Amalungu Human zemiphunga. Ubume kunye nomsebenzi isixokelelwano sokuphefumla

Yintoni kubizwa ngokuba isalathisi engundoqo ukomelela ebantwini? Kakade ke, kuyinto kamnandi. Umntu angenza ntoni kungekho ukutya kunye namanzi kwixesha elithile. Ngaphandle umoya umsebenzi obalulekileyo akwenzeki konke konke.

Overview

Yintoni ukuphefumla? Oko kuthetha unxulumano phakathi okusingqongileyo kunye nabantu. Ukuba inani emoyeni ngenxa yaso nasiphi na isizathu kunzima, intliziyo kunye namacandelo zemiphunga womntu aqalile ukusebenza kwimo olungxamisekileyo. Oku kungenxa imfuneko ukunika ioksijini eyaneleyo. Amalungu isixokelelwano sokuphefumla abakwaziyo ukuziqhelanisa lula ukumisela lokusingqongileyo.

anika umdla

Izazinzulu baye bakwazi ukumisela ukuba umoya abangena kwisistim yokuphefumla womntu, yenza flow ezimbini (imisiwe). Omnye wabo lingena singene kwicala lasekhohlo lwe impumlo. Uphando yokuphefumla lubonisa ukuba lokuphumelela yesibini kwicala lasekunene. Iingcali nazo ziye lubonise ukuba imithambo ingqondo mazahlulwe zibe yimisinga ezimbini ukufumana umoya. Ngenxa yoko, inkqubo zokuphefumla ekuyo kumele ibe yechanekileyo. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba baphile ubomi obuqhelekileyo zabantu. Cinga isakhiwo yokuphefumla yabantu.

iinkalo ezibalulekileyo

Xa abantu bethetha ukuphefumla, oko iseti iinkqubo ezijolise ekuqinisekiseni unikezelo eqhubekekayo oxygen ancedisana amalungu. Xa lo mzimba isusiwe ezintweni leyo kwakheka ngexesha kutshintshiselwano carbon dioxide. Ukuphefumla yinkqubo entsonkothileyo kakhulu. Yena uya kwizigaba eziliqela. ugwebu umoya Chicken umzimba elandelayo yenqwanqwa:

1. Komoya. Sithetha Exchange negesi phakathi umoya okukufutshane kunye alveoli. Esi sigaba kubhekwa uphefumlayo lwangaphandle.
2. Exchange iigesi, makasiwe emiphungeni. Oku kwenzeka phakathi kwegazi kunye nomoya alveolar.
3. Iinkqubo ezimbini: unikezelo oksijini evela nemiphunga ancedisana, kwakunye kuthutho carbon dioxide ukusuka yokugqibela ukuya yangaphambili. Sithetha ngentshukumo yeegesi nge egazini.
4. Inqanaba elilandelayo exchange gas. Oku kubandakanya iiseli zomzimba kunye emithanjeni negazi.
5. Ekugqibeleni, lo ukuphefumla embilwini. Le ntetho ibhekisa igcwala zebhayoloji, olwenzeka xa mitochondria iiseli.

imisebenzi ephambili

Human kungaPhefumli ukubonelela ngokususwa kwekharbon diokside egazini. umsebenzi wabo nayo oxygenation yayo. Ukuba uluhlu features inkqubo yokuphefumla, oku - yeyona ibalulekileyo.

sabelo olukhethekayo

Kukho nezinye umsebenzi oluntu zemiphunga, phakathi zinakho olubenza ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

1. Ukuthatha inxaxheba kwiinkqubo thermoregulation. Inyaniso ukuba ubushushu bomoya bephefumla ichaphazela parameter efanayo emzimbeni womntu. Ngexesha ngumphunga, umzimba ulahlekelwa nobushushu yemeko ezisingqongileyo. Ngelo xesha linye kubhaliwe lupholile, ukuba kunokwenzeka.
2. Ukuthatha inxaxheba kwiinkqubo secretory. Ngexesha lokuphelelwa, kunye emoyeni emzimbeni (ngaphandle carbon dioxide) asuswe umphunga wamanzi. Kwakhona kusebenza ezinye izinto. Umzekelo, ethyl utywala ngexesha abanxilileyo.
3. Ukuthatha inxaxheba immune. Ngenxa kule inkalo, amalungu sokuphefumla yabantu uba ukulahlwa ezinye iimpawu pathologically yingozi kunokwenzeka. Ezi ziquka, ingakumbi, kuquka iintsholongwane ebangela isifo, iintsholongwane kunye namanye amagciwane. Le ukukwazi sinikezwe iiseli ezithile lung. Kule meko, ukuba kunganxulunyaniswa iziqalelo yamajoni omzimba.

imisebenzi ethile

Kukho bakuqaphele kakhulu swi umsebenzi isixokelelwano sokuphefumla. Ngokukodwa, imisebenzi ethile eyenziwa bronchi, uqhoqhoqho, kwingqula, nasopharynx. Phakathi le misebenzi compartmentalized zezi zilandelayo:

1. Okupholisa, esotha umoya ongenayo. Lo msebenzi lwenziwa ngokuhambelana lobushushu kuma kulo.
2. Humidification (imuncwe) engakuvumeliyo yokomisa ngaphandle kwemiphunga.
3. Zokuhlanjululwa zezulu owongozelelweyo. Ngokukodwa, oku kusebenza mba amazwe. Umzekelo, uthuli engenayo evela emoyeni.

Ubume amalungu zemigudu abantu

Zonke izinto eziqhagamshelene iindlela ezizodwa. Ngokutsho nakungena nakuphuma umoya kuye. Kwakhona kule nkqubo ziquka imiphunga - amalungu, apho kwenzeka exchange igesi. Iyunithi ye zakhiwo kunye nokuba isebenza njani inzima kakhulu. Qwalasela inkqubo yokuphefumla yabantu (imifanekiso eboniswe ngezantsi) ngokweenkcukacha.

Ulwazi malunga kwisisu ngeempumlo

phecana yokuphefumla iqala nayo. Faka i ngeempumlo siyahlukana emlonyeni. Front - oku inkalakahla nzima nomva - zithambe. Em- ngeempumlo unalo intlala kunye ithambo skeleton. Yahlulahlulwe yaba macala ekhohlo nasekunene ngoncedo udonga eqinileyo. Kwakhona, kukho ezintathu turbinate. Enkosi kubo, lweHo- yahlulahlulwe vesi:

1. Lower.
2. I-avareji.
3. Upper.

Ngokutsho kwakhe phe umoya yaye bephefumla.

iimpawu yangaphakathi

Yena uba uluhlu lwezixhobo ukuba enzelwe ukunyanga umoya ukurhogele. Okokuqala, babugubungela a epithelium ciliated. isiliya yakhe ibe ikhaphethi oluqhubekayo. Ngenxa yokudanyaza isiliya, uthuli isusiwe lula ukusuka lweHo- ngeempumlo. Kwaneenwele ezi leyo emiphethweni olungaphandle mingxuma, nabo negalelo ekubanjweni izinto kwamanye amazwe. Le inwebu yangaphakathi iqulethe namadlala ezizodwa. imfihlo yabo ziqina eluthulini kwaye lula ukuphelisa yayo. Ngaphezu koko, humidification kwenzeka.

Yencindi iqhele em- ngeempumlo, uye iipropati bactericidal. Ine lysozyme. Le nto inceda ukunciphisa isakhono iintsholongwane ukuba nokuzala. Kwakhona ubulala kubo. Le isifo yinto ezininzi mithambo. Phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo, ukuze ukudumba. Ukuba bathe zonakele, ngoko ukuqala nokopha. Injongo yezi ezisebenzela ngokushushubeza umoya edlula impumlo ye jet. iiseli ezimhlophe zegazi ushiye imithambo yegazi kwaye kuvela kumphezulu mucosal. Kwakhona ukwenza umsebenzi olukhuselayo. Xa inkqubo phagocytosis of leukocytes ziyafa. Ngoko, kwi yencindi apho iphume ngeempumlo, iqulethe lukhulu "ngabakhuseli 'ufile. Okulandelayo, umoya singena nasopharynx, uze - kwamanye amalungu isixokelelwano sokuphefumla.

kwingqula

Kuyinto ephambi hypopharynx. Lo ngumphakamo omqolo 4-6-th wesibeleko. Kwingqula kwakhiwa intlala. Lwakutsha nje yahlulwe ngababini (imnyama, rozhkovidnye, arytenoid) kunye unpaired (cricoid, lengqula). Kulo mzekelo, i epiglottis kuqhotyoshelwe ukuya kwikona eliphezulu wokugqibela intlala. Ebudeni yokuginya, babugubungela emnyango kwingqula. Ngaloo ndlela, uya kuthintelwa ukuba angangeni ukudla kwakhe.

ngeentambo ezimbini uyakhala Makubalekwe kumkiwe kwindawo ndlala ukuya cartilages arytenoid. Glottis i sithuba oluthi luqokelelane phakathi kwabo.

ulwazi ngokubanzi malunga uqhoqhoqho

It is a phambili kwingqula. Yahlulahlulwe yaba bronchi ezimbini: ekhohlo ne ekunene. Bifurcation - yindawo apho amasebe noqhoqhoqho. Lubonakala yi ubude zilandelayo: 9-12 cm. I-avareji enobubanzi ezinqamlezayo ngu elinesibhozo iimilimitha.

Uqhoqhoqho lungaquka amakhonkco ukuya ku amabini ezingaphelelanga cartilaginous. Bona luqhakamshelene lungu ezinezikhondo. Ngenxa nakwisiqingatha amakhonkco yomoya cartilaginous zibe elastic. Ukongeza, ukuba benziwe elibaleka ngoko ngokulula ekugqithwa kuyo ukuze umoya.

into atshabalalisa Membranous udonga ngomva tracheal. Iqulethe smooth izihlunu zomzimba (imiqadi eliqalise lengthwise kwaye crosswise). Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba intshukumo ebonakalayo uqhoqhoqho xa ukhohlela, ukuphefumla njalo njalo. Ngokumalunga inwebu yangaphakathi, babugubungela epithelium ciliated. Kulo mzekelo, ngaphandle ke inxalenye epiglottis kunye yayinemiphimbo. Kwakhona ngayo amadlala yangaphakathi kunye inyama lymphoid.

bronchi

Le Ingxenye pair. bronchi ezimbini, ezithi zahlulwe uqhoqhoqho, zifakiwe emiphungeni ekhohlo nasekunene. Kukho imithi-ezifana eyayizalwa ibe ngamasuntswana amancinane, ezifakwe kwi-isithinzi miphungeni. Ngenxa yoko, kwasekwa bronchioles. Sithetha amasebe ngokuma nokuba incinci kakhulu. Ububanzi bronchioles zemigudu inokuba 0.5 mm. Nabo ke, zenza imigudu alveolar. Lwakutshanje iphela amasaka ezichaphazelekayo.

Zeziphi alveoli? Le Buze, ukuba ifomu amagwebu, ezo zimi iindonga neengxowa achaphazelekayo kunye uhamba. ububanzi lwabo 0.3 mm, kwaye inani ibe ukuya ku 400 million. Oku inika ithuba yokuseka kumphezulu enkulu zemiphunga. Lo mba kuchaphazela ngokubonakalayo ubungakanani bokukhanya. Le yokugqibela lungandiswa.

Le nkqubo obaluleke kakhulu izifo zabantu

Bona ingqalelo emiphungeni. Izifo ezimandundu ezinxulumene nazo, kungaba ubomi engozini. Ukukhanya (photo thaca kweli nqaku) ibekwe lweHo- esifubeni, leyo itywiniweyo hermetically. udonga kwayo nangasemva kwakhiwa umqolo elingqinelanayo iimbambo encamathele movably. Phakathi kwazo kukho izihlunu bangaphakathi kunye nabangaphandle.

Komgodi thoracic abazahlulayo ukusuka ezantsi esiswini. Le midriff wabandakanyeka okanye uvalo. lung komzimba ayikho ilula. Xa abantu, kukho iindidi ezimbini. Kwemiphunga njengelungelo isithinzi ezintathu. Ngelo xesha linye i ekhohlo iye ezimbini. Phezulu emiphungeni - yinto iingqameko yinxalenye yazo yasentla, amabala ingqalelo asezantsi kwandiswa. zamasango awahlukeneyo. Bona bafanekiselwa vee kumphezulu engaphakathi emiphungeni. Ngabo zitya yegazi, bronchi, imizwa, kunye neempahla emithanjeni. Ingcambu iqulethe zizo zonke ezikhoyo ngasentla.

Ukukhanya (photo ubonisa indawo yawo), okanye mandithi izihlunu zabo, iqanjwa kwezakhiwo ezincinane. Ewe kuthiwa izilayi. Ezi zindawo ezincinane ukuba abe imilo pyramidal. Bronchi, ezifakwe kwi ziqwempu ahambelanayo, yahlulwe bronchioles zemiphunga. intshukumo Alveolar apho ekupheleni ngamnye kubo. Le nkqubo yonke licandelo esisebenzayo emiphungeni. Libizwa ngokuba acini.

pleura ezilula camera. Le esingxotyeni iqulathe izinto ezimbini. Sithetha yangaphandle (Parietal) kunye nabantu abangaphakathi (visceral) ezinamagqabi (circuit ukukhanya iqhotyoshelwe apha ngezantsi). Last kubathe kwaye ngexesha elifanayo iqokobhe engaphandle. Lenza utshintsho kwi engaphandle sheet ephezulu pleura kunye iqokobhe yi nodonga engaphakathi kwisisu thoracic. Oku kukhokelela isithuba capillary omncinane ivaliwe geometrically. Sithetha malunga kwisisu pleural. Iqulathe imali encinane ulwelo efanelekileyo. Yena wets le pleura. Oku kube lula ngokuhambisa kunye zabo. ukutshintsha komoya emiphungeni ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi. Enye iphambili ukutshintsha ubungakanani nemingxuma pleural kunye thoracic. Nguwo lowo kwendlela ezakhiwe ngayo emiphungeni.

mechanism input Iimpawu kunye nomoya iplagi

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngaphambili, phakathi irhasi leyo ifumaneka e-alveoli, kwaye esesibhakabhakeni baguqula. Oku kubangelwa Ukuphefumla nokuxuba ezinesingqi. Ukukhanya akanawo ijwabu kwezihlunu. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, ukuncitshiswa lwabo olunzulu akunakwenzeka. Kulo mzekelo, indima kakhulu esebenzayo bunikwe izihlunu zemiphunga. Xa angazeki umoya uhlangothi oko akwenzeki. Kulo mzekelo, isixokelelwano sokuphefumla aziphazamiseki.

Inspiration isenzo inhalation. Kuyinto yokuba inkqubo esebenzayo, yayiqinisekisa apho ukwanda esifubeni. Zokuphelelwa sisenzo zingumphunga. Le nkqubo akafuni. Yena ngenxa yokuba kwisisu thoracic kunciphisa.

Umjikelo ukuphefumla zinikezelwa kwizigaba ezilandelayo inhalation kunye nomphunga. Kwinkqubo komoya ngokungenisa emngxunyeni kwaye ufumana izihlunu elibhalwe ngokumileyo lwangaphandle ababandakanyekayo. Xa ukunciphisa imiphetho zabo aqale kuvuka. Ngelo xesha kukho ukwanda kwisisu thoracic. Kovalo lifinyele. Nangona kunjalo, oku kuthatha ngaphezulu isikhundla flat.

Ke izitho incompressible le kwisisu, ngoko ke bayacalulwa ecaleni kwaye ngethuba lenkqubo. Lwesakhiwo uvalo ngexesha ukuphefumla tu uvikivwa yi malunga nesiqingatha isentimitha. Ngoko ke, kukho ukwanda ubukhulu nkqo ye lweHo- esifubeni. Kwimeko uphefumle kakhulu xa isenzo inspiratory zezihlunu abancedisayo, zezi zilandelayo phakathi inxaxheba:

1. Rhomboid (leyo phakamisa blade).
2. Trapezius.
3. ebeleni ezincinane nezinkulu.
4. Le serratus cipande.

Udonga kwisisu thoracic kunye nemiphunga iquka serosa. kwisisu Pleural zazimela noqhoqhoqho emxinwa phakathi sheets. Iqulethe fluid serous. Ukukhanya lonke ixesha sikarhulumente nangengalo. Oku kungenxa yokuba uxinzelelo kwi kwisisu pleural i negative. Kuyinto elingqongqo elastic. Isibakala sokuba isixa ukukhanya rhoqo sizama ukunciphisa. I phantse zonke izihlunu ekupheleni-izizo zemiphunga iyaphela. Uxinzelelo em- pleural ngezantsi womoya. Abantu ezahlukeneyo zinendima enkulu kakhulu inspiratory udlala isenzo uvalo okanye izihlunu intercostal. Ngoko ke, singakwazi ukuthetha malunga neentlobo ezahlukeneyo ukuphefumla:

1. Raeburn.
2. Diaphragmatic.
3. Esifo.
4. Ibele.

Ngoku Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba abantu basetyhini alawula uhlobo yokugqibela ukuphefumla. Amadoda kwiimeko ezininzi akukho esiswini. Ngexesha wazola ukuphefumla nomphunga kwenzeka ngenxa yamandla ilastiki. It oluhlala ngexesha umoya wangaphambili. Xa izihlunu phumla, iimbambo kunokuba nje umva ukuya kwindawo yokuqala. Ukuba ekunciphiseni emngxunyeni iza kuncipha, kuya kuthabatha indawo yakho endala angqukuva. Oku kubangelwa yinto yokuba amalungu esiswini oyenzayo ngayo. Ngenxa yoko, uxinzelelo kuyo kunciphisa.

Zonke ezi nkqubo ngasentla kungakhokelela ucinezelo emiphungeni. Kwezi, umoya ephuma (passive). siphefumla Okuye kwabethelelwa - yinto yokuba inkqubo esebenzayo. Oku akuzi yi izihlunu intercostal lwangaphakathi. Ngoko okuzenzela abo babalekayo icala xa kuthelekiswa zangaphandle. Bona kuyehla, bawe phantsi iimbambo. Kwakhona kukho kunciphiso kwisisu thoracic.