Amaza ezinabantu inkalo yokuzivelela. Oonobangela Amaza labantu

Intshukumo kwi lezakhi yeemeko nezakhiwo litshintsha nezihlandlo yemfuza ezithile, nto leyo ekhokelela kutshintsho kwi kweejini kunye phenotype kwenani labemi, nokubona engapheliyo ukhetho yendalo ithanda umahluko yayo.

Yintoni zizivelela

Zizivelela - sabantu utshintsho phantsi kwempembelelo yeemeko mvelo leyo enokukhokelela utshintsho lezakhi, okanye nkqu kuyimbonakalo iintlobo ezintsha.

Izinto kwemvelo ingabizwa naziphi na iinkqubo okanye iziganeko. Phakathi kwabo ukuze kuchazwe yemfuza, zilahliwe, kokushenxa yemfuza, amaza labemi ukuba utshintshe kuqamba yemfuza.

Imilinganiselo kwabantu esoloko itshintsha. Izizathu zoku iimpembelelo ezahlukeneyo uhlobo zasemanzini kunye abiotic. Ezo ubungakanani nokunyuka lwawo ngamaxesha athile. Ngoko, emva kokuba ukwanda kwenani labantu kwi abemi ukuncitshiswa wayo. Ngowe-1905 S. S. Chetverikov wabiza le ndlela amaza bebonke. Ukuba imizekelo kwamaza labemi, ukuze sibe ukuhla nokunyuka kwamanani amaxhoba ezidla, inkumbi ukuzala imivundla eOstreliya. Umzekelo nako ukukhonza njengoko flash Lemmings kwi Arctic okanye bhubhane isibetho, nto leyo ngaphambili zirekhodwe eYurophu.

Iimpawu "amaza yobomi"

Ezi amaza ziqhelekile zonke izinto eziphilayo. Iiplastiki nezolo kunye non-njalo. Periodic sivame eziphilayo-obufutshane - izinambuzane, izityalo yonyaka, kwakunye uninzi micro-eziphilayo nokungunda. Umzekelo silula kubakho utshintsho yamaxesha eninzi.

Amaza Nonperiodic abantu ixhomekeke indibaniselwano izinto ezininzi ezinzima. Ngokuqhelekileyo, zibandakanya akukho namnye ke iintlobo ezininzi zezinto eziphilayo zemvelo, yaye ngoko kunokukhokelela uhlengahlengiso olukhulu.

Phakathi utshintsho kwinani labantu kwinani labemi kufuneka lwenziwe imbonakalo ngesiquphe kweentlobo ezithile eziphilayo kwiindawo ezintsha ngaphandle iintshaba zabo zendalo. Kwakhona kwakubekwe ubaluleke utshintsho elibukhali kwi inani non-elibujikele, leyo connect with "nezibangelwa 'yendalo kwaye ngazo intshabalalo biogeocoenose okanye epheleleyo mhlaba. Umzekelo, ehlotyeni eziliqela owomileyo ukutshintsha indawo enkulu - ukujonga isenzeko kohlaza engcotyeni phakathi imigxobhozo kunye ezininzi enengca eyomileyo.

Ukuba awukhankanyi izizathu kwamaza sabantu, kubalulekile ukukhumbula nje ukuzalana eziphilayo omnye nomnye kunye neemeko zokusingqongileyo ophilileyo, kodwa impembelelo yabantu.

ukubaluleka yokuzivelela of "amaza ubomi"

Kwiimeko apho inani nayiphi kwabemi wancipha, babe abantu nje abambalwa. Ngaloo ndlela babe nezihlandlo yemfuza (alleles) yahlukile lowo ebe kubemi yokuqala. Ukuba, emva kokuba ukuhla okukhulu kwinani labantu na ukunyuka yayo elibukhali, isiqalo kukho ugqabuko olutsha sokwanda kwenani labantu kwinani labemi unika iqela elincinane eziphilayo eziseleyo. Kungenxa yoko le nto Kungaphikiswa ukuba amaza labantu kuchaphazela ichibi gene, kuba kweejini yeqela limisela isakhiwo genetic yabemi.

Ngelo xesha ngengozi kakhulu batshintsha Isethi yemfuza kwinani labemi kunye ingqalelo. Ngoko ke, ezinye ukuziguqula ophela ngokupheleleyo, kwaye ukhule ezinye ngesiquphe. Ngamafuphi, singatsho ukuba amaza ezinabantu inkalo yokuzivelela kubaluleke kakhulu kuba, ukhetho olukhulu esinikiweyo umthengisi enkulu ngemathiriyeli yendaleko ukuba ukuguquka ezinqabileyo ezifakwa phantsi amanyathelo ngokukhethwa.

Ukongeza, amaza zobomi ziyakwazi ukuba arhoxe okwethutyana inani yemfuza okanye genotypes kwezinye bume abiotic okanye zasemanzini. Ngaphandle koku, nkqu indibanisela yemfuza amaza labantu kwaye ayiboneleli yokuzivelela kwemali. Kufuneka inyathelo into leyo ichaphazela kwicala elinye (oku kukuthi, umz, usambathisa).

ukusebenza zokuvala sabantu

Lo mba ubaluleke kakhulu ngokubhekiselele kwindaleko, ekubeni kuphakamisa yimbonakalo yemisebenzi emitsha ngokwemiqathango uhlobo olunye kwaye lungenzeki hybridization kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo omnye komnye. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba bodwa ngokwezelizwe saphawula kakhulu qho. kubume bayo usendleleni yokuba kuphela ikhefu ndawo, ekudibaneni abantu abavela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kwaso kube nzima okanye enzima.

Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba uluntu ekwanti ukuphuhlisa ngempazamo yemfuza, ngenxa yokhetho yendalo, kweejini yalo iya ohlukeneyo. Ukongeza, kukho bodwa yokusingqongileyo kunye ezahlukeneyo iindlela zebhayoloji ezithintela abantu alufane eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo ukuze iinketho ezahlukeneyo njengoko kuloo ndawo okanye ixesha yokuwela, ngokunjalo, umzekelo, ukuziphatha ezahlukeneyo okanye isakhiwo ezahlukeneyo amalungu esini zezilwanyana, nto leyo iba isithintelo ezongezelelweyo ziyazalana.

Ngamafuphi, singatsho ukuba iindidi ezahlukeneyo ubushushu igalelo ukuyilwa iindidi ezintsha, kodwa kwangaxeshanye uncedo ukugcina isakhiwo genetic lweentlobo.

drift genetic

utshintsho Random kwenani zofuzo nawuphi labemi ubukhulu esincinci kuba nempembelelo ebalulekileyo kuba oko kusenokukhokelela utshintsho allele frequency. utshintsho Random allele ezitsho ekuthiwa kokushenxa yemfuza. Le nkqubo non-owenza endalweni. Kwafunyaniswa kuqala uN zofuzo P. Dubininym kunye D. D. Romashovym.

Isiqinisekiso ithuba lo kokushenxa yemfuza yaba C. Wright. Ewela zaselebhu amadoda Drosophila kunye namabhinqa baba heterozygous ukuba isakhi ethile. Emva koko ke inzala efunyenwe iqela le sofuzo kwaye njengesi, nto leyo 50%. Emva izizukulwana eziliqela, abanye abantu baba homozygous ukuba gene njengesi, abanye baze oko, kwaye enye inxalenye abantu ukuba bobabini njengesi kunye sofuzo.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba, nangona kukho impumelelo lancitshiswa kunye nezilwanyana njengesi yanika impembelelo yokukhethwa zendalo le allele njengesi onokuzisebenzisa endaweni ngokupheleleyo eqhelekileyo, ebangela amaza ezithile labemi.

amaza labantu umyalezo weimeyile

Kuzo zonke izizathu ezinokuchaphazela iimpawu ubungakanani labemi, indawo ahamba phambili awayephantsi iimeko zemozulu, izinto zasemanzini kulo mzekelo ababelwe ukuya kwisiqalo. Xa inani eliphantsi kweentlobo ngezifo abathile labemi kuxhomekeke imozulu, umchiza ukwakhiwa engqongileyo, kwakunye iqondo kungcoliseko.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba oonobangela amaza labemi ezibonakalisa inguquko ubukhulu labantu kuxhomekeke mninzi yayo, okanye ukuba nempembelelo, nokuba esisicelo.

Abiotic kunye izinto anthropogenic ngokuqhelekileyo musa kuxhomekeka lexinene yabemi. impembelelo zasemanzini ixhomeke kuyo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe yokuziphatha yemimandla, ngexesha ngendaleko yeyona ndlela iphumelelayo olunceda nokonyuka kwenani labantu kwi labemi. Ngoko ke, lo msebenzi abantu ezifanelekileyo kuphela isithuba. Ngenxa yokwanda kwenani yokuphuhlisa ukhuphiswano intraspecific ukuba izibonelelo okanye nokubanga ngqo (uhlaselo phezu okhuphisana).

amaza Abemi ixhomekeke kwiimpendulo zokuziphatha ukuze phezulu kwinani labemi luphawulwa imbonakalo ngokwemvelo zemfuduko abaninzi. Kusenokwenzeka baqalwe basabela xi apho abantu ziye iimpawu ezinjalo komzimba ephungula wenzala negalelo abafayo linyukile. Ngenxa yoko, baphuke oogenesis kunye spermatogenesis inkqubo, amatyala ngakumbi nangakumbi ukuphuphuma, kunciphisa inani labantu kwi sizukulwana sinye kunye nokunyuka xa ufikisa. Ukongeza, kwanciphisa ukukhathalela ngenxa yabo wemvelo entsha, utshintsho zokuziphatha - ndlongondlongo okwandayo, mu ibonakala kunye nempendulo ngokwaneleyo kubantu besini esahlukileyo, nto leyo ekugqibeleni kunciphisa ubungakanani yabemi.

Iimpawu ze utshintsho labantu

Iinkqubo ezininzi eziphilayo ezinxulumene kunyebeleziso yabemi amanani areal okanye wengingqi flash ufana nokulatyuza, apho, njengoko kuchaziwe apha ngasentla, zibizwa ngokuba "amaza ebomini". Umzekelo angafuna kuchazwe kokunyuka ngequbuliso kwenani izinambuzane kummandla eliqingqiweyo yehlathi. Xa iimeko zivuma, izinambuzane ayakwazi yokufakwa ummandla ngakumbi, nto leyo umfanekiso ekuqhelekileyo yokwanda mninzi okanye ukuhanjiswa lencinibakazi ekuthiwa labemi. Ukwazi ngeempawu nokushukumisa labemi kunye neempawu ezithile, ungakwazi ngokulula ukubala uqina of andise lencinibakazi kunye neendlela zolawulo.

Ngokufanayo, umntu ziimpawu nobhubhane yomtshangatshangiso, ngoko le ngcamango esetyenziswa ngempumelelo ukuchaza ukusasazwa zizifo ezahlukahlukeneyo nokukhawulezisa inkqubo.

Ukongeza, kukhankanywa kufuneka zenziwe labemi amaza zofuzo ezichaza andise isakhi ethile kuluhlu yayo, emi inani elinikiweyo.

Indlela yesenzo lamaza labantu

Population wave wabonakalisa umzekelo model. Ngoko, kwi ibhokisi evaliweyo omnyama, yaye 500 iibhola ezimhlophe mali efanayo elivumelana amaza allele-P 0,50. Ukuba ususe iibhola random 10 ucinga ukuba abane kubo umbala omnyama, 6 - ezimhlophe, ngoko, oko, amaza allele iya kuba 0.40 kunye 0.60.

Ukuba ukwandisa inani iibhola kumaxesha-100 ne-400 abamnyama 600 abamhlophe, kwaye kwakhona athathe nawaphi random-10, ngoko kusenokwenzeka ukuba umlinganiselo wabo umbala ziya kwahluka kakhulu ukusuka yokuqala, umzekelo 2 abamnyama kunye 8 abamhlophe. Kule frequency allele yi ngokulandelelana P-0.20 kunye P-0.80. Xa sithatha isampulu wesithathu, kukho kungenzeka ukuba iibhola ezimhlophe 9 ekhethiweyo-10 abanyulwe, okanye bonke bephela baya kuba umbala omhlophe.

Ngokwalo mzekelo unganako ngokwakhe ukuyilawula le random ukuhla yobuninzi of alleles kwimiphakathi yendalo, nto leyo ukunciphisa okanye ukwandisa uyondelelwano lwee- isakhi ethile.