Art inkcubeko Japan: Uphuhliso kunye neentlobo

Iyiphi inkcubeko yobugcisa yaseJapan? Wakha njani? Le mibuzo neminye iya kuphendulwa kwinqaku. Isithethe saseJapan sakha ngenxa yesiganeko sembali, esaqala xa amaJapane afuduka esuka kwilizwe ukuya kwiindawo eziqhankqalazi kunye nenkqubela yexesha uJomon wazalwa ngalo.

Ukukhanyiswa okwangoku kwale bantu kwathonywa kakhulu yiYurophu, i-Asiya (ngakumbi eKorea naseChina) nakwiMntla Melika. Enye yeempawu zenkcubeko yaseJapan yinkqubela yayo ebudeni ngexesha lokuzihlukanisa ngokupheleleyo kombuso (umgaqo-nkqubo we-Sakoku) kuwo wonke amanye amazwe ngexesha lolawulo lukaTokugawa Shogunate, oluye lwada lwada kwada kwaphakathi kwangekhulu le-XIX-ukuqala kwexesha laseMeji.

Impact

Inkcubeko yobugcisa yaseJapan yakha njani? Impucuko yathinteka kakhulu kwiindawo ezahlukileyo zendawo yelizwe, iimpawu zemozulu kunye neendawo, kunye neziganeko zendalo (iziqhwithi kunye neziyikimazama). Oku kuboniswe kwisimo sengqondo esingaqhelekanga sabemi kwimvelo njengento ephilayo. Into ebonakalayo yelizwe laseJapane udidi lwakwazi ukuyihlobisa ubuhle bendalo yonke, echazwe kwiintlobo ezininzi zobugcisa belizwe elincinci.

Inkcubeko yobugcisa yaseJapan yenziwa phantsi kweempembelelo zobuBuddha, iShintoism neConucucianism. Ezi zikhokelo ezifanayo zathintela nophuhliso lwayo.

Amaxesha amandulo

Ngokuvisisanayo, ubugcisa beJapan bubuhle kakhulu. IShinto ixhomekeke kumaxesha amandulo. UbuBuddha, nangona kubonakala ngaphambi kwexesha lethu, kwaqala ukusasazeka kuphela kwikhulu lesihlanu. Isikhathi se-Heian (i-8th-12th century) ithathwa njengesigxina segolide se-Japan. Ngaloo xesha inkcubeko ecacileyo yeli lizwe yafikelela kwisigxina sayo.

Kwiminyaka ye-13 yeConfucianism yabonakala. Ngeli nqanaba, kwakukho ukwahlula kwefilosofi kaConfucius noBuddha.

Hieroglyphs

Umfanekiso wenkcubeko yobugcisa yaseJapane ifakwe kwi-versification ekhethekileyo, ebizwa ngokuthi haiku (hokku). Kulo lizwe liphuhliswe kakhulu ubugcisa be-calligraphy, leyo, ngokutsho komlando, evela kwimifanekiso yaphezulu yasezulwini. Yababo abaphefumlela ubomi kubhala, ngoko ke abantu banenkxalabo malunga nalo lonke uphawu kwisipelingi.

Kukho ngonyameko ukuba inkcubeko yaseJapane yenziwa ngama-hieroglyphs, kuba evela kubo babonakala imifanekiso ejikeleze ibhaliweyo. Emva kancinci, umanyano oqinileyo wezinto zokupenda kunye nenkondlo yomsebenzi omnye waqala ukugcinwa.

Ukuba ufunda umqulu waseJapan, unokufumanisa ukuba umsebenzi unemixholo yesibini. Le miqondiso yeempawu zokubhala, izibongo, ii-colophonies, kunye ne-picturesque. Ngexesha elifanayo, i-Kabuki yaseshashalazini yaziwa kakhulu. Kuhlobo oluthile lwemidlalo - Kodwa-ngokubanzi abasebenzi basekuhlaleni bakhetha. USamariya waseJapan, ubuqili babo nobukhohlakali babenomdla onamandla.

Udweba

Inkcubeko yobugcisa yeJapan ephakathi sele ifundiswe yiengcali ezininzi. Inxaxheba enkulu ekuphuhliseni kwayo yadlaliswa ngopende lwe-kaiga, ebizwa ngesiJapane kuthetha ukudweba okanye ukudweba. Olu bugcisa lithathwa njengoluhlobo oludala kunazo zonke lwepeyinti yombuso, enqunywe inani elikhulu lezigqibo kunye neefom.

Kuyo, indawo ekhethekileyo ithathwa ngendalo, echaza isiqalo esingcwele. Ukuhlukana kwepeyinti kwi-sumi-e naseYamato-e ikhona kwikhulu leshumi. Isitayela sokuqala sakhula sisondele kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesine. Uhlobo lwe-watercolor ye-monochrome. I-Yamato-e-le miqulu eqhotyoshelweyo, edla ngokusetyenziswa kwi-design of works.

Kancinci kamva, ngekhulu le-17, itywina yabonakala kweli lizwe kwiipaki - ukiyo-e. Abaphathi babonisa imihlaba, i-geishas, abadlali abadumileyo be-Kabuki Theatre. Olu hlobo lwepeyinti kwiminyaka ye-18 lathintela ngamandla ubugcisa baseYurophu. Indlela ephumayo yayibizwa ngokuthi "japanism". NgeMinyaka Ephakathi, inkcubeko yaseJapan yaya ngaphaya kwemida yeli lizwe - yayisetyenziswe kwindlela yokwenza izinto eziphathekayo kunye neziphathekayo ngaphakathi kwihlabathi.

Calligraphy

Hayi, indlela enhle ngayo imveliso yobuJapan! Ukuqonda ngokuvisisana nendalo kunokubonwa kuzo zonke iindawo zalo. Yintoni i-calligraphy yamaJapan yanamhlanje? Kubizwa ngokuba ngu-shodo ("indlela yezaziso"). I-Calligraphy, njengokubhala, kwizikolo zaseJapane kuyimfuneko enyanzelekileyo. Iingcali zenzululwazi zifumene ukuba lobu bugcisa beza kanye kunye nokubhala kwesiTshayina.

Ngendlela, kumaxesha amandulo, isiko sabantu sahlulelwa yinqanaba le-calligraphy. Namhlanje, kukho inqwaba yezitayela zokubhala, kwaye ziveliswa ngabakwa-Buddhist monks.

Ukutyhila

Inkcubeko yaseJapan yathini? Uphuhliso kunye neendidi zale ndawo yobomi bomntu sifunda ngeenkcukacha ezininzi ngokunokwenzeka. Ukutyunjwa nguhlobo oludlulileyo lwezobugcisa eJapan. Kwixesha la mandulo, abantu beli lizwe bazenzela iifenamikhali zezithixo nezitya. Emva koko abantu baqala ukufaka kwiimifanekiso zamangcwaba ze-haniw, ezenziwe kwidongwe elitshiswayo.

Ukuphuhliswa kwezakhiwo zobugcisa kwizithethe zanamhlanje zaseJapan zidibene nokusasazwa kweBuddha kwilizwe. Omnye wabameli bamandulo beemakhumbuzo zaseJapan ngumfanekiso we-Amitabha Buddha, ebekwe kwitempile yaseDzenko-ji, eyenziwe ngamatye.

Iziqulatho zazivame ukuba zenziwe kwiintsimbi ezingalinganiyo, kodwa zibukeka zizityebi kakhulu: abaphathi bawagubungela nge-varnish, igolide kunye nemibala ekhanyayo.

Origami

Ngaba uyayithanda inkcubeko yobugcisa yaseJapan? Ukuqondisisa ngokuvisisana nendalo kuya kuzisa izinto ezingenakulibaleka. Isici saloo masiko aseJapan sasinemveliso ye-origami emangalisayo ("iphepha elixutywe"). Olu buchule lusekelwe kwiChina, apho, eqinisweni, kwakhiwa isinyhumba.

Okokuqala, "iphepha elinyeneyo" lisetyenziselwa kwizikolo zonqulo. Lo bugcisa bukwazi ukufunda kuphela iklasi eliphezulu. Kodwa emva kweMfazwe yesiBini yeMfazwe yaseMpumalanga yashiya iindawo zokuhlala ezihloniphekileyo waza wafumana abo babemnandi emhlabeni wonke.

Ikebana

Wonke umntu kufuneka azi ukuba yintoni inkcubeko yobugcisa bamazwe aseMpuma. IJapan iye yatyala ininzi yabasebenzi ekuphuhlisweni kwayo. Elinye iqela lenkcubeko yalelizwe elimangalisayo nguIkebana ("iintyatyambo ezintsha", "ubomi obutsha beentyatyambo"). AmaJapan ayamangalisa ama-aesthetics kunye nokulula. Ezi zimpawu zombini zityalomali emsebenzini. Ukuqhelaniswa kweemifanekiso kufezekiswa ngokusetyenziswa kobutyebi bobuhle bemifuno. U-Ikebana, njenge-origami, wayesebenza njengenxalenye yomcimbi wenkolo.

Iifayile

Mhlawumbi, abaninzi baye baqaphela ukuba inkcubeko yobugcisa baseChina yaseYakophu neYapan isondelelene. Yaye yintoni ibhonsai? Le yindlela ekhethekileyo yaseJapan yokuhlakulela ikhophi encinane yomthi womthi wangempela.

EJapan, kuqhelekile ukwenza i-Netsuke - imifanekiso emancinci, enoba yinto engundoqo. Ngokuqhelekileyo amanani anjalo kule ndawo ayinamathele kwiingubo zaseJapan, ezazingenazo ipokethi. Abazange balihlobise kuphela, kodwa bakhonza njengento yangaphambili. Amacici ayenziwe ngefom yokhiye, ikhukhuthi, ibhasikidi eboyiweyo.

Imbali yokudweba

Inkcubeko yobugcisa yaseJapan yasendulo inomdla kubantu abaninzi. Ukudweba kweli lizwe lazalelwa ngexesha le-Japanese Paleolithic kwaye laphuhliswa ngale ndlela:

• Ixesha le Yamato. Ngemihla ka-Asuka neKofun (ii-IV-VII iikholeji), kunye nokuqaliswa kwama-hieroglyphs, ukudala ulawulo lwamaTshayina nolwimi oluqhelekileyo lwezinto zobuBuddha, imisebenzi eminingi yobungcali yayiswe eJapan ukusuka kwiColestial Empire. Emva koko, kwiLizwe loKhuphuka kwelanga, baqala ukuvelisa ukudweba kwindlela yokuTshayina.
• Ixesha leNara. Kwiinkulungwane ze-VI ne-VII. UbuBuddha baqhubeka bekhula eJapan. Kule nkalo, yaqala ukuphucula imifanekiso yecawa, isetyenziselwa ukuhlobisa iintempile ezininzi ezakhiwe yi-aristocracy. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ngexesha leNara, igalelo ekuphuhlisweni kweso sakhiwo kunye nobugcisa yayinkulu kunopopayi. Imidwebo yokuqala yale mjikelo ibandakanya iindonga zeendonga zangaphakathi zeHoryu-ji ethempelini laseNara, echaza malunga nobomi bukaBuddha Shakyamuni.
• Ubudala beHeian. Kwipeyinti yaseJapan, ukuqala ngekhulu leshumi, umendo weYamato-e uchongiwe, njengoko sibhala ngasentla. Lezo zemizobo ziyimisongo ejikelezayo, ebonisa iincwadi.
• Ixesha leMuromachi. Ngekhulu le-XIV, isitayela se-soup-e (i-monochrome watercolor) yabonakala, kwaye kwisahlulo sokuqala sekhulu le-17. Abaculi baqala ukushicilela imizobo kwi-plaques - ukiyo-e.
• Umzobo wexesha le-Azuthi-Momoyama lihluke ngokugqithisileyo kwiimvumba zeMuromachi. It has a style polychrome kunye nokusetyenziswa okukhulu kwesilivere negolide. Ngeli xesha, isikhungo sezemfundo saseKano sinobuchule obudumileyo kunye nodumo. Umsunguli waso nguKano Aitoku, owawubumba iipiliti kunye neengcango zokulahla ukuhlukana kwamagumbi. Imidwebo enjalo yayihlotshiswe ngeenqaba kunye neendonga zamagosa ezempi.
• Era Maiji. Ukususela kwisiqingatha sesibini seXIX ye-XIX, ubugcisa bohlulwe kwiimpawu zenkcubeko nezithethe zaseYurophu. Ngexesha leMijiji, iJapane yafumana utshintsho olukhulu lwezentlalo kunye nezopolitiko kwinkqubo yokwenza i-modernism kunye ne-Europeanization, ehleliwe ngabasemagunyeni. Abaselula abaza kuba ngabaculi bathunyelwa phesheya ukuze bafundwe, kwaye abadwebi bezinye izizwe beza eJapan ukwenza iinkqubo zobugcisa ezikolweni. Yiba nokuba kunjalo, emva kokuqala kokufuna ukwazi ngeendlela zobugcisa beNtshona, i-pendulum iguqulwa ngaphesheya, kwaye isitayela somdabu waseJapan sivuselelwe. Ngomnyaka we-1880, amasiko obugcisa baseNtshona avinjelwe kwimiboniso esemthethweni kwaye wagxeka kakhulu.

Iingongoma

Inkcubeko yobugcisa yaseJapan yasendulo isacingwa. Ubume balo bubuninzi, into ethile, njengoko yayenziwe phantsi kweempembelelo zeenkonzo ezahlukeneyo. Kuyaziwa ukuba izibongo zaseJapan zivela kwimpilo yemihla ngemihla, zenza ngaphakathi kwayo, kwaye oku kuvela komhlaba kuyo, kwindlela ethile egcinwe kwiindidi zemveli zesondlo samanje - i-haiku yomgca we-three kunye ne-pentathism ye-tank, eyahlukileyo kwi-character character. Ngendlela, lo mgangatho uza kubahlula kwi "vesi ekhululekile" eye yathintela kwi-elitism, eyavela eJapan ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 phantsi kweempembelelo zeengqungquthela zaseYurophu.

Ngaba uye waphawula ukuba izigaba ekuphuhlisweni kweenkcubeko zobugcisa zaseJapan zininzi? Inkondlo ebantwini beli lizwe yadlala indima ekhethekileyo. Enye yeentlobo ezidumileyo kwiHockey, unokuyiqonda kuphela ngokuziqonda imbali yayo.

Okokuqala yabonakala kwiminyaka ye-Heian, yayifana nesitayela seRang, esasifana nesiphumo samabongozi ababefuna ukuthatha ikhefu kwivesi eliyintloko yeWah. UHaikai waba ngumntu ozimeleyo kwixesha le-16 leminyaka, njengoko iRang yaba nzulu kakhulu, kwaye i-haiku yayixhomekeke kulwimi oluthethiweyo kwaye yayisoloko ihlekisayo.

Kakade, ubugcisa benkcubeko yaseJapan buchazwa ngokufutshane kwimisebenzi emininzi, kodwa siya kuzama ukuthetha ngako ngokubanzi. Kuyaziwa ukuba kwi-Middle Ages enye yezona ziqhelo ezidumileyo zaseJapan zenziwe ngetanki ("ingoma yamalaconi"). Kwiimeko ezininzi, ezi zihlanu, ezenziwe ngeesibini zamanqwanqwa kunye nenani elimisiweyo leelwimi: 5-7-5 iibllabha kwiimigangatho emithathu yesigaba sokuqala, kunye no-7-7 kwimigca emibini yesibini. Ngokuphathelele umxholo, itanki isebenzisa eli cwangciso elilandelayo: i-stanza yokuqala imele umfanekiso wesimo esithile, kwaye okwesibini imele ukutsalwa komntu nomfanekiso:

• Kwiintaba ezikude
  I-Pheasant i-long-tailed doingzing -
  Lo busuku obude, obude
  Ngaba ndilala ndedwa? ( Kakinomoto no Hitovaro, ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-8, ukuguqulelwa kweSanovich .)

Umdlalo waseJapan

Uninzi lubonisa ukuba inkcubeko yobugcisa yaseChina neYapan iyamangalisa. Ngaba uthanda ubugcisa besigaba? Idrama yeNdabuko yeLizwe leLanga eliPhakamileyo lihlukaniswe libe yi-dzori (inkundla yemidlalo), umdlalo we-theatre No (kyogen kunye ne-yokoku), i-Kabuki yaseshashalazini kunye neengoma. Amasiko alobu buchule anemifanekiso emihlanu engundoqo yezobugcisa: kyogen, kodwa, bugaku, kabuki kunye no bunraku. Zonke ezo zithethe zintlanu zikhoyo nanamhlanje. Nangona kukho ukungalingani okukhulu, zidibaniswa nemigaqo eqhelekileyo ye-aesthetic, eyenza ubugcisa beJapan. Ngendlela, ubugcisa obubugcisa baseJapan buvela kwisiqendu No.

I-Kabuki Theater yabonakala ngekhulu le-17 kwaye yafikelela kwi-apogee yayo ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18. Ifom yeempawu eziye zaphuhliswa ngeli xesha ligcinwe kwinqanaba lanamhlanje leKabuki. Imiboniso yale midlalo, ngokungafani ne-No, ayijolise kwisigxina esincinci sezobugcisa bokudala, zenzelwe abaphulaphuli abaninzi. Iingcambu zezakhono zeKabuki zivela kwimisebenzi yabahlaziyi-comedians - abaqhubi beefama ezincinci, imidwebo, ebenokudansa nokucula. Ulawulo lwe-Kabuki lwengingqi lugxininisa izinto ze-dzoruri kunye no-No.

Ukubonakala kwe-Kabuki Theatre kudibaniswa negama lomenzi weengcwele zeBuddh O-Kuni eKyoto (1603). O-Kuni owenziwe kwisiteji kunye nemidanso yenkolo, ebandakanya ukuhamba kwemidanso yaseNembutsu-odori. Imisebenzi yakhe ichaneka nemidlalo yamahlaya. Kule nqanaba, iimveliso zabizwa ngokuthi yi-yujo-kabuki (i-Kabuki courtesans), i-O-Kuni-kabuki okanye i-onna-kabuki (ladies 'iKabuki).

Imizobo

Ngenkulungwane yokugqibela, abantu baseYurophu, ngoko ke amaRussia, ngokubhala imifanekiso, babhekana nesimo sobugcisa beJapan. Okwangoku, kwiLizwe loKhuphuka kwelanga, umfanekiso onomthi wawuthathwa njengekhono ekuqaleni, nangona wawunezo zonke iimpahla zenkcubeko-ukungabizi, ukufikeleleka, ukujikeleza. I-Connoisseurs ye-ukiyo-e yakwazi ukufezekisa ukuqonda okuphezulu kunye nokulula kokubili kwimizekelo yezifundo kunye nokukhetha kwabo.

Ukiyo-e wayeyisikolo esikhethekileyo sobugcisa, ngoko ke wakwazi ukutyumba inani lamatye aphezulu. Ngaloo ndlela, ngegama likaHishikawa Moronobu (1618-1694), isigaba sokuqala sokuphulwa kwesicatshulwa sidibene. Phakathi kwekhulu le-XVIII, i-connoisseur yokuqala yokudweba umbala ngu-Suzuki Harunobu yadalwa. Iinjongo eziphambili zomsebenzi wakhe zaziyimifanekiso eqhelekileyo, apho ingqalelo ayihlawulwanga kwisenzo, kodwa ukuhanjiswa kweemvakalelo kunye neemvakalelo: uthando, isisa, intlungu. Njengobugcisa obudala bobudala bexesha likaHeian, i-ukiyo-e virtuosos yavuselelwa kwimeko yokuhlaziywa kwendawo yasezidolophini ubuqhetseba obuqhelekileyo lobuhle obuqhetseba bhinqa.

Ukwahlukana kuphela kukuba, esikhundleni se-Heian abaziqhenyisayo, izidwebo zibonakalisa iindawo ezikhethileyo kwiindawo zokuzonwabisa zase-Edo. Umculi u-Utamaro (1753-1806 gg.) Ngaba, mhlawumbi, iyingqayizivele kwimbali yokupenda umzekelo woluchwepheshe ozinikezele ngokupheleleyo indalo yakhe ekuboniseni abafazi kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo nezindlu zangasese, kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zobomi. Enye yemisebenzi yakhe engcono kakhulu kukubhala "Geisha Osama", egcinwa eMoscow, kwiMyuziyamu yasePushkin yePraint. Umculi wabonisa ngokugqithiseleyo ubunye bentshukumo nomoya, ubuso obuso.

Manga kunye ne-anime

Uninzi lwabaculi bazama ukufundela umzobo waseJapan. Yaye yintoni i-anime (iifoto zaseJapane)? Ihluke kwezinye iindidi zeentlobo ngeemvakalelo ezinkulu kumbonisi omdala. Nantsi kukho ukwahlula okuphindaphindiweyo ibe yimizila yabantu abajolise kuyo. Umlinganiselo wokwahlukana yizo zesini, iminyaka okanye isimboli sengqondo sombukeli. Ngokuqhelekileyo i-anime yincwadi ekhangayo yaseJapane yama-manga, eyafumana udumo olukhulu.

Inxalenye eyintloko ye-manga yenzelwe umbukeli omdala. Ngokutsho kwedatha ngo-2002, malunga ne-20% ye-Japan yonke yemakethi yeevenkile yayiphethwe ngamahlaya kunye nama-manga.

Japan usondele kwiindawo kuthi, kodwa, ngokunjalo, kuba ixesha elide wahlala ihlabathi ezifihla ingafikeleleki. Namhlanje siyazi lukhulu kweli lizwe. bodwa Long ngokuzithandela kukhokelele ekubeni inkcubeko yalo yahluke ngokupheleleyo ukusuka inkcubeko kwamanye amazwe.