, kodwa ushishino zasekuhlaleni kunye nezorhwebo. Hluleki unamandla enkundla, yolawulo kunye nezoqoqosho sithi le meko.

Ukwenza kuphuculo yamahlwempu kwakuyimfuneko ukuze kuvuselelwe le nkqubo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ekuqaleni walungisa Zemstvo yotshintsho ka-1864. On balapho-zikarhulumente ukuba siphathiswe imisebenzi kunye nabahlali. Ukuze ukulawula phezu kwabo kwakukho urhulumente ngokohlobo urhulumente ezizodwa okanye esweni kunye nokunikezelwa nemimiselo ethile. Imiyalelo ngokwabo imizimba zemskih lingaphunyezwa usebenzisa amagunya karhulumente mali okanye ngamapolisa.

Zemstvo ngokutsha zalibaziseka imizamo abasemagunyeni ukuba ukuzikisa amandla ezandleni bureaucracies zasekuhlaleni. Vula umnqweno kuphunyezwe uhlobo olutsha sohlaziyo yolawulo Estates Abaququzeleli umgaqo alapho alinge. Universal lufane ongafanele kubo. Ngoko, kwagqitywa ekubeni ukunyula okwilizwe wabahlula abantu ibe curiae ezintathu (iindawo), iyileyo kugcwele ngabameli kwiklasi ethile. Ngenxa ubukho isiqinisekiso kwempahla inkqubo curial ivumela urhulumente ukucwangcisa inani electors kumaziko zemstvo, ukubonelela uninzi abameli nabalawulayo.

January 1, 1864 abasemagunyeni ivume "Regulations on amaziko zemstvo". ke ukususela ngaloo mini kubo siphathiswe capital superintendence, imali kunye nempahla ye-Zemstvos, umxholo woqhakamshelwano nezakhiwo, ekwenzeni imisebenzi wesisa, ukuthatha inxaxheba ezempilo kunye nemfundo, nokuxabisana inshorensi impahla, ukukhathalela kumashishini eli kunye nezorhwebo.

guqula Zemstvo zibandakanya ekudalweni ezintathu curiae: abanini zezithili, abahlali kunye nabameli lali. ISigqeba Body Zemsky ibandla - yamatyala - akhethwe iminyaka emibini. Amalungu wephondo zemstvo ibandla abanyulwe kwiintlanganiso County.

guqula Zemstvo akazange adale inkqubo esembindini evumelana: kuphumezo yayo kwaye khange kwasekwa umzimba owawuza ilungelelanise umsebenzi zonke zemstvos. Zenziwe iinzame ukuba indalo yayo 1865, kwiNdibano wephondo St. Petersburg, kodwa impendulo kule phulo kukarhulumente ukuyichitha kuyo. Ngaloo ndlela, ubukho urhulumente wengingqi kuvunyelwa kuphela kwinqanaba amaphondo kunye nezithili. Okanye ngaba zadalwa ze-level ephantsi - amasebe County.

oorhulumente ezintsha ngenxa imida inempumelelo kunye nabasebenzi ongekho kwisigqeba bathembele kurhulumente. Noko ke, inguquko yesithili negalelo ekuphuculeni iinkqubo kuqoqosho, unxibelelwano, imfundo nempilo yoluntu yasekuhlaleni. Zemstvos waba uhlobo isikolo kwezopolitiko abameli yeentshukumo zentlalo zobunene wedemokhrasi. Kulo mba, kuphuculo ingachazwa njengento yoohlohlesakhe.