Fundole Golden. zemali Ibiza Russian. fundole Royal zegolide

fundole Golden lusisisekelo lemali ye-Russian uBukhosi kunye eSoviet Union. Maxa wambi, uye waba omnye okanye omnye okulingana engange. Eli gama lalisetyenziswa kubomi bemihla ngemihla ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini ukubhekisela engamaphepha ngeeyunithi ezilishumi, umzekelo, i-hryvnia, engange, euro njalo njalo. Inxulunyaniswa kwakhululwa ingqekembe yegolide USSR, ubunzima, izinto kunye nemilinganiselo leyo phindwa ezilishumi-fundole Nicholas. Kukho enye inguqulo. Kuthiwa ukuba sendaweni yesibizo "piece igolide" livela kwi Isichazi "ngegolide esulungekileyo", ie "Red". Intsingiselo entsha yeli gama ekugqibeleni zibethelelwe izikhundla zabo emva kokuba yotshintsho lwemali ka 1922-1924.

Tsarist Russia

Ngaphambili, le nkcazelo "fundole yegolide" sisebenza naziphi zemali zangaphandle igolide kubalwa ukusuka ingxubevange kwizinga eliphezulu. Inkoliso yabo sequins kunye ducats evela eNetherlands neHungary. Nge Ivan III kuPetros I kwi kummandla Russia kubalwa zegolide ezizodwa zemali yasebukhosini. Zibizwa kwakhona iingqekembe zegolide (njengento ukhetho - Cervone), kodwa zikholisa kusetyenziswa imiqondiso umvuzo. On ezi mveliso umlonde ukhozi portrait isiqingatha-ubude (intaka ngamanye amaxesha kabini-headed yaba kumacala omabini lwemali).

Phezu kwetrone Peter I

Ukuqaliswa zegolide enxulumene ukuphunyezwa kuphuculo malini. Le ndlela entsha intlawulo ubunzima kwaba 3,47 grams kunye isampuli 986. Zonke iimpawu oko kwakufana fundole Hungarian. Ngaphezu koko, oko yasungulwa ukuveliswa eziinkozo kwi amaqhekeza amabini ngegolide. ubunzima lwabo sele 6,94 grams kwaba.

zemali zegolide Russian zakhutshwa ngo-1701. Ekuqaleni, iikopi 118 zaye zaveliswa. Zazisetyenziswa becala kweentengiselwano kunye ngabarhwebi aphesheya.

fundole Golden 1907 (umhla iincwadi ezibhalwe) efumaneka ikopi enye. Waye e Vienna Museum ukususela zokuqokelelwa Biron. Ngo-2010, le sihlahla unique liqikelelwa kwi yayingamakhulu amathathu amawaka eerandi. I Hermitage, ungabona isiseko lokwenene yesilivere fundole 1907 Ngokufuthi kukho remakes le ezinkozo, eyenziwe ngesiliva ophezulu-grade kunye nobhedu. Ixabiso kwazo kuqikelelwa kwi engange abamalunga nama-50 amawaka ukuze imveliso ikwimeko entle (XF).

Ebudeni bolawulo uPetros fundole yasebukhosini segolide kubalwa ukususela 1701 ukuya 1716. Emva koko, yena indawo imali engange ezimbini kunye nokuwa osezantsi. Yayibonisa Andrey Pervozvanny - umxhasi ongcwele kumazwe Russian.

Kut- le ayenza of ducats kwenzeka 1729 phantsi uPetros kwesibini. Xa Elizabeth wenyuka etroneni, ngomhla imali ukubeka data kwi nyanga, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha umhla kwendalo yazo. Ngelo lixa kwabakho umahluko ocacile ngeentlobo ezimbini - kunye nomfanekiso ka eSt Andrew okanye i-State imifanekiso. Secret uleqa ducats Dutch wawuqala Mint ngo-1768. Baye ajolise ekufikeleleni iimfuno ukumkani iingqekembe zegolide ukuba kuthengiswa kwamanye amazwe.

zemali zegolide Russian ne uNicholas II

1907 kwaphawula ekuqaleni ukukhululwa yasasazwa engamaphepha ezintsha emahlelweni engange ezilishumi. Oku kwakusenzeka ngenxa uphuculo kwiindlela yokwenza iphepha. Kungekudala wakhupha umthetho ukuba akhuphe amakhadi ngetyala engange ezilishumi kunyaka sample-1909. Baba ukusetyenziswa de lokuqala Oktobha 1922. Exchange ukuba imali entsha yenziwe ngomlinganiselo amawaka 10 engange. 1 engange ubudala, kodwa bona baye ingcambu. Ngenxa yoko, siye saqalisa ukuvelisa ubugcwabalalana-engange ezintlanu iisampuli eziphakamileyo 986, apho kamva zancitshiswa imizuzu 917.

Njengenye enokukhethwa

Phakathi kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba baqalisa imali zetyeleba intlawulo platinum (ekwabizwa ngokuba zegolide white). Yaba iinkozo Russian kakhulu kubiza kwisithuba. Ezingenangqondo xa uqala, isisombululo ilula: ngo 1827, i-ofisi kanondyebo Russian yaba oovimba onomtsalane platinum, nto leyo itsalwa placers phambene. Kwaba kakhulu kangangokuba kwintengiso ngqo metal elixabisekileyo nje ehlala ngayo kwimarike, nto ke leyo ebangele kwagqitywa ukukhulula ducats ezimhlophe ejikeleza. Ingcamango zodumo eziinkozo platinum yaba Count Kankrin. Coins ukusuka wokulwela 97% ye-metal eziveliswa ukususela 1828 ukuya kunyaka 1845. Xa oku yafumaneka emahlelweni ezintathu, amathandathu elinababini engange - kakhulu ezinqabileyo eRashiya. imbonakalo yabo ngenxa yokuba ukuze isayizi izithombe ngempumelelo ngakumbi watyunjwa kakade ngaphambili zenziwe cents 25, iirandi mahlanu noxabiso. Ngako oko, le umthamo otyhidiweyo, yaye bavandlakanywe 3, 6, engange-12.

Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala lwemali yentlawulo kuthetha ukuba phantse yonke yakhiwa platinum. lwemali engaphambili zaye iqulunqwe metal njengentlahla, kodwa kuphela nje inkosi ingxubevange ukuya ubhedu okanye igolide kwi womgunyathi.

Soviet Russia

Kwiminyaka yokuqala emva kokuba ukusekwa amandla Soviet kwakukho Ukuqhekeka kwenkqubo emali kunye nokukhula ngokukhawuleza kwamaxabiso. ukuzithemba yabantu zange ukusebenzisa nayiphi "amanqaku Kerensky" okanye "amanqaku Soviet," okanye imali uDuma okanye amakhadi yasebukhosini ngetyala. Ihlelo lokuqala yaveliswa ngo-1922. Exchange lwaqhutywa kwi umlinganiselo 1:10 000. Ngenxa yoko, wakwazi ukuba alungiselele inkqubo yemali, kodwa ukuba ayeke nokunyuka kwamaxabiso - akukho. Nxaxheba ye Elinanye Congress of the RCP (b) ugwebe ngelithi, makakhululwe yelizwe ozinzileyo eSoviet. Kakade ke, siye saxubusha malunga isihloko entsha imali. Inikezela yokubalekela endala nokwazisa iinketho ezintsha - "yimibono". Umzekelo, yaBantu Commissariat of abaqeshwa bafumana kunikezo kubiza imali i "federalist." amagama axilongwe zemveli - engange, fundole, lo hryvnia. Noko ke, ngenxa yokuba hryvnya ekuthiwa indlela yentlawulo, ukuba kujikeleziswa kummandla Ukraine, kwaye imali engange ezinxulumene engange yesilivere, kwagqitywa ekubeni igama imali entsha endala - zemali zegolide. Inani labemi Wabathatha ngokuzithemba. Isizathu kukuba ezi iinkozo zemali igolide ibonwa njenge ukhuseleko non-cash, kungekhona njengendlela unyango. Abaninzi besithembe ukuba wayeza bananise imali iphepha igolide, kodwa akabonakalanga isenzo karhulumente ngokutshintshiselana simahla kunye. Sekunjalo, iphepha le ngqekembe zegolide ngenkuthalo itshintshileyo zemali Russian eninzi, kwaye vice versa. Ngamanye amaxesha, le okuqala bit ndibhatalwe ngenxa lula yokugcina yabo yokuhlawula amatyala. Ngenxa esitalini izinga lotshintshiselwano tenner Government ufumene isiseko esomeleleyo ukuze ngokusasazwa-nkqubo Economic Entsha (nep).

zokuqinisa isikhundla

Ngowe-1923, isabelo ducats kwi ubunzima iyonke imali liye landa ukusuka kwemithathu ukuya asibhozo ekhulwini. inkqubo lwemali ezimbini esebenza kweli lizwe. Ngenxa yoko, i-Bank State ubhengeze izinga tenner entsha yonke imihla. Oku kubonelele umhlaba ochumileyo intelekelelo kwaye ebangela ukubonakala ubunzima kuphuhliso imisebenzi yezoqoqosho kunye norhwebo. Kunye chervonets Ukuhamba kwexesha baqalisa ukusebenzisa ikakhulu esixekweni. Kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni, oko kuthenga kuphela amafama abazizityebi, ngoxa abantu abaqhelekileyo ukuba prohibitively imali eninzi. Ngelo xesha kwakukho uluvo lokuba ekuthengisweni kweempahla yeenowuthsi Soviet - oko kuyinto embi, ngoko ke amaxabiso imveliso yezolimo inyuke, kwaye intshayelelo yabo esixekweni lehla. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, kwabakho imali engange ihlelo yesibini (1: 100).

Baye kumazwe akude

Zonke ucaca ngakumbi yaba kwii-zegolide kumazwe angaphandle. Ngoko ke, lo yokuqala ngo-Apreli 1924 waqalisa ngeranti yayo mayibhalwe kwi-New York Stock Exchange. Ngenyanga yokuqala, wahlala kwinqanaba kunene zixatyiswe yayo dollar. E Berlin, eLondon yaye wenza isivumelwano kunye imali yiSoviet ongamiselwanga ngokusesikweni ngo-1924-1925 gg. Ekupheleni kuka-1925 siye sagqiba umbuzo zokubonisa yayo kwi yaseVienna Stock Exchange. Nangona sele fundole ocatshulwe ngokusesikweni e Shanghai, Tehran, eRome, eConstantinople, Milan kunye Riga. It zibe nokutshintshanisa okanye kuthengwa kumazwe amaninzi ehlabathini.

ukubuya lobungangamsha

Ngo-Oktobha, kwagqitywa ukuba fundole segolide iya kukhululwa kwakhona kwi belingana iphepha. Ngobukhulu kunye neempawu, iyavumelana ngokupheleleyo kunye pre-revolution-lwemali ezilishumi. Vasyutinskii - the main indondo zetyeleba - waba yimbangi design entsha. Ngoko, kwi obverse baboniswa kophawu iingalo RSFSR, kwaye umva - umlimi-umhlwayeli. Le yokugqibela lenziwa Shadr imikrolo, ngoku kwi Tretyakov Igalari. fundole nganye yegolide ( "umhlwayeli," njengoko kuthiwa edume) kwexesha yomhla we-1923.

Imali ye-metal esixabisekileyo inkoliso ukuze urhulumente waseSoviet ukuba imisebenzi amazwe. Ukongeza, i fundole yegolide (iifoto lucaciswa kule kwinqaku) wambi kusetyenziswa njengendlela yokuhlawula kweli lizwe. Le ngqekembe eSwitzerland kwikomkhulu waza wayitwabulula ngaphaya kurhulumente.

Xa waqala ukuvelisa iingqekembe eninzi Russian yegolide, kwakukho sehlakalo: abameli Western ngaw 'omane ukwamkela ezi mali, ngenxa yokuba olube eSoviet Union. Ewiliko wafunyanwa ngoko nangoko. Isiseko iinkozo Nicholas omtsha iqhekeza igolide, apho basemzini bathatha izinikele. Ngaloo ndlela, urhulumente waseSoviet baqalisa ukuthenga ezi izinto eziya kwamanye amazwe yeenowuthsi yebhanki kunye nomfanekiso yomphathi bagxothwa.

Ixesha emva nep

Ukusibutyaza Policy Economic New kunye nokuqala mveliso aye buthathaka fundole segolide. ixabiso balo ngaphakathi engange 5.4 dollar ngalinye. Kamva, ngaba akusayi kuba zidweliswe amazwe. Ukuze ukudibanisa nkqubo yezemali, le engange bopha iphepha engange ezilishumi. Ingaba yimalini fundole igolide ngo-1925? Bamnika engange ezilishumi. Emva koko, lo Rhweba ngaphakathi no Rhweba eziinkozo zesinyithi elixabisekileyo ngaphandle Union wavalwa ngokupheleleyo.

Ngo-1937 kwakukho uthotho ixabiso eliphambili ducats 1, 3, 5 no-10. Ukwenziwa kwenguqulelo elo xesha - umzobo uLenin kwicala elinye lwemali.

Ngowe-1925 waba wambetha yomzekelo ezinqabileyo kakhulu zezobhedu. Xa onke amanyathelo, iyavumelana ngokupheleleyo ingqekembe legolide. Ngowe-2008, eso kwintengiso eMoscow yathengwa ngenxa kwezigidi ezihlanu engange Russian (malunga 165 lamawaka eerandi).

sempi

Uninzi yiSoviet imimandla fundole German-ihlala zange ayeke ukuhamba. engange ezilishumi wavumela Reichsmark enye. Indida kukuba nabahleli (amapolisa, oosodolophu kunye nabanye abantu ezisebenze ngayo kunye nemikhosi ngokungenalusini karhulumente) ngo-1941-1943. Baye zihlawulwe eSoviet "kaStalin" Ruble 1937 ukukhululwa ngemifanekiso abo balwa amaNazi kunye Red Army yabaqhubi zomkhosi (aba ekuthiwa-amanqaku likanondyebo).

kumaxabiso intsimi eSoviet engaphantsi kwe eJamani. Oku kubangelwa yinto yokuba amaNazi ngokuzenzela umyinge wokuphelelwa Reichsmark olunyuswe, ngoko, ngexesha ukukhululwa idolophana kubahlaseli ixabiso imveliso kwimalike yengingqi lehla kakhulu, maxa wambi izihlandlo ezithathu. Le nyaniso, Kakade ke, ngokuqinisekileyo ziqondeka nabantu basekuhlaleni.

ESoviet Union ehlawulwe ngemali eziinkozo ngegolide de 1947. Baye indawo amanqaku amatsha ngokweemali engange. ducats ezilishumi wamnika imali engange enye.

Olimpiki 1980

State Bank eSoviet Union ukususela 1975 ukuya 1982, iinkozo zemali zokuqala ekhutshwe ngathi ducats sample of 1923 kunye nomfanekiso ngumfuziselo RSFSR kunye nemihla ezintsha. ngenani lilonke yaba iikopi 7.350.000. Ezi ngqekembe eSwitzerland kumsitho-Olimpiki Games e Moscow, kodwa abazange babe ubume ethenda lezomthetho kummandla eSoviet Union. Zazisetyenziswa ekuqhubeni imicimbi kurhwebo lwangaphandle ithengiselwe iindwendwe kwamanye amazwe.

Phakathi ku-1990 i-Central Bank waqalisa ukuthengisa "zegolide Olimpiki" njengoko iingqekembe utyalo-mali, kwaye ngo-2001 i-arhente karhulumente yagqiba ukuba babe nemfesane zomthetho kunye trehrublevkoy yesilivere "Sobol".

I-maqhinga edume

chervontsi Soviet zazanele lwemali nzima namandla yokuthenga eliphezulu ezahlukeneyo. Ngokufuthi belifojiwe ukuze lakhelwe kuqoqosho USSR kunye iintengiselwano mthethweni kwiimarike zangaphandle.

Uninzi bonke nkalo abasebenzi abalaseleyo Shell Oil Company, abahlali kukuba i-Union liphumeza ioli ngexabiso ngezantsi avareji nemakethe.

Amaninzi counterfeited oyilwayo iimvaba iqhekeza omnye wegolide, ngenxa yokuba iyasondela kwicala elinye kuphela. A umthwalo omkhulu kakhulu engamaphepha lobuxoki ukuba wabanjwa ngowe-1928 e Murmansk. Lo mbutho komhlaba, wabele yamaphepha enkohliso, yashicilelwa eJamani, nto kuvezwe umsebenzi yeposi Sepalovym. Lo mthetho scheme indima ebalulekileyo edlalwa abanye ababekholelwa White Guards, kuquka Sadaterashvili kunye Karumidze. Noko ke, ukuqotywa mthetho ebibanjelwe eSwitzerland kunye eJamani, apho bafumana izivakalisi iphantsi kunokwenzeka. Emva koko, amava abo bangenelwa amaNazi, ngubani ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II zakha yamaphepha eSoviet Union kunye namanye amazwe.

Numismatist ukuphawula

Ebudeni bokulawula uNicholas II kubalwa a imperials yinxalenye kwaye poluimperialy, leyo ekuhambeni kwexesha ithatyathwe luwiso-mali ubunzima ngaphantsi. Ukongeza, i engaqhelekanga zaye zakhutshwa isibheno eziinkozo kubantu Russian ngo-7.5 no-15 engange. Gift dvadtsatipyatirublevki stofrankovye kunye zemali zegolide lilungu lwepaki Minti. Kakhulu ivame kakhulu yaba fundole oqhelekileyo. Ikhululwe ngo-1898-1911 gg. Noko ke, nalapha kukho umnyinyiva: ngo-1906 kubalwa fundole yobukhosi yegolide, ixabiso apho ngoku ukuya ishumi lamawaka eerandi zangaphantsi ngambini. Kuphela 10 yezi kopi zaye zaveliswa, nto leyo esisizathu sokuba abaqokeleli bakulungele ukulwela ilungelo ukuba ingqekembe esinqabileyo enjalo.

Abantu abafuna ukukhusela imali zabo, badla kujongana ukhetho kunzima: ukuba ukudlulisela imali zeedollar, okanye kowethu, okanye ashiye kuyo engange ... Ngenxa kozinzo kwiimarike zemali ehlabathini jikelele, abaninzi ezicinga bezixhobo zotyalo-mali engenye. Umzekelo, iindleko ukunyuka ducats zegolide nangona ngokukhawuleza, kodwa ngcembe. Noko ke, ukuba bahlole ukuchana zemali? On igolide tchervonetses yasebukhosini Nicholas II zimane imiqondiso mintsmeysterskie. Ngolwimi German münzmeister ogama umntu ngokobuqu onoxanduva inkqubo yokudala ingqekembe, uze emva koko - ukulawula Mint. Imiqondiso ngentla zibekwe phantsi ngomhla wokukhutshwa, kumlenze okanye umsila njengexhalanga, phantsi Umfuziselo karhulumente okanye buthelezi. Bona izilingo inishiyali ezimbini münzmeister. Umzekelo, umba fundole 1899 basebukhosini yamakishwa ibala "FZ", kuba ngelo xesha imisebenzi yekhethelo bathunyelwa Felix Zalemna.

investment zexesha elide iingqekembe kwiminyaka embalwa kunokuba amabini okanye amathathu ekhulwini kwimali yonyaka ukuba uyavuma, hayi embi.