Aircraft aluminium: iimpawu

Ngenxa ubulula, ductility nokuzabalazela umhlwa lealuminium iye yaba izinto sele mveliso ezininzi. Aircraft aluminium - iqela aluminium ezahlukeneyo kwi ukubandakanywa magnesium ephakamileyo yamandla, lesilicon, nobhedu, kunye manganese. Nika amandla olongezelelweyo ingxubevange ngokusebenzisa m. N. "Isiphumo Ukuguga" - indlela ekhethekileyo lukhuni phantsi kwempembelelo ixesha elide into esesibhakabhakeni bume ndlongondlongo. Ingxubevange lwasungulwa kwenkulungwane yama-20 phantsi igama duralumin, ngoku eyaziwa phantsi kwegama "Avial".

Definition. nomlando

Ukuqala imbali Aviation aluminium ingxubevange ithathwa ngokuba 1909. German injineli metallurgical Alfred Wilm empirically lusekiwe, ukuba intsila aluminiyam kunye Ukongeza encinane wobhedu, manganese nezinki 'emva ukuqaqadeka kubushushu ka-500 ° C kwaye ucimayo eme 20-25 ° iintsuku 4-5, ngokuthe ngcembe kube nzima ngokomelela, ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa bungqingqwa. Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba "ukwaluphala" okanye "nokukhulisa". Ngeli ukuqaqadeka athom zobhedu abazalisa nobuninzi zincinane imimandla kwimida okuziinkozo. Ubukhulu be-atom sobhedu incincane kune lowo aluminiyam, ngokuba kukho uxinzelelo ucinezelo, ngaleyo ndlela kwande inqaba eziphathekayo.

Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala ingxubevange iye kakuhle kwi mveliso German Dürener Metallwerken kwaye wafumana brand Dural, kungoko igama "duralumin". Kamva, metallurgist American R. B. kunye Archer Dzhafris nokwakheka iphucuke ngokutshintsha ipesenti ikakhulu wemagniziyam. Ingxubevange entsha ebizwa 2024 apho utshintsho ezahlukeneyo ezisetyenziswa namhlanje, kodwa yonke intsapho ze - "Avial". Igama "aluminiyam inqwelomoya", le intsila ifumene phantse ngokukhawuleza emva kokuvula njengoko ngokupheleleyo indawo iinkuni nentsimbi kulwakhiwo moya.

Iindidi eziphambili neempawu

Kukho amaqela amathathu eziphambili zezi:

• Family lealuminium-manganese (Al-MN), kunye aluminiyamu-wemagniziyam (Al-mg). The main Uphawu - phezulu, ngenkankulu obuphantsi uxhathiso aluminiyam umhlwa ecocekileyo. aluminiyamu ezinjalo basabela kakuhle ukuwelda kunye ngelotha, kodwa cut embi. Not lukhuni yi unyango bubushushu.
• aluminiyamu-nkqubo aluminiyamu umhlwa-enganyangekiyo magnesium-lesilicon (Al-mg-Si). Lukhuni unyango ubushushu, ezizezi ucimayo kwi 520 ° C kulandelwa malunga 10 iintsuku yi icima ngamanzi kunye nokuguga zendalo. I ukwahlula uphawu eli qela zemathiriyeli - nokumelana eliphezulu xa esetyenziswa kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo, kwaye phantsi koxinzelelo.
• aluminiyamu zezakhiwo, aluminiyamu-copper-wemagniziyam (Al-Cu-mg). nesiseko - doped nobhedu, manganese, nemagnesium aluminium. Xa angafaniyo olinganise eziqalelo alloying moya ilungiswe aluminiyam, iimpawu zazo zinokwahluka.

Izinto zokwakha kweli qela ilifa iipropati elungileyo ngomatshini, kodwa basengozini kakhulu umhlwa ngaphezu usapho lokuqala nolwesibini aluminiyamu. The degree of susceptibility ukuya umhlwa kuxhomekeke kuhlobo unyango komhlaba, nto leyo kuyimfuneko ukukhusela zipeyintwe okanye steel. Le nokumelana linyuke ukungenisa yinxalenye ingxubevange manganese.

Ukongeza iintlobo ezintathu ezingundoqo aluminium nazo kwanokwenza owahlukileyo aluminiyamu, ubushushu-enganyangekiyo, aphezulu-amandla noshowo et al. Ngaba kuyimfuneko ukuba iipropati isicelo esithile.

Ukumakishwa kwe aluminiyamu ukundiza

nemigangatho yezizwe ngezizwe yokuqala moya aluminiyam digit yokumakisha ibonisa izinto alloying enkulu ingxubevange:

• 1000 - aluminium ecocekileyo.
• 2000 - duralumin ingxubevange, exutyiweyo ngobhedu. Xa ixesha elithile - aerospace ingxubevange ixhaphakileyo. Ngenxa uvakalelo oluphezulu kuxinezeleko umhlwa nokuqhekeka liya indawo 7000 aluminiyamu series.
• 3000 - alloying element - manganese.
• 4000 - alloying element - electronic. Aluminiyamu zikwabizwa ngokuba Silumin.
• 5000 - alloying element - wemagniziyam.
• 6000 - i-aluminiyamu ezininzi zeplastiki. Alloying iziqalelo - magnesium lesilicon. Termozakalke ukuze phantsi ukwandisa amandla, kodwa ophantsi kule parameter 2000 no 7000 series.
• 7000 - thermally lukhuni aluminiyamu, i eside kakhulu aluminiyam moya-grade. Iziqalelo alloying engundoqo - nezinki.

Ukumakishwa inani yesibini - ulungiso aluminium ingxubevange emva inani lokuqala ngokulandelelana - inani "0". Amanani ezimbini zokugqibela - ngenani ingxubevange, iinkcukacha esimsulwa of ukungcola. Ukuba ingxubevange kwase wongezwa nokumakisha ubhalo wesihlanu "X".

Namhlanje, i-aluminiyamu moya grade eqhelekileyo 1100, 2014, 2017, 3003, 2024, 2219, 2025, 5052, 5056. Ezi mpawu olwahlula ezi aluminium zezi: ndandifeketha na, ductility, ubulukhuni elungileyo, ukumelana lingonakali, umhlwa noxinezeleko eliphezulu. Kushishino moya loo aluminium ezisetyenziswa ngokubanzi - komoya 6061 no 7075.

isakhiwo

The main izinto alloying moya-aluminiyam zibe zezobhedu, nemagnesium, lesilicon, manganese, zinc. Ipesenti ngokobunzima ezi zinto kwi ingxubevange ukuqinisekisa iimpawu ezifana amandla, bhetyebhetye, ukumelana iimpembelelo koomatshini, njl Isiseko ingxubevange - aluminiyam, izinto ezisisiseko alloying :. yoBhedu (2,2-5,2% ngokobunzima), nemagnesium (0, 2-2.7%) kunye manganese (0.2-1%).

Usapho moya aluminiyamu-lesilicon (4-13 mass%) ezinomthamo minor zezinye izinto alloying - nobhedu, manganese, nemagnesium, zinc, titanium, beryllium. Oku esetyenziselwa ukwenziwa kwezinto ezinzima, okwabizwa ngokuba silumin okanye waphosa aluminium ingxubevange. Usapho ye-aluminiyam-wemagniziyam ingxubevange (1-13% ngokobunzima) kunye nezinye izinto kuba ductility eliphezulu kunye nokumelana.

Indima ngobhedu ukubunjwa moya-aluminiyam

Ubukho ngobhedu kuhlanganiselo Aviation ingxubevange negalelo ekomelezeni yayo, kodwa kwangaxeshanye kubi yokuthiya kwayo umhlwa. Eziwa kwimida okuziinkozo ngexesha icima, ubhedu yenza ingxubevange sengozini umhlwa inaba, stress ngokudleka umhlwa intergranular. Zones isityebi ubhedu galvanically cathodic ngaphezu engqongileyo aluminiyamu matrix kanye ngoko mngcipheko mkhulu umhlwa zisenzeka yi yindlela electrochemical. Ukwandisa umxholo ngobhedu ubunzima ingxubevange kwi-12% kwandisa iipropati amandla ngenxa yokuqaqadeka kwamaqondo eparticulate ngexesha ukwaluphala. Xa umxholo ngobhedu ubume abangaphezu kwe-12% ingxubevange uba krobo.

Fields of application

aluminiyamu, zezona kakhulu ethandwa lokuthengisa metal. Light moya weight grade aluminium ingxubevange amandla ukwenza oku ukhetho elungileyo kumashishini ezininzi ukusuka moya izinto zekhaya (cell phones, earphones, iithotshi). aluminiyamu, zisetyenziswa imikhumbi, imoto mveliso, ulwakhiwo, w zezithuthi / d kushishino yenyukliya.

Luphawu athi aluminiyamu enesiqulatho ubhedu oluphakathi (2014, 2024, njalo-njalo). Iinkangeleko ezi aluminium babe nokumelana eliphezulu, workability elungileyo, indawo weldability. Kubo wenza uyilo elijongene-moya, iilori enzima, izithuthi zomkhosi.

Iimpahla moya aluminium compound

Segesi aluminiyamu moya lwenziwa kuphela igesi zokuzikhusela egalelwe. igesi ekhethwayo ke helium, argon okanye umxube yayo. It has ephakamileyo conductivity thermal of helium. Oku kugqiba ukuziphatha kakuhle ngakumbi iqondo lobushushu bume welding i ekuvumela ukuba bonwabe ngokwaneleyo ukudibanisa izinto zamafu-onodonga zesakhiwo. Ukusetyenziswa mixube iigesi uvikele iphucula ofaka umoya. Amathuba ukuyilwa pores kwi weld liyehla.

Ukusetyenziswa kushishino moya i

aluminiyamu Aircraft aluminiyamu ekuqaleni wadala ngqo ekwakheni moya. Kwezi, izindlu yenziwa ngamacandelo moya injini, wesithuthi, amatanki amafutha, kunye nezinye izixhobo eqwalasele. Iinkcukacha i-aluminiyamu moya esetyenziswa umkhweli gumbi langaphakathi.

2xxx series aluminiyamu asetyenziswa ukuvelisa iinxalenye baboniswa lobushushu eliphezulu. nodes Iinkcukacha zilayishwe olova, amafutha, kunye neenkqubo neoli ngesanti kubunzulu baphantsi ezenziwe ingxubevange 3xxx, 5xxx kunye 6xxx. I kusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kushishino moya yaba ingxubevange 7075. Ukusuka yenza izinto isebenze umthwalo omkhulu, kunye namaqondo obushushu aphantsi, ukumelana phezulu ukuya umhlwa. Isiseko ingxubevange i-aluminiyam, kwaye ezinkulu izinto alloying wemagniziyam, izinc nangobhedu. Ukusuka kokuba wenza iiprofayili amandla izakhiwo moya, iinxalenye iqokobhe.